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Postcolonial Objects of Collective Re-Membering Among Portuguese Muslims of Indian and Mozambican Origins

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Postcolonial Objects of Collective Re-Membering Among Portuguese Muslims of Indian and Mozambican Origins Postcolonial Objects of Collective Re-membering among Portuguese Muslims of Indian and Mozambican origins Thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Goldsmiths, University of London By Ana Catarina Valdigem Jacinto Pereira Media and Communications Department, Goldsmiths, University of London April 2016 DECLARATION I, Ana Catarina Valdigem Jacinto Pereira, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Date 01/04/2016 2 ABSTRACT More than 40 years after the end of Portuguese colonialism, those who migrated from the former colonies in Africa to Portugal remain silenced and forgotten as if they were not part of a colonial project that forged an imperial nation overseas. At least a third of these subjects were actually descendants of white Portuguese people as well as of populations of different faiths, skin colours and ethnic and cultural backgrounds, who were migrating for the first time to an unfamiliar country. Among them were Muslims of both Indian and Mozambican origin who have, since colonial times, been portrayed as the Muslim, racialized and ethnic Other, and whose senses of belonging have not been voiced, heard nor properly understood. As such research is required, within the framework of the Lusophone postcolonial critique. This thesis aims to contribute to this critical approach by providing a ethnography of the postcolonial material, affective, sensory and bodily ways through which these postcolonial subjects, and their descendants already born in Postcolonial Portugal, have been reproducing and negotiating collective memories of belonging. It departs from the assumption that one cannot understand people’s belonging without going beyond the simplistic identity categories often used to label them. Therefore it adopts a phenomenology of material culture and experience in order to understand how these subjects have been re-appropriating and reconstructing general ideas of Indian-ness, Muslim- ness, Mozambican-ness and Portuguese-ness across generations, particularly when engaging with a multiplicity of objects that integrate into their everyday life, namely objects of home décor, food and media. This thesis results from fieldwork conducted over a period of 12 months in these subjects’ current public and private contexts of conviviality, such as the Lisbon Central Mosque and their family homes. Biographical interviews and visual methods were also applied to two generations (parent and child) from the 11 family-household units collaborating in this research. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 11 1.1. THE STORY OF A RESEARCH PROJECT ................................................................. 11 1.2. BELONGING IN POSTCOLONIALITY ......................................................................... 21 1.3. COLLECTIVE RE-MEMBERING IN DISPLACEMENT AND ACROSS GENERATIONS ..... 28 1.4. ON THE AFFECTIVE, MATERIAL, SENSORY AND PRACTICAL MEMORIES OF BELONGING ................................................................................................................... 35 1.5. CONSTRUCTING THE FIELD: THE RESEARCH METHODS AND THE RESEARCHER’S IDENTITY ....................................................................................................................... 39 1.5.1. The challenges and limits of doing a sensuous and tasteful ethnography in an urban context ............................................................................................................ 40 1.5.2.In-depth interviews and the life-story approach ............................................. 48 1.5.3. The ‘Photographic Exercise’ .......................................................................... 53 1.6. THE FIELD PARTICIPANTS ....................................................................................... 57 1.7. THESIS OUTLINE ..................................................................................................... 64 2. ‘MUSLIM HOMES’ OR ‘HOMES OF MUSLIMS’?: THE DOMESTIC SPACE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ISLAMIC OBJECTS OF HOME DÉCOR IN REPRODUCING AN AFFECTIVE ISLAM ................................................................ 66 2.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 66 2.2. TOWARDS A CRITICAL AND MULTI-SENSORY APPROACH TO ISLAMIC HOME DÉCOR OBJECTS ......................................................................................................................... 67 2.2.1. Materializing Islam in the home ..................................................................... 76 2.2.2. The sacredness of the Qur’an and religious sensory mnemonics .................. 83 2. 3. FROM SACRED WORDS TO OBJECTS OF BELONGING .............................................. 90 2. 4. THE REPRODUCIBLE AS ‘INALIENABLE WEALTH’: ON ISLAMIC GIFTS AND SOUVENIRS .................................................................................................................. 103 2. 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................................................................................... 119 3. BEYOND THE VISUALITIES OF BELONGING: RE-ENACTING MEMORIES OF MOZAMBICAN-NESS IN THE PORTUGUESE HOME ......... 122 3.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 122 3.2. POSTCOLONIAL AMBIVALENCES AND THE IMPERATIVE OF THE SENSES AND OF THE AFFECTS IN UPROOTED BELONGINGS .......................................................................... 125 3.3. THE ‘MOZAMBICAN’ HOME-DÉCOR OBJECTS: FROM TRIP SOUVENIRS TO IDENTITY MAKING OBJECTS ........................................................................................................ 136 3.4. MEDIATING AND RE-MEMBERING FORMS OF MOZAMBICAN-NESS ACROSS GENERATIONS THROUGH STORYTELLING AND OBJECTS OF HOME DÉCOR ................. 149 3.5. EMBODIED MEMORIES OF MOZAMBICAN-NESS ................................................... 155 3.5.1. Re-membering and imagining Mozambique through tasteful sensations: the case of the ‘Mozambican coca-cola’ ...................................................................... 159 3.5.2. Enduring colonial foodways: Cooking and eating coconut and peanut curries ................................................................................................................................ 164 3.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................................................................................... 173 4. RE-CONSTRUCTING AND NEGOTIATING LIVED AND IMAGINED FORMS OF INDIAN-NESS THROUGH FOOD AND MEDIA: ............................. 178 BETWEEN THE FAMILY HOME AND THE COMMUNITY OF PEERS ......... 178 4.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 178 4.2. A TALE FROM THE FIELD ...................................................................................... 181 PART 1 ....................................................................................................................... 186 4.3. WHEN INDIA GOES MOBILE: RE-INVENTING AND RE-PRODUCING FORMS OF INDIAN- NESS THROUGH FOOD OBJECTS AND FOOD-RELATED PRACTICES ............................... 186 4.3.1. Indian Food, Power and Belonging in the Lisbon Muslim Community ....... 192 4 4.3.2. The making of an authentic Indian Food: Ethnic, gendered, generational and historical disputes and debates .............................................................................. 196 4.3.3. Which Indian Food? ..................................................................................... 202 4.3.4. Re-producing intergenerational gendered memories of the senses ............. 207 PART 2 ....................................................................................................................... 218 4.4. LIVING WITH INDIAN AUDIO-VISUALS: CONTINUING, DEFYING AND RE-INVENTING INDIAN-NESS ACROSS GENERATIONS .......................................................................... 218 4.4.1. En-gendering and re-making belongings in postcolonial Portugal through ‘Indian media practices’: The parents in the field ................................................. 222 4.4.1.1. Dis-locating affective forms of Indian-ness through audio-visual objects and related practices carried in migration: From colonial Mozambique to postcolonial Portugal .................................................................................................................. 235 4.4.1.1.1. Reproducing “Indian media practices” from colonial to postcolonial Mozambique: Spatial and ideological shifts and the re-making of an audio-visual and embodied Indian-ness ...................................................................................... 237 4.4.2. The youngsters in the field: Constructing and negotiating postcolonial senses of Indian-ness through Indian audio-visuals and representations ......................... 246 4.4.2.1. The youngsters’ ‘Indian media practices’: Negotiating senses of Indian-ness ................................................................................................................................ 252 4.4.2.2. A matter of taste and/or simply embracing white masks? ......................... 260 4.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS .....................................................................................
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