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Izvoarele Istoriei R Oman Iei Ii Autori: 2 IZVOARELE ISTORIEI R OMAN IEI II AUTORI: 2 www.dacoromanica.ro ACADEMIA SCIE:NTIARUM SOCIALIUM ET POLITICARUM INSTITUTUM ARCHAEOLOGICUM 1NSTITUTUM STUDIORUM EUROPAE MERIDIONALIS- ORIENTALIS FONTES HISTORIAE DACOROMANAE II Scriptores: 2 Ab anno CCC usque ad annum M EDIDER UNT HARALAMBIE MIHAESCU, GHEORGHE STEFAN, RADU HINCU, VLADIMIR ILIESCU I VIRGIL C. POPESCU QN AEDIBUSACADEMIAE REIPUBLICAESOCIALIS ROMANIAE BucurestiisMCMLXX www.dacoromanica.ro ACADEMIA DE STIINTE SOCIALE sI POLITICE INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE INSTITUTUL DE STUDII SUD-EST EUROPENE IZVOARELE ISTORIEI ROMANIEI II Autori: 2 De la anul 300 ping la anul 1000 PUBLICATE DE HARALAMBIE MIHAESCU, GHEORGHE STEFAN, RADU HTNCU, VLADIMIR ILIESCU 1 VIRGIL C. POPESCU EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLICII SOCIALISTE ROMANIA Bucureqti-1970 www.dacoromanica.ro Redactoriresponsabili : HARALAMBIE MIHAESCU si GHEORGHE TEFAN membri corespondenti ai Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania Notele istorice: VLADIMIR ILIESCU www.dacoromanica.ro INTRODUCERE Asteptat cu legitim interes, volumul de fatsse adreseaza tuturor oa- menilor de cultura pe care ii intereseaza istoria tarii noastre, elevi sistudenti, profesori din invatamintul mediu si chiar cercet5.tori, carora lise pun la indemina, in limbile originale si in traducere, extrase din izvoarelegrecesti si latinesti. Lucrarea raspunde, asa dar, unor necesitati imediate,cu atit mai mult cu cit unele editii de texte sint rare si chiar inaccesibile. Eaeste cu atit mai binevenita cu cit se refera la una din perioadele cele mai fra- mintate din istoria Daciei, perioada care se intinde intre retragerea autori- tatilor romane din Dacia nord-dunareana (271 e.n.) sia doua jumatate a secolului al X-lea, atunci cind autoritatea Bizantuluise instaureaza din nou la Dunare de Jos si cind romanii incep sa fie mentionati in izvoare subnu- mele de vlahi. Volumul inmanunchiaza un numar insemnat de texte,care se refera, mai pe larg sau mai succint, la teritoriul actual al Romaniei cit si la zona limi- trofa de la sud de Dunare, cu care alcatuia Romania danubiana.". In adev5r, societatea nord-dunareana s-a dezvoltat in relatii directepe plan economic, etnografic, politic si spiritual cu provinciile latinofone din dreapta marelui fluviu. Istoria ei nu poate fi deci izolata de acestmare complex. Lucrarile excerptate sint numeroase si variate. In aceasta prezentare le-am clasificat in urmatoarele categorii:1, izvoare narative, cele mai multe si de mai mare amploare ; 2, lucrari de caracter geografic (itinerarii si listead- ministrative, cum sint Notitia Dignitatum, Synecdemos (calduza) lui Hierocles, De aedificiis a lui Procopius din Caesareea, Cosmografia anonimului din Ravenna; 3, extrase din texte juridice (Corpus iuris civilis), dincare s-a reprodus in intregime textul novellei a XI-aa lui Iustinian pentruca ea cuprinde referinte directe si la teritoriul de la nord de Dunare;4, extrase din corespondentacuriei papale cu imparatul din Constantinopol; 5, pasaje din Acta Sanctorum si din Martyres Gothorum, dincare se desprind stirile cu privire la patimirea lui Sava gotul" sia lui Nichita, ucisi cu prilejul prigoanei lui Athanaric impotriva crestinilor din Gothia". Autorii si-au dat osteneala sa adune toate stirile din izvoarele latine si bizantine, laice si religioase. Avind insa de cercetatun material foarte vast sa ne gindim, de exemplu, la Patrologia lui Migne nu este exclus ca unele informatii sa fi fost omise. Speram insa ca omisiunile sa fie de impor- tanta minora. 1. Izvoareliterare(narative).Lucrarile istoricedin secolele IV-VI, fie cele laice, fie cele crestine, contin o serie de stiricu privire la regiunea de care ne ocupam. Unele din ele se refera la epoci istorice anterioare. In adevar, multe prezinta sub forma rezumativa istoria romans de la incepu- turile sale. De aceea ele sint intitulate sugestiv Breviaria. Desicompuse tirziu, www.dacoromanica.ro VI INTRODUCERE cele mai vechi catre sfirsitul secolului al IV-lea, ele sinttotusi importante datorita informatiilor uneori inedite pe care le cuprind. Faptul ca abrevia- torii au utilizat surse care n-au ajuns ping la not face calucrarile for sa de- vinaizvoare primare indispensabile. Ne referim la Historia Augusta,Eutro- pius (Breviarium ab Urbe condita), Rufius Festus(Breviarum rerum gestarum populi Romani), Sextus Aurelius Victor (Liber deCaesaribus), iar in ce priveste secolul al VI-lea la Iordanes, Romana §iGetica, la Petrus Patricius si altii. Istoriografia secolului al IV-lea nu straluceste prin originalitate. Ea s-a ridicat la un nivel comparabil secolelor anterioarenumai prin opera lui Ammia- nus Marcelinus (Rerum gestarumlibri XXXI), din care nu ni s-au pastrat in leg5.tura cu tara noastra decit capitolele privitoare lagoti si la navalirea hunilor. Istoricilor de la finele secolului al IV-lea le dator5.m sicele mai vechi informatii cu privire la parasirea" (amissio) Daciei. Acesteveniment de o importanta exceptionala pentru istoria poporului roman si aromanitatii danubiene a provocat in istorigrafia moderna cunoscutadiscutie in jurul problemei data in Dacia a r5.mas sau nu o populatieromanica. De rezolvarea acestei chestiuni depinde intreaga problema alocului de formare a poporului roman. Or, deli nu mai putin de sapte autorimentioneaza retragerea romana.' din Dacia (Sextus Aurelius Victor,Eutropius, IX, 6 si LX, Rufius Festus VIII, Historia Augusta, Aurelianus, 39, 7,toti patru d'n secolul al IV-lea ; Orosius, VII, 22,7, din secolul al V-lea ; Iordanes,Romana, 217 ; Lexiconul lui Suidas (Suda), II, 2), textele sintinsuficiente pentru lamurirea acestei dificile probleme. Numai o examinaremultilatera1a pe baza tuturor catego- riilor de izvoare, in primul rind adatelor arheologice, poate duce la con- cluzii definitive. Dar chiar in lumina textelor mentionate,teoria despre o evacuare to- tala a provinciei nord-dun5.rene sedovedeste gresita. Nici un izvor nu afirma: limpede acest lucru, iar descoperirilearheologice au inceput sa dovedeasca deja continuitatea unor grupuri importante depopulatii autohtone, pe care insa izvoarele scrise nu be inregistreaza.Aceasta omisiune a istoriografiei antice tirzii se cere explicate. Cauzele ei segasesc in insusi modul cum se concepeau sarcinile istoriei in acea epoca.Pentru cei vechi obiectul istoriei este lumea romana si tot ce venea in atingere custatul roman. Odata cu retragerea autoritatilor si aarmatei romane din Dacia Tra- iana, teritoriul acesteia a incetatde a face parte din Imperiul roman. El a devenit, din punctul de vedere al oficialitatii romane, un teritoriu barbar (barbaricum), uneori denumit Gothia, Gepidia,Sclavinia, atunci cind se cu- nostea mai precis numelepoporului dominant. Cind insa scriitorii nu sint exact lamuriti asupraoriginii stapinitonlor, sau cind o mai indeaproape preci- zare nu prezinta uninteres deosebit, locuitorii sint desemnati ca sarmati" sau mai frecventsciti", iar teritoriul numit Sarmatia" si Scitia". Obiceiul de a se denumi locuitorii dupe numeleteritoriului pe care locuiesc fare a se tine seama de origineafor etnica se aplica si la provinciile impe- riului. Astfel locuitorii provincieiScitia Minora sint numiti sciti", ai Moesiei moesi", ai Illyricului illyri",dupa cum cei din Gotia" erau goti", cei din www.dacoromanica.ro INTRODUCERE VII Gepidia" gepizi" etc. Numai cind se semnaleaza aparitia unui nou grup etnic, cei proaspat veniti sint denumiti cu numele lor adevarate, pentru ca ulterior sä fie incadrati si ei in vechile denumiri, carturaresti, de sarrnati", sciti" etc. Asadar, lipsa de stiri despre anumite grupuri de populatii, necunoscute autorilor romano-bizantini, si detinind o pozitie sociala si economica infe- rioara, nu poate si nu trebuie sa constituie un argument impotriva existentei lor. Altfel ar trebui sa ne imaginam ca fiecare noua dominatie ar face tabula rasa din tot ce a fost inainte, ceea ce ar fi absurd si chiar irealizabil. In sprijinul acestui punct de vedere se poate aduce citeva pasaje din Ge- ticele lui Jordanes relative la perioada stapinirii hunilor: a. In cap. 226 se spune: Pornind prin urmare din provinciile Dacia si Pannonia, in care pe atunci locuiau hunii impreuna cu diferite neamuri supuse lor (cum diversis subditis nationibus); b. Cap. 260: Regele gepizilor Ardaric s-a ridicat cel dintii impotriva fiilor lui Attila indignat ca atitea neamuri sint tratate ca niste sclavi fara valoare (indignatus de tot gentibus velut vilissimorum mancipiorum condicione tractari)". c. Actiunea lui Ardaric ar fi adus fericire diferitelor populatii, care erau, fara voia lor, sclavii pu- terii hunilor (qui Hunnorum regimini inviti famulabantur )". Rezulta asadar ca sub dominatia hunilor traiau si alte grupuri etnice, supuse si tratate ca servi. Concluzia aceasta isi gascste confirmare intr-un izvor din secolul al V-lea, anume in Ambasadele lui Priscus Panites (vezi si G. Popa-Lisseanu, Izvoarele istoriei romcinilor, vol. VIII, Bucuresti 1936). Valoarea informatiilor lui Priscus este cu atit mai mare cu cit ele se datoresc unui martor ocular, ca unul care a facut parte din ambasada con- dusa de Maximus in anul 448 la curtea lui Attila. Scriitor inzestrat cu spirit de observatie si talent, el a intocmit o relatare plina de pitoresc, continind numeroase date geografice, etnografice si istorice. Descriind calatoria sa prin Serdica (Sofia), Naissus, ping la Dunare, autorul noteaza distrugerile vizibile ale unei recente navaliri hunice. Astfel la Naissus el noteaza: am gasit orasul pustiit de locuitori si numai printre darimaturile locasurilor sfinte se mai intimpla sa gasim cite un bolnav". Trecind Dunarea cu
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