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Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) the World:300 Years of Transformation Into City Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) The World:300 years of transformation into city Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) Introduction of GUCR The Global Urban Competitiveness Report（GUCR） is a cooperative research conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and UN-Habitat focusing on sustainable urban competitiveness, urban land and urban finance. Led by Mr. Marco Kamiya and Prof. Ni Pengfei, the project is participated by experts from CASS, UN- Habitat and well-known scholars in relevant fields. Through theoretical research and empirical investigation, the report establishes an indicator system to measure the economic competitiveness and sustainable competitiveness of more than 1,000 cities in the world. Meanwhile, it selects important issues of global urban development as the theme report for in-depth study, aiming to promote the implementation of the UN 2030 agenda through the assessment of urban competitiveness. At present,《 GUCR (2015-2016)》，GUCR (2017-2018)《GUCR (2018-2019)》 have been published successively, from which, 《GUCR (2018-2019)》was launched at the UN headquarters in New York city during the 74th UN general assembly. About the Authors Marco Kamiya Ni Pengfei Mr. Marco is the head of the Urban Economy and Director of Center for City and Competitiveness, Finance Branch of UN-HABITAT, and his research CASS; Assistant to the Director of National interests include development economics and public Academy of Economic Strategy, CASS; PhD economics. Mr. Marco leads global operational in economics, doctoral supervisor. Leader and work on urban economy and finance and conducts Chief Urban Economist of the CASS-UN-Habitat research on municipal finance, the economics of joint research group. Specialized in theoretical urban expansion and local infrastructure-investment and applied studies in urban economics, urban policy. competitiveness and real estate economics. 1 Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) 1.The Annual General Report- The World：300 years of transformation into city The annual general report Figure 1: Conceptual framework of General Report: Agglomeration, examines the global 300- Connection and Sharing: The History and Future of the City year change from the perspective of cities and City Determinants found that from the micro level, the change of leading Demand Institution Technology cities causes the basic "cell" change of the world. City Components There are three notable changes in this process: First is the Population（Fanmily） Activities（Enterprises） Space Government evolution of global urban economic （ ） system: from global duality to global integration, from commodity Connotations of individual city trade system to factor trade system, and then from industrial Popu scale & structure Econ scale & structure Space scale & structure chain system to innovation chain system. The second is the change Features of individual city in the population size of leading cities from tens of thousands to Space aggregation Space connection Space sharing hundreds of thousands, millions and tens of millions. Third is the space of leading cities spread Connotations of cities from single central cities to Popu scale & structure Econ scale & structure Space scale & structure multi-center metropolitan areas, megalopolis and metropolitan coordination regions. Leading Features of city world cities not only bring the world into the city, but also change the city Space aggregation Space connection Space sharing world. Source: Global urban competitiveness database of CASS Secondly, from the perspective of macro structure and system. First is system, and then from industrial structure, the evolution the evolution of urban economic chain system to innovation chain of the global urban system: from global duality to system. Second is the evolution system determines the global integration, from commodity of urban scale system: from the transformation of the world trading system to factor trading system dominated by small cities 2 Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) in Europe and America to the (1750) to 70% (2050). Thirdly, The services, from hardware products system dominated by big cities functional space of the city on to software products, from public all over the world. Third is the earth ranges from scattered points goods to private goods. The three evolution of urban space system: to all human footprints. important characteristics of human from isolated cities to urban society: aggregation, connection agglomerations and then to the In addition,from the and sharing are accelerated by world of metropolitan coordination perspective of space,the the development of cities. regions.The transformation of the general report found that global urban system has leaded to changes in global urban Last but not least, from the the content upgrading and spatial characteristics determine dynamic mechanism, the remodeling of world system. the evolution of world general report found that characteristics. First, cities the human development Moreover, from the lead the world: from dispersed- momentum bred by cities perspective of macro concentration to concentrated determines the appearance gross, the general report -concentration and then to and change of the urban found that global urban concentrated-dispersion. world. Mankind's insatiable and development has completed Secondly, cities dominate the ever-escalating demand for a better the epoch-making world: from regional connections life is the driving force behind the transformation of human to global connections, from urbanization of the world in 300 civilization. Urban economy in “hard connections” of commodity years. The four technological the overall economy plays roles elements to “soft connections” of revolutions have been the core from insignificant subsidiary, to information and service elements, driving force behind 300 years pivotal support, and then to all- from individual connections to of urban world formation. The inclusive main body.Second, the the internet of everything. The establishment and expansion of proportion of urban population contents of urban sharing range market economy system is the key is about to increase from 5.5% from basic infrastructure to public driving force of urban world. 3 Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) 2. The Annual Theme Report of GUCR(2019-2020)： Experience and Methods of Global Municipal Finance According to the theme municipalities to meet the needs of governments shown significant report, the serious their cities. Therefore, improving differences between high-income challenges of municipal the state of municipal finance will and low-income cities. Therefore, financing and solutions need be critical for development, and innovation in resource access to be given high attention is a global priority according to mechanisms is essential. globally. Municipalities are the the Addis Ababa Action Agenda government entities that most (United Nations, 2015B). The case study part of the closely manage cities, and are well theme report, centering on situated to respond to the specific The theme report found that the experience and methods needs of their resident populations SDGs cannot be achieved of municipal finance, deeply and businesses in terms of public without determined and far- analyzes the cases of Sao Paulo, services, education, an enabling reaching financial efforts in Botswana, and Latin America business environment and terms of capital investment. and the Caribbean, summarizes governance impacting the local Thus, cities must concentrate a the experience and practices quality of life. However, lack of significant part of these efforts. of these cities and regions in resources, capacity and authority However the expenditure and municipal finance so as to provide often constrains the ability of funding raising ability of local references for global urban. 4 Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) 3. Economic Competitiveness of GUCR(2019-2020): Influenced by the decline in the average urban competitiveness of China, the United States and Europe, the average global urban competitiveness declined slightly. This also indicates that if the trade war between major countries continues, it will not only weaken the urban competitiveness of each country, but also weaken the global urban competitiveness and welfare. Global urban economic internal organization efficiency way by means of attracting, competitiveness of a city can and the external economic controlling and transforming be understood as the ability advantage which are formed resources and dominating the of a city, in the process of by its factor endowments and market, so as to continuously cooperation, competition and space foundation, to create more provide and maximize the development relaying on the values in a rapid and extensive benefits for its residents. According to the Figure 2: The spatial distribution of economic competitiveness output of 1,006 cities global urban economic competitiveness research, 90 the top 20 cities in the 2019 Global Urban Economic Competitiveness 60 ranking are: New York, London, Singapore, 30 Shenzhen, San Jose, Tokyo, San Francisco, 0 Munich, Los Angeles, -180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180 Shanghai, Dallas, Houston, -30 Hong Kong, Dublin, Seoul, Boston, Beijing, Guangzhou, Miami and -60 Chicago. Nine of them were from North America, eight from -90 Asia and three from Western Source: CCC of CASS Europe.Overall, the top 20 cities 5 Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2019-2020) face fierce
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