INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD THE CATHOLIC CONCEPT OF REVELATION SINCE VATICAN II AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CHRISTIAN VIEW OF THE ‘OTHER’ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ISLAMIC STUDIES (USULUDDIN) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE RELIGION BY MUHAMMAD MODASSIR ALI REGISTRATION NO. 40-FU/PHD-99 SUPERVISOR PROF. M. M. DHEEN MOHAMED AUGUST 2011/RAMADAN 1432 ii DECLARATION This is to certify that the present work entitled THE CATHOLIC CONCEPT OF REVELATION SINCE VATICAN II AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CHRISTIAN VIEW OF THE ‘OTHER’ is the original production of Mr. Muhammad Modassir Ali, Reg. No. 40-FU/PHD-99. Student Muhammad Modassir Ali __________________________ Supervisor Prof. Dheen Mohamed __________________________ Dated: September 27, 2014 iii APPROVAL It is certified that Mr. Muhammad Modassir Ali Reg. No. 40-FU/PHD-99 has successfully defended his doctoral thesis entitled THE CATHOLIC CONCEPT OF REVELATION SINCE VATICAN II AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CHRISTIAN VIEW OF THE ‘OTHER’ in viva voce examination held at the Department of Comparative Religion, Faculty of Islamic Studies (Usuluddin), International Islamic University Islamabad. Approved by: _________________ _________________ External Examiner 1 External Examiner 2 (Prof. Dr. Anis Ahmad) (Prof. Emeritus Zafar Ishaq Ansari) __________________________ _________________________ Internal Examiner Supervisor (Dr. Muhammad Imtiaz Zafar) (Prof. Dr. Dheen Mohamed) __________________________ __________________________ Head Dean Department of Comparative Religion Faculty of Islamic Studies (Usuluddin) (Dr. Muhammad Akram) التاريخ: 3 من ذي الحجة 1435 ھـ Date: September 29, 2014 CE iv The Director (Examinations) International Islamic University Islamabad – Pakistan Subject: Report on PhD thesis of Muhammad Modassir Ali in Comparative Religion This is to certify that the candidate Muhammad Modassir Ali, Registration No. 40- FU/PHD-99 defended his thesis entitled THE CATHOLIC CONCEPT OF REVELATION SINCE VATICAN II AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CHRISTIAN VIEW OF THE ‘OTHER’ written under my supervision. I further certify that the contents of the thesis are original and solely the work of the candidate. The candidate has incorporated the marginal changes and typographical mistakes that were suggested by the viva voce committee. I therefore have the pleasure of recommending the thesis for the award of a doctorate degree in Comparative Religion from the Department of Comparative Religion, Faculty of Islamic Studies (Usuluddin), International Islamic University Islamabad. Prof. Dheen Mohamed Thesis supervisor & Deputy Director MBH Center for Muslim Contribution to Human Civilization Hamad bin Khalifa University Doha, Qatar v خﻻصة البحث ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ وأﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻐﻴﺮﻫﻢ إن اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﰲ اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﳌﻦ اﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ. وﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻘﺮون اﻷوﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪون اﻟﺴﻴﺪ اﳌﺴﻴﺢ ﻫﻮ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻟﻜﻮن اﻹﻟﻪ اﻷب ﻗﺪ ّﻋﺮف ﻧﻔﺴﻪ وﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻨﻬﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﳌﺴﻴﺢ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﳌﺴﻴﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺮب وﻛﺄن اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻋ ﺒ ﺎ رة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ اﻷب ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ اﻻﺑﻦ اﳌﺴﻴﺢ. أﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﳌﺴﻴﺢ ﻓﻜﺎن ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﳌﻘﺪس وﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ. اﺳ ﺘﻤﺮت ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻹﻃﺎر ﻋﱪ اﻟﻘﺮون دون أن ﻳﺒﺤﺚ اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﻮن - إﻻ ﻧﺎدرا - ﰲ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﳌﻘﺪس واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ا ﻟ ﺮوح اﳌﻘﺪس ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺑﻂ. ﺗﻨﺒﻬﺖ اﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺷ ﺮح ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻗ ُﺒﻴﻞ ﳎﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻬﺖ ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﰲ إﻃﺎر اﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺮ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ. وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈن ﺗﺼﻮر اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﳎﺮد ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﲣﱪﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻦ اﻹﻟﻪ أو اﳌﺴﻴﺢ وإﳕﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﳍﺎ ﺛﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﰲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ وﲢﺪﻳﺪ أﺑﻌﺎدﻩ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن دورا ﻣﻬﻤﺎ. وﲟﺎ أن اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ أﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﻲ إﳍﻲ وأﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﻊ وﺣﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮأﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ أن أﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ ﰒ أرﺻﺪ ﻟﻸﺛﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮة اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻟﻐﲑﻫﻢ. ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳛﺪد ﺑﻴﺎن اﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ وﲬﺴﺔ ﻓﺼﻮل وﻣﻠﺤﻖ وﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ. ﻳﻌﺮض اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻧﻈ ﺮة ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻣ ﻮﺟ ﺰة ﻋﻦ ا ﻷ وﺿ ﺎع اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻧﻌﻘﺎد اﺠﻤﻟﻤﻊ، واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ واﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﱵ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ أﺛﻨﺎء اﺠﻤﻟﻤﻊ ﰲ ﻓﱰات ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ. اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺳﺮد ﺗﺎرﳜﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﳌﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﺠﻤﻟﻤﻊ، وإﻋﺪاد ﺑﻴﺎن (ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﷲ) و ﺷ ﺮح ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎن. ﳛﺎول اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻲ وﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ اﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ، وﻟﻌﻞ أﳘﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﳌﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﳌﻘﺪس واﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ودور ا ﻟ ﺮوح اﻟﻘﺪس ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﳘﺎ. ﳛﻮم اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﺣﻮل وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷدﻳﺎن ﻏﲑ اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺎرﳜﻲ ﰒ ﻳﺪرس ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻔﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﱵ ﺻﺪرت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﲔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻹﻳﻀﺎح ﻣﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﲡﺎﻩ اﻷدﻳﺎن ا ﻷ ﺧ ﺮى. وﻳﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﲑ ﻋﻦ أﺛﺮ ﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﻢ ﲡﺎﻩ "اﻵﺧﺮ". ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ إﱃ أن ﻧﻈ ﺮة اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻟﻐﲑﻫﻢ ّﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻐّﲑ ﺗﺼﻮرﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ ﻓﻤﻦ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﳌﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻊ vi ﻓﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺑﻞ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﱰددﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ إﻟﺰاﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳ ﻘﺮرﻩ اﳍﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ (Magisterium) وﻫﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ﻘ ﺮرﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳍﻴﺌﺔ وﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺴﻴﺔ أم ﻻ. ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﺮاود اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻳﱰاود ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻷﻣﻮر أﺧ ﺮى ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻮرﻫﻢ ﻟﻐﲑ اﳌﺴﻴﺤﻴﲔ ﻓﺄﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪون اﳋﻼص ﻷﺻﺤﺎب اﻷدﻳﺎن اﻷ ﺧﺮى ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﲔ آﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻮن ﻗﻬﻘﺮﻳﺎ وﳛﺼﺮون اﳋﻼص ﻷﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ دون ﻏﲑﻫﻢ. ﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ أﻳﻀﺎ أن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﱵ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﳊﻮار ﺑﲔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ واﻷدﻳﺎن اﻷﺧﺮى ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﳋﻼص ﰲ اﻷدﻳﺎن اﻷﺧ ﺮى. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There are just too numerous people to thank after having finished this thesis and it would be next to impossible for me to do justice to all of them. A mere mention of their names with whose support I was able to complete this work would itself require a few pages. That includes people from Pakistan and several people abroad in particular the United States of America. First of all, I would like to acknowledge and thank my supervisor, Prof. Dheen Mohamed for his steady and continuous academic support, encouragement, and tremendous patience. This thesis would obviously not have been possible without his guidance, assistance, and every possible support one could conceive of. His personal library was more beneficial for me than our central library at IIU. I would also like to thank Prof. Zafar Ishaq Ansari without whose continuous prodding and prompting I couldn’t have completed this work. At his hands, I unlearned and then relearned many a lesson as well as almost all I know about the ethics of the academic world. None among my mentors and teachers manifested the ettiquettes of knowledge the way he did. God bless him with good health. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of other professors among whom Prof. Hasan al-Shafie, Late Prof. Mahmud Ahmad Ghazi and Prof. Abdul Khaliq Kazi stand head and shoulder taller than others. All my teachers and Mashaikh in the Faculty of Islamic Studies and elsewhere have waited long to see the end of this work. It is both with their prayers and kind reprimanding that I could achieve this objective. Several colleagues and friends just too numerous to mention assisted in the completion of this work not to mention our wonderful library staff. I need to make special mention of the Christian Study Centre, Rawalpindi whose ubiquitous Madam Musarrat extended tremendous assistance in ways just too numerous to mention. The Bishop’s Library at St. Mary’s Academy and its librarian was also very supportive. I would also like to acknowledge the continuous support of the administrative staff of IIUI in particular the current Director (Academics), Madam Shagufta Haroon without whose vision and considerate disposition, my thesis would never have seen the light of day. In her, IIUI and the Faculty of Islamic Studies in particular have been blessed with a miracle worker. viii The Faculty of Islamic Studies and in particular the Department of Comparative Religion mean just too much to me to put in words and all I can say is that my department has provided me with numerous opportunities to learn from. In my department, God also blessed me with some wonderful friends and colleagues and indeed some of the most remarkable students I ever came across both with respect to their academic standing and moral decency. I would especially like to thank my long time colleague Dr Drakshan Azam whose thoughtfulness and continuous support were instrumental in seeing the thesis through in its last leg. My friend Dr Muhammad Akram, In charge, Department of Comparative Religion was also helpful in several ways. Last but not least I would like to acknowledge the continuous support, prayers and guidance of my blessed parents, my wife and other family members who have waited patiently for a long long time to see this work see the light of day. ix CONTENTS DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... III APPROVAL ........................................................................................................................... IV VI ......................................................................................................................... خﻻصة البحث ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. XIV THE PROBLEM ...................................................................................................................... XX CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 1 VATICAN II: BACKGROUND, PROCLAMATION,