DOCSLIB.ORG

Prevalence and Molecular Detection of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Sheep, Goats and Fish from Papua New Guinea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prevalence and Molecular Detection of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Sheep, Goats and Fish from Papua New Guinea Prevalence and Molecular Detection of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Sheep, Goats and Fish from Papua New Guinea Submitted by Melanie Koinari (BiomedSc Honours) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Abstract Gastrointestinal pathogens in sheep, goats and fish in PNG Abstract Gastrointestinal parasites of livestock cause diseases of important socio- economic concern worldwide. The two main types of intestinal parasites are helminths and protozoa. They can cause high mortality, reduce production and lead to significant overall economic losses. In tropical and subtropical areas, parasitic nematodes are recognised as a limiting factor to the expansion and improvement of smallholder production of small ruminants. In addition to their veterinary importance, some parasites of domesticated livestock can also be transmitted to companion animals and wildlife, and are a threat to public health. Little is known of the prevalence of internal pathogens in domesticated animals or wildlife in Papua New Guinea (PNG). There have been various reports on gastrointestinal helminth and Eimeria infections in sheep and goats in PNG. However, those surveys have been restricted in their geographical range and have only been performed on animals raised in government or institutional (either university or agriculture research institution) farms. There is insufficient information on the epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites infecting sheep and goats in smallholder farms. Fish, both cultured and wild caught, are an important food source in PNG, but there have been few previous surveys of parasite infection in fish. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of various pathogens including gastrointestinal nematodes, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Chlamydia in sheep and goats; and Cryptosporidium, Giardia and anisakids in fish in PNG. A total of 504 faecal samples were collected from sheep (n = 276) and goats (n = 228) in smallholder, government and institutional farms, and a total of 614 fish (25 species) (cultured freshwater n = 132, wild freshwater n = 206 and wild marine n = 276) were sampled from February to August 2011. The study sites for sheep and goats covered a wide geographical area, representing the major sheep and goat farming regions of PNG. Samples were screened using microscopy and molecular techniques. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in 165 small ruminants (110 sheep and 55 goats) using a modified McMaster technique was 77.6 % (128/165), with 72 % (79/110) of sheep and 89 % (49/55) of goats having one or Abstract Gastrointestinal pathogens in sheep, goats and fish in PNG more species of gastrointestinal parasite. The gastrointestinal parasites found and their prevalences in sheep (S) and in goats (G) were: trichostrongylids 67.3 % (S), 85.5 % (G); Eimeria 17.3 % (S), 16.4 % (G); Strongyloides 8.2 % (S), 23.6 % (G); Fasciola 5.5 % (S), 18.2 % (G); Trichuris 1.8 % (S), 3.6 % (G); and Nematodirus 1.8 % (S), 3.6 % (G). Two additional genera were found in goats: Moniezia (9.1 %) and Dictyocaulus (3.6 %). To identify the pathogenic trichostrongylids, further analysis using a species- specific qPCR was performed on genomic DNA from faeces of 263 sheep and 228 goats. The prevalence of each nematode in sheep (S) and goats (G) were: Haemonchus contortus 41.1 % (S) and 41.7 % (G), Teladorsagia circumcincta 21.3 % (S) and 24.1 % (G) and Trichostrongylus spp. 14.8 % (S) and 14 % (G). In addition, a total of 94 samples (mostly Eimeria-positives by microscopy), which included 57 faecal samples from sheep and 37 faecal samples from goats, were screened by qPCR. The prevalence of Eimeria was 64.9 % (37/57) for sheep and 91.9 % (34/37) for goats. This is the first study to quantitatively examine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats in PNG. The high rates of parasitism observed in the present study are likely to be associated with poor farming management practises including lack of pasture recovery time, lack of parasite control measures and poor quality feed. Using molecular tools (nested PCRs), genomic DNA samples from sheep (n = 276), goats (n = 228) and fish (n = 614) were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. and positives were genotyped at the 18S rRNA, 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) and actin loci. The overall prevalence for Cryptosporidium at the 18S rRNA locus was 2.2 % (6/276) in sheep, 4.4 % (10/228) in goats and 1.14 % (7/614) in fish. In sheep, C. parvum (subtypes IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA19G4R1), C. andersoni and C. scrofarum were identified. In goats, C. hominis (subtype IdA15G1), C. parvum, C. xiaoi and rat genotype II were identified. In fish, C. hominis (subtype IdA15G1), C. parvum (IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA19G4R1) and a novel genotype were identified in cultured freshwater (n = 2), wild freshwater (n = 1), and wild marine (n = 4) fish hosts. Cryptosporidium was found in four different fish species; Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), silver barb (Puntius gonionotus), mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) and oblong silver biddy (Gerres oblongus). A novel piscine genotype in fish (piscine genotype 8) was identified in two marine oblong silver biddies and it exhibited a 4.3 % 4 Abstract Gastrointestinal pathogens in sheep, goats and fish in PNG genetic distance from piscine genotype 3 (its closest relative) at the 18S locus. The three subtypes of C. parvum identified in sheep and fish (IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA19G4R1) were all zoonotic. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep, goats and fish in PNG. Identification of Cryptosporidium in livestock warrants better care of farm animals to avoid contamination and illness in vulnerable populations. The detection of zoonotic Cryptosporidium in livestock suggests these animals may serve as reservoirs for human infection. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium were identified in fish samples from all three groups (cultured and wild freshwater fish and wild marine fish). The identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium genotypes in fish is important to public health in PNG and should be further investigated. In particular, detection of Cryptosporidium among fingerlings from aquaculture farms warrants further research to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in cultured fish. Giardia duodenalis was screened in sheep (n = 276), goats (n = 228) and fish (n = 272) using qPCR targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 9.1 % (25/256) in sheep, 12.3 % (28/228) in goats and 7 % (19/272) in fish. Although the present study found a low prevalence for G. duodenalis in adult small ruminants and fish, these animals can be considered as sources of contamination for susceptible hosts in PNG, because low numbers of Giardia cysts can cause infection. This is the first study to identify Giardia spp. in sheep, goats and fish in PNG. It demonstrates that G. duodenalis is prevalent in small ruminants and fish in PNG. Giardia duodenalis assemblage E (livestock genotype) was more prevalent in sheep and goats than zoonotic assemblages A and B. Further research into the characterisation of G. duodenalis assemblages in livestock, fish and humans in PNG is required to better understand its zoonotic potential. The prevalence of anisakid nematode larvae in marine fish collected on the coastal shelves off the townships of Madang and Rabaul in PNG was investigated using microscopy and molecular techniques. The third-stage larvae of several genera of anisakid nematodes are important etiological agents for zoonotic human anisakidosis. Nematodes were found in seven fish species including Decapterus macarellus, Gerres 5 Abstract Gastrointestinal pathogens in sheep, goats and fish in PNG oblongus, Pinjalo lewisi, Pinjalo pinjalo, Selar crumenophthalmus, Scomberomorus maculatus and Thunnus albacares. They were identified by both light and scanning electron microscopy as Anisakis Type I larvae. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit II (cox2) gene identified all nematodes as Anisakis typica. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of Anisakis larvae from seven new fish hosts in PNG. The overall prevalence of larvae was low (7.6 %) and no recognised zoonotic Anisakis species were identified, suggesting a low threat of anisakidosis in PNG. Finally, the prevalence of Chlamydia abortus and C. pecorum in sheep (n = 221) and goats (n = 128) were investigated using two species-specific qPCR assays, targeting the outer membrane protein cell surface antigen gene (ompA). The overall prevalence of C. abortus was 12.2 % (27/221) in sheep and 8.6 % (11/128) in goats, while for C. pecorum, it was 7.7 % (17/221) in sheep and 8.6 % (11/128) in goats. This is the first study to identify C. abortus and C. pecorum in sheep and goats in PNG. It also demonstrates that C. abortus and C. pecorum are prevalent in sheep and goats in PNG, highlighting a need for further research to quantify the production impacts of these bacteria. Furthermore, the results of the present study indicate that C. abortus could pose a risk of transmission to humans, especially, in PNG, where small ruminants in villages are cared for by women on a daily basis. In summary, the present study represents the most detailed investigation of gastrointestinal parasites using molecular tools in sheep, goats and fish in PNG to date. A variety of gastrointestinal pathogens were identified. This provides an important update on internal pathogens of sheep and goats from previous studies (Quartermain, 2004b). Future investigations should include longitudinal studies and larger cohorts to further assess parasite epidemiology in the diverse agro-climatic zones in the country. 6 Declaration Gastrointestinal pathogens in sheep, goats and fish in PNG Declaration I declare this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content, work which has not been previously submitted for any degree and is not currently being submitted for any other degree or qualification.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • §4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
    §4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm,
    [Show full text]
  • Common Lexical Semantics in Dalabon Ethnobiological Classification
    This item is Chapter 15 of Language, land & song: Studies in honour of Luise Hercus Editors: Peter K. Austin, Harold Koch & Jane Simpson ISBN 978-0-728-60406-3 http://www.elpublishing.org/book/language-land-and-song Common lexical semantics in Dalabon ethnobiological classification Sarah Cutfield Cite this item: Sarah Cutfield (2016). Common lexical semantics in Dalabon ethnobiological classification. In Language, land & song: Studies in honour of Luise Hercus, edited by Peter K. Austin, Harold Koch & Jane Simpson. London: EL Publishing. pp. 209-227 Link to this item: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/2015 __________________________________________________ This electronic version first published: March 2017 © 2016 Sarah Cutfield ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing Open access, peer-reviewed electronic and print journals, multimedia, and monographs on documentation and support of endangered languages, including theory and practice of language documentation, language description, sociolinguistics, language policy, and language revitalisation. For more EL Publishing items, see http://www.elpublishing.org 15 Common lexical semantics in Dalabon ethnobiological classification Sarah Cutfield School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics & The ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian National University 1. Introduction1 This paper is an analysis of the common lexical semantics in ethnobiological classification in Dalabon (Gunwinyguan, non-Pama-Nyungan), based on the intensive documentation in Bordulk et al. (2012), who cover 821 names for over 550 species, an unusually high number of named species for languages in Australia’s Top End (GW pers. com.). Dalabon shares many of the common formal and semantic features described for ethnoclassification in Australian languages. I present an overview and detailed exemplification of these phenomena in Dalabon, and highlight data which do not pattern according to common observations of ‘formal linguistic similarities indicate semiotic relationship’ in Australian languages.
    [Show full text]
  • AU-COM2017-349 Date of Issue 27 April 2017 Date of Expiry 30 December 2019
    Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 Access to Biological Resources in a Commonwealth Area for Non-Commercial Purposes Permit number AU-COM2017-349 Date of issue 27 April 2017 Date of expiry 30 December 2019 Name and organisation of person to Dr Alison King and Dion Wedd whom the permit is issued: Charles Darwin University c/-RIEL, S of Environment, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Brinkin NT 0909 Provision of Regulations for which permit issued 8A.06 Collection of biological material from Kakadu National Park – Charles Darwin University Access is permitted to the following location: Mary River, Kakadu National Park to collect the following biological resources for non-commercial purposes: a maximum of the following: Common Name Scientific Name Amount/ Volume Longfin glassfish Ambassis interrupta 20 Macleay's glassfish Ambassis macleayi 20 Vachell’s Glassfish Ambassis vachellii 20 Northwest glassfish Ambassis sp. 50 Barred Grunter Amniataba percoides 150 short fin eel Anguilla bicolor 20 Toothless catfish Anodontiglanis dahli 20 Snub-nosed garfish Arrhamphus sclerolepis 20 Freshwater sole Brachirus selheimi 20 Crimson-tipped gudgeon Butis butis 20 bull shark Carcharhinus leucas 20 smallmouth catfish Cinetodus frogatti 20 Fly-specked hardyhead Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum 20 Strawman hardyhead Craterocephalus stramineus 200 Anchovy sp. Engraulidae 20 silver biddy Gerres filamentosus 20 Mouth almighty Glossamia aprion 50 Permit Number: AU-COM2017-349 Page 1 of 4 Environment Protection and
    [Show full text]
  • AN ECOLOGICAL and SYSTEMATIC SURVEY of FISHES in the RAPIDS of the LOWER ZA.Fre OR CONGO RIVER
    AN ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF FISHES IN THE RAPIDS OF THE LOWER ZA.fRE OR CONGO RIVER TYSON R. ROBERTS1 and DONALD J. STEWART2 CONTENTS the rapids habitats, and the adaptations and mode of reproduction of the fishes discussed. Abstract ______________ ----------------------------------------------- 239 Nineteen new species are described from the Acknowledgments ----------------------------------- 240 Lower Zaire rapids, belonging to the genera Introduction _______________________________________________ 240 Mormyrus, Alestes, Labeo, Bagrus, Chrysichthys, Limnology ---------------------------------------------------------- 242 Notoglanidium, Gymnallabes, Chiloglanis, Lampro­ Collecting Methods and Localities __________________ 244 logus, Nanochromis, Steatocranus, Teleogramma, Tabulation of species ---------------------------------------- 249 and Mastacembelus, most of them with obvious Systematics -------------------------------------------------------- 249 modifications for life in the rapids. Caecomasta­ Campylomormyrus _______________ 255 cembelus is placed in the synonymy of Mastacem­ M ormyrus ____ --------------------------------- _______________ 268 belus, and morphologically intermediate hybrids Alestes __________________ _________________ 270 reported between blind, depigmented Mastacem­ Bryconaethiops -------------------------------------------- 271 belus brichardi and normally eyed, darkly pig­ Labeo ---------------------------------------------------- _______ 274 mented M astacembelus brachyrhinus. The genera Bagrus
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation
    EVALUATION OF INDUCED SPAWNING AND EMBRYO DISINFECTION PROTOCOLS FOR FOUR ORNAMENTAL FISH SPECIES By MICHAEL J. SIPOS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 1 © 2018 Michael J. Sipos 2 To my daughter Mia 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would not have been possible without the hard work of many individuals. I would like to thank my lab mates Taylor Lipscomb, Amy Wood, Shane Ramee, Elizabeth Groover and Tim Lyons for their assistance in helping me complete the experiments essential to my thesis. I also thank Dr. Quenton Tuckett for allowing me to pick is brain on any statistical questions I had during my analysis of data. I express my appreciation to John Skidmore of Golden Pond Tropicals and Dustin Drawdy of Oak Ridge Fish Hatchery for providing me with the broodstock needed to complete my trials. I would like to thank my committee members Craig Watson and Dr. Cortney Ohs for being valuable resources for all things aquatic. To my advisor Dr. Matthew DiMaggio, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the countless hours of mentoring which has made me a better scientist. To my parents and Tori, thank you for providing me with encouragement and support throughout my studies. Without the help of everyone mentioned above, my experience at the University of Florida Tropical Aquaculture Lab would not have been as amazing as it was. The work reported in this publication was supported in part by the Southern Regional Aquaculture Center through Grant No.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Swim Upside Down?: a Comparative Study of Two Mochokid Catfishes
    130 COPEIA, 1994, NO. 1 haviourand copulationin Dracodussumieri Dum. & REYES,A. Y. 1968. Food habits of Draco volans Lin- Bib. (Reptilia: Sauria).J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. naeus. SillimanJ. 15:353-356. 64:112-115. ROSE,B. 1981. Factorsaffecting activityin Sceloporus -. 1967b. Activity rhythm and thermoregula- virgatus. Ecology 62:706-716. tion in the South Indian flying lizard, Draco dus- SCHMIDT,K. P. 1935. Notes on the breeding behav- sumieriDum. & Bib.J. Anim. Morphol. Physiol. 14: ior of lizards. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 131-139. 71-76. MXGDEFRAU,K. 1991. Haltung, Verhaltenbeobach- SMITH,M. A. 1935. The Fauna of British India, in- tungen und Zuchtversuche von Draco spilopterus cluding Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and amphibia. (Wiegmann, 1834). Herpetofauna 13:29-34. Vol. II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, MARTIN,P., AND P. BATESON. 1986. Measuring be- England. haviour: an introductory guide. CambridgeUniv. STAMPS, J. A. 1977. Social behavior and spacing pat- Press, Cambridge,England. terns in lizards, p. 265-334. In: Biology of the Rep- MORI, A., AND T. HIKIDA. 1993. Natural history ob- tilia. Vol. 7. Ecology and behavior. A. C. Gans and servationson the flying lizards,Draco volans suma- D. W. Tinkle (eds.). Academic Press, London, En- tranus (Agamidae, Squamata)from Sarawak,Ma- gland. laysia. RafflesBull. Zool. In Press. MUSTERS, C. J. M. 1983. Taxonomy of the genus Draco L. (Agamidae, Lacertilia, Reptilia). Zool. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, Verhandelingen No. 199:1-120. KYOTO UNIVERSITY, SAKYO, KYOTO, 606-01 P. 1962. Parades et terri- PFEFFER, comportement JAPAN.Submitted 5 Sept. 1992. Accepted 29 torial chez trois especes de Dragons-volants(Agam- Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Eugenics on the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics 35
    Baltic Eugenics On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics 35 Founding and Executive Editor Leonidas Donskis, Member of the European Parliament, and previously Professor and Dean of Vytautas Magnus University School of Political Science and Diplomacy in Kaunas, Lithuania. Editorial and Advisory Board Timo Airaksinen, University of Helsinki, Finland Egidijus Aleksandravicius, Lithuanian Emigration Institute, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Aukse Balcytiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna, Forlì Campus, Italy Endre Bojtar, Institute of Literary Studies, Budapest, Hungary Ineta Dabasinskiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Pietro U. Dini, University of Pisa, Italy Robert Ginsberg, Pennsylvania State University, USA Martyn Housden, University of Bradford, UK Andres Kasekamp, University of Tartu, Estonia Andreas Lawaty, Nordost-Institute, Lüneburg, Germany Olli Loukola, University of Helsinki, Finland Bernard Marchadier, Institut d’études slaves, Paris, France Silviu Miloiu, Valahia University, Targoviste, Romania Valdis Muktupavels, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Hannu Niemi, University of Helsinki, Finland Irina Novikova, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Yves Plasseraud, Paris, France Rein Raud, Tallinn University, Estonia Alfred Erich Senn, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, and Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania André Skogström-Filler, University Paris VIII-Saint-Denis, France David Smith, University of Glasgow, UK Saulius Suziedelis, Millersville University, USA Joachim Tauber, Nordost-Institut, Lüneburg, Germany Tomas Venclova, Yale University, USA Tonu Viik, Tallinn University, Estonia Baltic Eugenics Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918-1940 Edited by Björn M. Felder & Paul J. Weindling Amsterdam - New York, NY 2013 Cover photo : Jēkabs Prīmanis measuring skulls (from Jēkabs Prīmanis (1937), Ievads antropoloģijas metodikā.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Habits of Bryconaethiops Boulengeri Pellegrin, 1900 (Characiformes: Alestidae) of Djiri River Tributary of the Right Bank of Congo River
    Open Journal of Ecology, 2018, 8, 510-521 http://www.scirp.org/journal/oje ISSN Online: 2162-1993 ISSN Print: 2162-1985 Food Habits of Bryconaethiops boulengeri Pellegrin, 1900 (Characiformes: Alestidae) of Djiri River Tributary of the Right Bank of Congo River M. Mikia1*, I. Mady-Goma Dirat1, A. Tsoumou1, J. Vouidibio2 1Research Laboratory of Animal Biology and Ecology, ENS, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo 2Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo How to cite this paper: Mikia, M., Ma- Abstract dy-Goma Dirat, I., Tsoumou, A. and Voui- dibio, J. (2018) Food Habits of Bryconae- Diet of 300 specimens of Bryconaethiops boulengeri from Djiri River (Congo thiops boulengeri Pellegrin, 1900 (Characi- Brazzaville) caught with cash nets was studied according to the size of fish, formes: Alestidae) of Djiri River Tributary sampling stations and hydrological season. Sampling focused on twelve an- of the Right Bank of Congo River. Open Journal of Ecology, 8, 510-521. nual withdrawals made during three years. The relative importance index https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2018.89031 combining numerical and weight percentages of occurrence was calculated and also the sex ratio was evaluated. Bryconaethiops boulengeri consumes Received: August 7, 2018 Accepted: September 22, 2018 terrestrial and aquatic insects and everything that falls into the water (birds Published: September 25, 2018 feathers, plant debris, fruits, etc.). The percentage of emptiness is 9.66% of the three sampling stations selected; no significant difference in diet was observed Copyright © 2018 by authors and whatever the season. Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International Keywords License (CC BY 4.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission Submission to the Citizens’ Assembly in Its Consideration of Article 40.3.3° of the Irish Constitution
    Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission Submission to the Citizens’ Assembly in its consideration of Article 40.3.3° of the Irish Constitution 16 December 2016 1 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Purpose and Outline of the Submission ................................................................................................. 4 Domestic Legal Framework ..................................................................................................................... 6 Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights & Revised European Social Charter . 10 Obligations under United Nations Human Rights Treaties ................................................................... 16 Summary of Gaps in Protection as identified by International Bodies ................................................. 27 Recommendations of the Commission ................................................................................................. 30 2 Introduction The Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission (‘the Commission’) is both the national human rights institution and the national equality body for Ireland, established under the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission Act 2014 (‘2014 Act’). The 2014 Act provided for the merging of the former Irish Human Rights Commission and the former Equality Authority into an enhanced body. The new Commission enjoys increased institutional accountability to the
    [Show full text]
  • A Health and Rights Approach to Abortion in Ireland Irish Family Planning Association
    Submission to the Citizens’ Assembly A health and rights approach to abortion in Ireland Irish Family Planning Association 16.12.16 Contents IFPA position on the Eighth Amendment .................................................................................... 4 Glossary of terms ............................................................................................................................... 6 About the IFPA .................................................................................................................................. 10 A leading provider of sexual and reproductive health services ...................................... 10 Vision .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Mission ............................................................................................................................................ 10 An advocate for the right to reproductive health ................................................................ 11 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Why does the IFPA believe the Eighth Amendment should be repealed? ............ 12 1.2 Why the IFPA is not in favour of reform that allows abortion only in exceptional cases ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Petfish.Net Guide to Catfish and Loaches
    The PetFish.Net Guide To Catfish And Loaches Part of the PetFish.Net Guide Series Table Of Contents Corydoras Catfish Albino Bristlenose Plecos Botia kubotai Questions about Cories Yoyo Loach Whiptail Catfish The Upside-Down Catfish Tadpole Madtom Catfish Siamese Algea Eater Rubber-Lipped Pleco Royal Pleco Raising Corydoras Fry Porthole Catfish The Common Pleco Pictus Catfish In Pursuit of the Panda Corydoras Otocinclus Indepth Otocinclus Kuhli Loach - A.K.A. Coolie Loach Hoplo Catfish Glass Catfish Emerald Catfish Dojo Loach Breeding The Dojo Loach Keeping And Spawning Corydoras Catfish Clown Pleco Clown Loaches The Clown Loach Chinese Algae Eater Bronze Corydoras Keeping and Spawning Albino Bristle Nose Pleco Borneo Sucker or Hillstream Loach Corydoras Catfish By: Darren Common Name: Corys Latin Name: Corydoras Origin: South America-Brazil Temperature: 77-83 Ease Of Keeping: Easy Aggressivness: Peaceful Lighting: All lightings, although it prefers dimmer lightings. Adult Size: About 6 cm Minimum Tank Size: 18g Feeding: Flakes, Algae wafers and shrimp pellets, live food, frozen food, blanched vegetables. Spawning Method: Egg-layer Corydoras (AKA cory cats and cories) are very hardy and make good beginner fish for a community tank. For species tank, the dwarf cories do better. There are generally 2 types of cory, the dwarf cory and the normal cory. Brochis are not cories. The dwarf cory is great for nano tanks because it usually remains less than 3cm long ( about 1.3 inch). They do well in community tanks too and the only special care they require is not putting them together with aggressive fish like Cichlids. Dwarf Cichlids may do well with them occasionally but avoid them if you can.
    [Show full text]
  • ICMA January 2011 NEWS Newsletter N.4
    ICMA January 2011 NEWS Newsletter n.4 Asia Safe Abortion Partnership Latin American Consortium Eastern European Alliance African Network Against Unsafe Abortion For Reproductive Choice for Medical Abortion As part of ICMA´s commitment with women´s right to safe and legal abortion and convinced of the need to strengthen collaboration and share expertise and views among global stakeholders, we have invited Women on Web to join this number of our Newsletter to address one of the most promising topics in the abortion field: the hotline strategy as a mean to guarantee the rigth to information and to put the abortion process into women´s hands. “Hello, do you need information about safe abortion?” Hotlines on misoprostol in countries with restrictive laws By Kinga Jelinska, Project Manager, Women on Web Since 2008, Women on Waves and Women The campaigns usually involve non-medical on Web have been supporting local groups in professionals. Safe abortion traditionally creating hotlines that provide information on belongs in the spectrum of knowledge and how to do a safe abortion and how to safely expertise of medical professionals. Abortion self-administer misoprostol. Those hotlines with pills brings a new paradigm; the process run in countries where access to safe abortion is very similar to a spontaneous miscarriage, it services is restricted. Since 2008 local groups is an easy procedure that can be safely done in Ecuador, Chile, Argentina and Peru launched by women themselves if they have reliable the hotlines. In 2010 WoW together to a instructions. The information needs to spread regional ICMA network, Asia Safe Abortion also outside the routine channels of doctors Partnership, worked with local groups in and mid-level health professionals and get Pakistan.
    [Show full text]