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Evaluating the Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Potassium Carbonate and the Interactive Effects Between Sodium and Potassium on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

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Evaluating the Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Potassium Carbonate and the Interactive Effects Between Sodium and Potassium on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Fall 2020 Evaluating the acute and chronic toxicity of potassium carbonate and the interactive effects between sodium and potassium on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Ashutosh Rao University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Rao, Ashutosh, "Evaluating the acute and chronic toxicity of potassium carbonate and the interactive effects between sodium and potassium on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)" (2020). Master's Theses and Capstones. 1395. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1395 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluating the acute and chronic toxicity of potassium carbonate and the interactive effects between sodium and potassium on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) By Ashutosh Rao BS in Marine, Freshwater, & Estuarine Biology, University of New Hampshire, 2017 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Marine Biology September 2020 i This thesis was examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s in Biological Sciences: Marine Biology by: Thesis/Dissertation Director, Dr. Elizabeth Fairchild, Research Associate Professor in Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire Dr. Todd Guerdat, Assistant Professor of Agricultural Engineering, University of New Hampshire Dr. Heather Hamlin, Associate Professor in Marine Sciences, University of Maine On 6/12/2020 Approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. ii Table of Contents Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................... v Table of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 Grand Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1. Sustainability in Aquaculture: ...................................................................................................... 1 2. Integrating RAS Waste Capture-and-Reuse strategy with Hydroponic Production ........................ 2 3. Sodium vs Potassium as a Potential Limitation to Integration ...................................................... 5 4. Sustainable Rainbow Trout Aquaculture: ..................................................................................... 7 5. Conclusions and Research Needs .................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 Evaluating the acute toxic effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) ......................... 11 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 2. Methods/Materials: ................................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Study Organism: ......................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Range-finding Studies ................................................................................................................................ 15 2.3. LC50 Assay ................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4. Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 18 3. Results: ...................................................................................................................................... 18 4. Discussion: ................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 3 Evaluating the interactive effects between potassium and sodium on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) mortality through preliminary mortality studies ............................... 25 1. Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 25 2. Methods/Materials: ................................................................................................................... 28 2.1. Study Organism: ......................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2. Mortality Studies Testing Different Potassium-Sodium Ratios .................................................................. 29 2.4. Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3. Results: ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1. Mortality Studies Testing Different Potassium-Sodium Ratios .................................................................. 31 3.2. Mortality Studies Testing Balanced 1:1 Sodium and Potassium Ratios ..................................................... 33 4. Discussion: ................................................................................................................................. 33 5. Conclusions: ............................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4 Determining the effects of elevated potassium carbonate (K2CO3) concentrations on the growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grown in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) .................................................................................................... 36 1. Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 36 2. Methods .................................................................................................................................... 39 iii 2.1. Original Sodium Baseline Growth Study .................................................................................................... 39 2.2. Potassium Treatment Growth Study .......................................................................................................... 40 2.3. Replicated Sodium Baseline ....................................................................................................................... 40 2.4. Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 40 2.5. Feed ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 2.6. Sampling Protocol: ..................................................................................................................................... 41 2.7. Statistical Analysis: ..................................................................................................................................... 42 3. Results: ...................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1. Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................. 43 3.2. Growth Performance ................................................................................................................................. 44 4. Discussion: ................................................................................................................................. 46 5. Conclusions: ............................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 5 Grand Conclusion: ................................................................................................. 49 References: ........................................................................................................................... 52 iv Table of Figures Figure 2.1 Percent mortalities at each K treatment (in mg/L) over the 96-hour study period. No mortality was observed in the control and lowest K2CO3 treatment (707 mg/L) during of the study period. .................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 2.2 Probit regression curves fit to mortality across all K2CO3 treatments in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at 24, 48, 72, and 96-hours (clockwise
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