Eventos Paleoambientales En La Cuenca Del Lago Nahuel Huapi Registrados En Testigos Sedimentarios Lacustres Durante Los Últimos 19.000 Años

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Eventos Paleoambientales En La Cuenca Del Lago Nahuel Huapi Registrados En Testigos Sedimentarios Lacustres Durante Los Últimos 19.000 Años Tesis Doctoral Eventos paleoambientales en la cuenca del Lago Nahuel Huapi registrados en testigos sedimentarios lacustres durante los últimos 19.000 años Lirio, Juan Manuel 2011-12-02 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Lirio, Juan Manuel. (2011-12-02). Eventos paleoambientales en la cuenca del Lago Nahuel Huapi registrados en testigos sedimentarios lacustres durante los últimos 19.000 años. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Lirio, Juan Manuel. "Eventos paleoambientales en la cuenca del Lago Nahuel Huapi registrados en testigos sedimentarios lacustres durante los últimos 19.000 años". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2011-12-02. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas Eventos paleoambientales en la cuenca del Lago Nahuel Huapi registrados en testigos sedimentarios lacustres durante los últimos 19.000 años Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Geológicas Juan Manuel Lirio Directores de Tesis: Dr. Roberto SCASSO Dra. Ana María SINITO Consejero de estudios: Dr. Roberto SCASSO Lugar de trabajo: Instituto Antártico Argentino, Cerrito 1248, C.A.B.A., Argentina Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 2011 Eventos paleoambientales en la cuenca del Lago Nahuel Huapi registrados en testigos sedimentarios lacustres durante los últimos 19.000 años RESUMEN Se presentan los resultados del estudio del registro sedimentario de tres cuencas lacustres (El Trébol, Escondido y Moreno) ubicadas en la zona del Llao Llao, dentro de la cuenca del lago Nahuel Huapi, que por su fuerte gradiente de precipitaciones constituye un ecotono de gran valor para investigaciones paleoclimáticas y paleoambientales. En dos campañas se extrajeron, aproximadamente 100 m de testigos sedimentarios, que documentan la sedimentación desde el Último Máximo Glaciario. De cada cuenca se obtuvieron cuatro columnas sedimentarias, las que permitieron confeccionar un perfil integrado de cada lago; se describieron las facies y las estructuras sedimentarias. El estudio de las tefras permitió reconocer 38 niveles guía para la zona del Llao Llao. Estos niveles, se reconocen con facilidad, permitieron hacer correlaciones entre cuencas separadas entre si unos 6 kilómetros, se presume que cubrieron grandes áreas y podrían ser identificados en otros sectores de la cuenca del lago Nahuel Huapi. Se confeccionó un modelo tefrocronológico para la zona del Llao Llao, con la ayuda de 26 dataciones 14C – AMS, a cada nivel guía se les calculó su edad y error mediante estadísticas bayesianas; se reforzó el modelo con nueve niveles guías basados en la inclinación del campo magnético terrestre impresa en los sedimentos y con correlaciones basadas en las propiedades magnéticas y químicas de los niveles de tefra. El modelo tefrocronológico obtenido permitió realizar correlaciones muy precisas de los distintos eventos observados en la zona del Llao Llao para los últimos 19.000 años. Los modelos de tasa de sedimentación confeccionados confirman un gran aporte clástico a la cuenca entre los 19,1 y18,0 ka cal AP, una tasa mayor durante los períodos húmedos y que algunos incrementos puntuales de la tasa que marcan descensos en los niveles lacustres, o mayor erosión por la caída de tefra. Se realizaron numerosos análisis, tales como la determinación del tamaño de grano, humedad, carbono orgánico, carbono inorgánico, carbono total, pigmentos fósiles (clorofila y carotenoides), análisis geoquímicos de sedimentos (Mg, K, Na, Pb, Ba, Zn, Sr, Li, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Al y Ca), determinación de minerales de arcilla mediante rayos X y se utilizaron datos de distintas propiedades magnéticas. Se estudió la evolución de las propiedades analizadas y se la integró con información disponible para mejorar el conocimiento de los cambios paleoambientales y paleoclimáticos ocurridos en la cuenca del lago Nahuel Huapi. La determinación de la distribución temporal de las tefras depositadas en la zona del Llao Llao durante los últimos 19,0 ka cal AP; permitió reconocer picos de actividad volcánica entre 16,0- 14,5; 7-6 y 1,5-1 ka cal AP. Se comparó la distribución temporal de las erupciones volcánica con registros lacustres en Chile a latitud similar. Se dataron y caracterizaron químicamente (óxidos 2 principales y elementos traza) los principales niveles de tefra. Como método de correlación para los niveles de tefra en la zona del Llao Llao, se destaca el poder de discriminación de los óxidos principales cuando se utiliza análisis de agrupamiento. Los resultados y la información recopilada, confirman que los sucesivos avances glaciarios, excavaron profundos y extensos valles y depositaron la morena San Carlos de Bariloche, al este del lago Nahuel Huapi, la cual sirvió como dique natural a un gran paleolago proglaciar, que se formó al retroceder los glaciares hace unos 19.000 años. Este paleolago denominado “Elpalafquen” incluyó a los lagos Nahuel Huapi, Guillelmo, Mascardi, Gutiérrez, Correntoso y Espejo y otros más pequeños (e. g. Moreno, El Trébol y Escondido). La presencia de varves, cadilitos, escasa cantidad de materia orgánica y pigmentos fósiles sugieren que el paleolago persistió durante casi 4.300 años; distintos eventos sismovolcánicos provocaron descensos de su nivel y a los 14,680 ± 0,261 ka cal AP un nuevo descenso dió lugar al lago Nahuel Huapi. Se destaca el reconocimiento de los procesos sedimentarios (hiatos, repeticiones estratigráficas y corrientes de turbidez) que actuaron en las cuencas estudiadas, para mejorar la interpretación paleoambiental registrada en los testigos y reconocer cuando la información es regional propia de grandes lagos, o local propia de lagos pequeños y someros. En la secuencia sedimentaria se reconocieron al menos 8 eventos sismovolcánicos que afectaron la cuenca del lago Nahuel Huapi; dichos eventos fueron datados y asociados a horizontes tangibles en la secuencia, como son los niveles de tefra. Se destaca la importancia de la actividad sismovolcánica en la evolución hidrológica de la cuenca del lago Nahuel Huapi. Con la integración de la información obtenida, se generó un esquema sobre la evolución de los lagos El Trébol, Escondido y Moreno, el cual propone que: a) el paleolago Elpalafquen se formó aproximadamente a los 19,081 ± 0,274 ka cal AP y comenzó a desintegrarse a los 16,840 ± 0,250 ka cal AP, b) el lago El Trébol quedó aislado como cuenca independiente a los 15,537 ± 0,249 ka AP y c) el lago Escondido se formó como cuenca independiente a los 1,785 ± 0,80 ka cal AP cuando el último descenso provocó que los lagos Nahuel Huapi y Moreno alcanzaran su nivel actual. Palabras clave: Patagonia, lacustre, magnetismo, sedimentología, pigmentos, clorofila, arcillas, paleoclima, Pleistoceno, Holoceno, tefra, El Trébol, Escondido, Moreno, Elpalafquen, tefrocronología. 3 PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS RECORDED IN LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTARY CORES DURING THE LAST 19.000 YEARS IN THE NAHUEL HUAPI LAKE BASIN ABSTRACT This thesis studies the sedimentary record of three lacustrine basins (El Trébol, Escondido and Moreno Lakes) located Llao Llao Area, Nahuel Huapi Lake Basin, which have a strong precipitation gradient that turns it into an ecotone of great value to perform palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental studies. Four sedimentary columns of each lacustrine basin that represent approximately 100 m of cores, recorded a sedimentation since the Last Glacial Maximum were collected and studied. For each lake, an integrated sedimentary column was performed; their facies and sedimentary structures were described. The study of tephra levels, allows the recognition of 38 guide horizons on the Llao Llao Area. Those levels are visually easy to recognize, they allow making accurate correlations among lacustrine basins located more than 6 km away, it is assumed that they cover large areas and they could be found and recognized in other sectors of Nahuel Huapi Lake Basin. A tephrochronologic model for the Llao Llao Area was performed with the aid of 26 14C–AMS datations. For each tephra guide level, the age and its estimated error were calculated by Bayesian statistics. The model was reinforced with 9 isochrone levels based on the inclination of the terrestrial magnetic field records on the sediments and with correlation based on magnetic properties and chemical composition of the tephra levels. The tephrochronologic model allowed very accurate correlations of the observed event on the Llao Llao Region for the last 19,000 years cal BP. The sedimentation rates models performed confirmed a large clastic input into the basin between 18.0 and 19.1 ky cal BP, a high sedimentation rate during the wet periods and some peaks in the sedimentation rate that suggesting a decrease of the lacustrine level and/or increasing
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