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The Role of International Actors in State Secession and Recognition: the Case of Kosovo

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The Role of International Actors in State Secession and Recognition: the Case of Kosovo THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTORS IN STATE SECESSION AND RECOGNITION: THE CASE OF KOSOVO By ARGYRO KARTSONAKI A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Political Science and International Studies School of Government and Society College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham September 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Although in recent years studies on secession and self-determination have increased, research on why secessions succeed remains limited. This thesis contributes to filling this gap by arguing that a secession can be regarded as successful when it results in the creation of a recognised and viable entity. In order to examine this assumption empirically, the thesis applied a process-tracing methodology to the case study of Kosovo, a case that had both an unsuccessful attempt to secede in 1991 and a far more successful one in 2008. It discovered that changes taking place at four different levels, local, state, regional and global, from 1991 to 2008, created the conditions for Kosovo to ensure international support from influential states that would promote its international recognition and would support its internal viability after it unilaterally declared independence for the second time. Finally, this thesis, recognising that Kosovo’s statehood is still contested, has expanded the initial assumption of international recognition and internal viability and concluded that a unilateral secession is successful when the extent of international recognition and internal viability renders it irreversible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks go to all interviewees who participated in this research. I am extremely grateful for the time and the useful input they provided. Without their contribution this PhD would have been a completely different piece of work. I am also indebted to James Ker-Lindsay for his invaluable help during the organisation of my field trips. Many of the interviews would not have been possible without his assistance. Similarly, I would like to thank Gëzim Alpion for his help and for introducing me to several potential interviewees in Kosovo. I also thank Scott Lucas for reading and giving feedback on earlier versions of this work. I am thankful to the School of Government and Society and the Department of Political Science and International Studies of the University of Birmingham for funding the fieldtrips in Kosovo and Serbia and my participation at various conferences where parts of this work were presented. No words would ever be enough to express my gratitude to my supervisors Stefan Wolff and Christalla Yakinthou for their feedback, insight, support and trust in those three years of PhD. My greatest thanks go to M., without him this PhD would have never come into being. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Maps List of Abbreviations Map of the Former Yugoslavia, 1945-1991 Map of Kosovo, 2015 Chapter One: Introduction The purpose of the thesis ........................................................................................................ 1 Clarifications ........................................................................................................................... 6 Methods of research .............................................................................................................. 11 Structure of the thesis............................................................................................................19 Part I Chapter Two: Defining successful secession Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 24 Defining the state .................................................................................................................. 26 i. What is a state: political theory concepts ………………………………………...27 ii. What is a state: international law perspectives ...................................................... 29 International recognition ...................................................................................................... 31 i. Theories of international recognition....................................................................34 ii. The political implications of international recognition..........................................37 Internal viability...................................................................................................................40 i. (How) do size, economy and system of government matter?.................................43 ii. When do states fail?................................................................................................46 iii. Combining the pieces: when is a state viable.........................................................50 Conclusion............................................................................................................................51 Chapter Three: Self-determination and theories of secession Introduction..........................................................................................................................54 The idea of self-determination.............................................................................................55 Self-determination after World War II.................................................................................57 Self-determination in the post-Cold War era.......................................................................63 Defining “peoples”...............................................................................................................65 The right to internal and external self-determination...........................................................68 Remedial secession theories.................................................................................................73 i. Kosovo under remedial secession theories............................................................77 Primary-right theories...........................................................................................................81 i. Kosovo under primary-right theories.....................................................................87 Nation-orientated secession theories....................................................................................89 i. Kosovo under nation-orientated theories...............................................................90 Alternative approaches to secession.....................................................................................91 Conclusion............................................................................................................................95 Part II Chapter Four: Historical background, introduction to the Kosovo conflict Introduction..........................................................................................................................99 Historical context of the conflict in Kosovo........................................................................99 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................109 Chapter Five: Kosovo’s unsuccessful first secession Introduction........................................................................................................................111 Kosovo declares independence for the first time...............................................................112 Why Kosovo’s demands were deliberately ignored...........................................................114 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................120 Chapter Six: The years 1991-1999 Introduction........................................................................................................................123 Rugova’s non-violent resistance........................................................................................125 The KLA emerges..............................................................................................................133 Milošević and the Yugoslav wars......................................................................................140 Rambouillet fails and NATO intervenes............................................................................147 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................157 Chapter Seven: Kosovo under international administration Introduction........................................................................................................................161 Resolution 1244, international administration and “standards before status”....................162 Riots 2004...........................................................................................................................171 Vienna talks and the Ahtisaari plan....................................................................................174
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