Impacts of the Covid-19 Crisis

MOBILITY AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE – IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS

09 08 2021

R T F T I PART III: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS U S S P N F I G C C B PART II: M A F A E PART I: INTRODUCTION SUMMARY SUMMARY EUROPEAN COMPARATIVE STUDY AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE MPACT OF TALY RAMEWORK WEDEN PAIN RANCE OREWORD RANSPORTAN HE XECUTIVE OLAND ZECH ROATIA ELGIUM ECOMMENDATIONS AND BOUT CKNOWLEDGMENTS ERMANY NITED ETHERLANDS OTIVATIONS E

UROPEAN R

EPUBLIC

INGDOM COUNTRY PROFILES

S C

UMMARY OVID

& D D MOBILITYPRIORITIES IN R

M ESILIENCEAND -

19 ETHODOLOGY

CRISIS OVERTRANSPORTAND MOBILITY SECTORS C

ONCLUSIONS –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID R

ECOVERY N

ATIONAL F ACILITY AND THE - 19 CRISI R ECOVERY AND S

M ULTIANNUAL R ESILIENCE

F INANCIAL P LANS

221 216 209 197 196 182 162 143 123 111 27 13 12 95 78 54 39 9 7 6 6 5 4 2

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 CRISI S

Part I:Introduction AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 CRISI S

atleast received first a ofvaccine.dose has the population UK and the of of 60% Union than more 48% European than the more of population June, 8 of As that massive the the epidemic will end that in the near future hope of us give campaigns 2021 vaccination the in and vaccines acceleration of development The crisis health has passed. the once change unemployment, to continue will practices t partial teleworking gestures, barrier of practice the interaction, social populations: all for The pandemic has caused a major upheaval largestthe 2020, fallfor centuries. three a by fallen has GDP UK 2020. European by 6% than more by fall the will GDP Union's Commission, and European the to According War. activity World Second the for place employment that have not been seen since measures in put support and measures emerge economic taken have Union European the and governments European too, Here Europe. in and worldwide damage social and economic heavyextremely caused has 2020 March in began that crisis health The Organisation. COVID and 1,160,099 people have died 2021, in Eur June 8 down of As epidemic. slow the control contain, to measures drastic take to had have world the around Governments time. our of event historical The global epidemic of COVID Executive Summary AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE asomd n cran ais and habits certain and ransformed

we will return to a more normal life. normal more a to return will we - 9 codn t te ol Health World the to according 19 Or al lvs ae been have lives daily Our .

eue mblt and mobility reduced

– - lmost 10% in 10% lmost IMPACTS OF THECOVID 19 is a major ope from

and ncy ncy

- 19 CRISI overcome overcome this crisis from above. to The world Europeans of ability the in and future remain to likely are a The European for countries. objective priority a is and faster go will societies our of digitalisation The society. of part large very a for activity and economichealth restrictions ensure of impact the lessen to possible it made have dig through economies our of flexibility to the highlighted also has policies change climate of climate effects the counter ambitious more of society in actors all of awareness the accelerated sharply opportuni COVID The in sectors transport pre relation theto and mobility the and 2021, April road to 2020 September from period pandemic for works. future public analysis the and imagine infrastructure to us in mobility of Europe and how the recovery actions allow world the on crisis the of impact the This understanding to contribution studied. be to de sustainable affected profoundly COVID the during was transport of Chairman ofthe Chairman Jean S

- nnounced recovery and investments and recovery nnounced Baptiste de Prémarede Baptiste

performed in this report ty for the years to come. It has has It come. to years the for ty

- 19crisis great also representsa eomns n ted are trends and velopments it - Committee measures the impact on impact the measures - 9 rss ad ee too, here and crisis, 19 pandemicsituation one’s h ne t deploy to need the report tl ol, which tools, ital confident in the in confident

s new a is covers the

Th . It It . e 5

MOBILITY AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE – IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS

Acknowledgments

This benchmark was carried out with the quality to our work. We would like to thank contribution and exchanges of various them warmly for their contribution. stakeholders in Europe, professional In particular, we would like to thank the associations, research centres and public Observatory of Transport Policies and actors. Those who agreed to be quoted are Strategies in Europe (OPSTE) for their included in the report. They have enabled support in carrying out this work. us to enrich our work in each of the countries concerned and to give a better

Foreword

The European Union Road Federation On this basis, the group has decided to (ERF), the Confederation of International launch a second phase of its work through Contractors' Associations (CICA), the this new study. The aim is to reflect on the French Federation for Public Works future of mobility and transport in a post- (Fédération Nationale des Travaux Publics COVID environment in Europe, and to -FNTP), the European Construction offer useful insights for public works Industry Federation (FIEC) and Routes de companies and public decision-makers, France have joined forces to produce this particularly from the point of view of road benchmark entitled "Mobility and infrastructure. Recovery in Europe: Impacts of the Covid- 19 crisis". This group of professionals published a first international comparative benchmark in 2020. It covers 20 countries and takes stock, before the Covid-19 crisis, of new mobility habits and their impact on road infrastructures and their equipment. This work has been presented at various events such as the 2019 World Road Congress, the ATEC ITS France 2020 or via a digital event under the patronage of MEP Dominique Riquet in October 2020. The exceptional period opened in 2020 has offered new reflections on mobility such as the generalisation of teleworking and the prolonged absence of car traffic in urban centres. It also confirms trends observed before the crisis: the rise of digital technologies, the growing importance of climate issues and the resulting paradigm shift in the world of transport.

(FIEC) Group Working Infrastructure rapporteur theof (FNTP) and Affairs European for Deputy Director NicolasGaubert

Prémare: de re This About AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

port port was jointlyproduced committee, this underby chairmanshipthe Jean of us

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID Jean DePrémare (Routes (Routes - Delegate Delegate Baptiste Baptiste General France)

de ,

- 19 CRISI

(ERF) Director General Nicodème Christophe S ChristineLeroy

, Affairs (RoutesdeFrance)Affairs

, Director, of Technical - Baptiste

MOBILITY AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE – IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS

Amélie Schäfer, Policy Officer for European and International Affairs (FNTP/CICA)

Simon Gianordoli, Policy and Project Officer (ERF/Routes de France

Jean-Claude Roffé, ERF Ambassador

Giulia Cibrario, EU Intern at the French Federation for Public Works (FNTP)

MOBILITY AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE – IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS

Motivations & Methodology

The COVID-19 crisis started in March 2020. This has had a major impact on transport By then, most European countries had operators in European countries, who have taken restrictive measures to slow the faced an unprecedented crisis. In addition, spread of the virus, including local or European countries have put in place national containment. There have been measures to support these operators and different periods where the epidemic has have coordinated at EU level to propose ebbed and flowed throughout 2020 up to new tools to deal with the crisis and the present day. These restriction propose a common recovery plan. From measures have led to a change in mobility these observations, our working group behaviour, both voluntary and involuntary. aimed to answer two questions:

• What are the general impacts of the • What are the prospects for land COVID-19 crisis on mobility and its transport and public works infrastructures? operators and on what time scales?

These issues are addressed in the context of the 4 criteria below:

3.Previous 1.Impact of 2.National national 4.European the the Recovery and recovery COVID crisis strategy European strategy on mobility strategies

1. Impacts of the COVID crisis on mobility: • Comparison of mobility before and after the crisis • Evolution of the car fleet • Mobility perspectives and scenarios • Economic situation of transport actors

2. National Recovery strategy: • Presentation and analysis of the national recovery plan • Share devoted to transport, mobility and road infrastructure • Outlook for the construction and public works sector

recommendationsand conclusions befound end(RFF). at can the of Final report. the COVID of impacts main ide to order in country each in discovered elements and research the to according vary may provided information the and titles The • • • • • • • national partners.exchanges with and Itexpertsgeneral followingfollows the outline: Covid the of impact and Union European the in presence weight, economic location, geographical The are inThese developedan individualcountry sheet,in11 countries: AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Prospects for Prospects constructionthe sector Pre and European National recovery plans scenariosand Mobility prospects aftercrisis theMobility before Mobility crisisthe economicGeneral context 4. 3.

onre wr coe t rpeet blne ve o te uoen continent: European the of view balanced a represent to chosen were countries EU countriesEU

- 9 crisis. 19 - • • • • European recovery strategyrecovery European • and nationalPrevious strategies: European existing policies

 Existing transport and mobility mobility and Existing transport policiesbeforethe COVID framework) long and plans Climate Development of recoverynational resilience theDevelopment of and plan the of Articulation nationalrecovery plan European with the framework Framework (MFF)Financial European recovery framework: Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), Multiannual

ntify elements for assessment for elements ntify

Each country sheet is developed is sheet country Each

- 19 outbreak on transport and the Recovery and Resilience Facility Resilience and Recovery the and transport on outbreak 19

–

A comparative analysis of the country profiles is then proposed then is profiles country the of analysis comparative A

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

Germany

Belgium Belgium + United+ Kingdom France -

Spain Spain term Italy

  taey eoe h COVID the before strategy  



Part 3 Part - 19 CRISI

in at 2 Part , in addition to proposed insights of the of insights proposed to additionin , UK S

hog etnie eerh an research extensive through CzechRepublic

- Netherlands 19crisis

Sweden Croatia Poland - 9 rss (European crisis 19

  

 

d 10

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 CRISI S

Part profiles II:Country AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 CRISI S

5 4 3 2 1 :Service FédéralSource Public Mobilité Transports et 2) Table Transports and Mobility per modetransport (see Table 1) Belgium the by conducted Department survey ‘Monitor’ the to According Covid (before Belgium Mobility in trends forecast to continuegrowing in2021 private allow isinvestment 2020, of shouldhalf second the in rebounding After vaccinated recover. gradually to consumption are Belgians of share large a as follow to expected is that COVID the of onset the felt following 2020 in plunge historic a activity economic the “… Commission, where the to According spring in quarters second and period first the during % 11.8 and 3.4% lockdown respectively first the by impacted A rebound is forecasted for 2021 (4.5%) and 2022 (3.7%). Economic activity has been severely 6.3% in 2020 Commission European the 2019, in rate growth 1.7% a had Belgium While context: Covid Economic AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Eu See note See note Transport et Mobilité Fédéral Service Public Eurostat, r 1. op e

an Impact ofCovid Impact . iii. iii. News Release Euro Indicators 121/221 Indicators ReleaseNews Euro

mm 3 . Belgium is in the EU average, where the GDP growth is expected to fall by 6.1%.

, Belgium, sharemodal can bedrawnof transport by Bus/Metro/Tram Bus/Metro/Tram Car aspassenger Car aspassenger Car i ss Car asdriver Car asdriver Car io Division ofdistance Division per transportmodetravelled (2017) n, “ n, Division ofnumber ofDivision trips permodetransport (2017) Walking Walking Bicycle Bicycle Other Other Train Train Spring 2021 European Economic Forecast Economic 2021European Spring Table 1 Table

Table 2 19

- – 19 on mobility on 19

IMPACTS OF THECOVID -

- Division number trips transport modeof of per

Division ofdistance E

and conomic growth in Belgium is set to rebound in 2021 after 2021 in rebound to set is Belgium in growth conomic ,with helpthe of Recovery the and Facility Resilience s, « s, divisionof distancetravelled permodetransport (see

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Walking (13%) Walking Tram/Metro/Bus (4%) (54%) Car IMPACTS OF THECOVID

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- 19 CRISI , “ - 6.6%) and international ( international and 6.6%) The Automotive Industry Pocket Guide 2019 Guide Pocket Industry The Automotive Passenger car fleet by fuel type by fleet car Passenger - 19) S

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car/motorcycle + car/motorcycle + car/motorcycle Car +Motorcycle Car metro/bus/tram metro/bus/tram passenger as Car Service Public Fédéral Mobilité et Transports, Transports, et Mobilité Fédéral Service Public Train + cycling + +cycling Train car/motorcycle car/motorcycle Train +cycling Train MTB +cycling MTB combinations combinations Car as driver as Car Train +MTB Train Motorcycle Train only Train MTB only MTB Train and and Train MTB and and MTB Walking Cycling Train + Train + Train + Train cycling MTB + MTB (MTB) Other MTB

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- –

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID period (18 period March Lockdown Lockdown May) 65% 62% 13% 5% 6% 1% 1% 2% 3% 9% 3% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0%

- « - *Table the*Table reproduced author by

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S : Impact du COVID du : Impact

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56% 15% 53% 12% 9% 1% 1% 2% 2% 6% 7% 1% 1% 3% 3% 3% 2% 1% 1% - 19 sur les habitudes de de habitudes les sur 19

(intention) pandemic pandemic After the the After 55% 14% 52% 15% 7% 1% 2% 3% 2% 6% 5% 0% 2% 3% 2% 4% 2% 1% 1%

respondents for ground common the at the looking preferred answers. is possible as much as contacts Avoiding public transport. use to continue them make would that measures proposed among choose to asked been have they (MTB), use transport public less to intention their indicated who those For availableincreasing the traffic motorized with conflicts (62%) avoid to solution best the is infrastructure the adapting t indicated that respondents the to According shareorganizedway and the carprivate challengeof the is very core of Belgium mobility. swift a in Reducing car. to alternatives providing as well as policies, transport of target main of the unnecessary trips will decrease, as well. Combined and multimodal pandemic and will have an impact on transport demand in the coming years. In addition, some the after substantial remain will teleworking that Wrzesinska Dagmara from added be can It can beextracted:Some highlights AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE • • • • • • • •

before avoiding pedestrians and cyclists’ conflicts (42%). A large minority considers that that individualmobility that ispreferred. pe Belgian habitsMobility willnot muchinchangeBelgium that going for andto work study (5 marginally increase to expected is and period lockdown during trendy temporarily was Walking continue Cyclingtorisewill after pandemic(12 the kmtrav ofdistribution 1 for subway taking of instead drop may occur splitmodal the will in pandemic. the after 7% (from share modal lose to supposed is(MTB) transport Public seewill not anytrain changes inter transport similarly, (3%); evolution share modal no see will Train recover not did and theirbefore is periodlockdown the during 0% near down (3%) went expectMTB it transport public All trips of number of terms in but travelled, is mostlydecreasing. This largetoa sprawl due urban km of terms in split modal the in 53%) after the cases all in mode transport #1 the remains Car ople will use public transport a bit less for cycling and walking, indicating walking, and cycling for less bit a transport public use will ople - 6%) pandemic. to the advantage of walking spacefor and walking cyclinga is preferred (52%).assumption

According to Dagmara Wrzesinska, Dagmara to According – be back to usual or close to usual afterslight theclose pandemic. usual or to usual be backto The

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, with no modal share evolution (52 evolution share modal no with ,

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2020 (+6.7%), contrary to the European(+6.7%),theto skim contrary2020 ( v fuels alternative Other contrary Europeantothe8.2%), (+59.4%) trend Vehicles Electric Hybrid (+161%), 2020 following dynamicEU (+169%) the Vehicles Chargeable Electrically «

Alors que l'évolution vers la conduite électrique ne fait que débuter, le réseau belge belge le réseau débuter, électriqueque fait ne conduite la vers l'évolution que Alors 2020 en belge automobile marché du Analyse Figure 2 Conditionsthatwould provide incentive an tonot reduceuse of the

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8.500 publicly available charging points

Table Table –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID 4 - – yea 31.4 Diesel 33

New carNew registrations by type (Belgium) engine registrations went from 17.242 in 2019 to 15.828 in 2020 ( 2020 in 15.828 to 2019 in 17.242 from went registrations ehicles

r 2020 r

publictransport

”, 04 February 2021. February 04 ”,

registrations went from 17.737 in 2019 to 46.337 in 46.337 to 2019 in 17.737 from went registrations registrations went from 3.618 in 2019 to 3.864 in 3.864 to 2019 in 3.618 from went registrations

rs. 0% », 05 March 2021. »,March 05

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public 20 2020. 23 September 19 2020 l’année pour 18 2020. 17 16 15 asked study the period, pandemic the during increased preciseto participants motives their use to these transport. of modes sharply walking and cycling As increase mostaccordingBEMOBto wish the (+40%).to study transpor of modes the are cycling and Walking (12%). optimistic less are previsionsif even pandemic) the after 15% to pandemic the before 11% (from study or work to go to practice cycling their increase to intend people Belgium below, 3 Table to According and walkingCycling OTW operator Walloon The operators. transport to support financial provided authorities Public period. lockdown first the during lose €100around million in 2020 CEOof STIB, The publicthe transport inoperator t registered AirlinesBrussels amillion €293 in a loss and 72% 2020 in turnover drop €287 million loan and a €3 million injection in direct capital have been granted to the company. a €460 million plan in July 2020, approved by the European Commission Airlines has been saved by the federal government and its mother sector. aviation the on noticed was impact visible more The unsaf transports of modes unsafe as such transport of means collective Collective Collectivemobility consumerscanon drive electricitywithout fear… ultra and (50kW) fast (11/22kW), concret with plan coherent a together develop to legislature this during responsibilities their take to automobile sectorBelgium called inMarch2021 “… considered as fast charging p In 2020, there were onaverage. per 100km considered be as chargingfastpointsat endthe of2020. It represents29 chargingfast points AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Brussels Airlines, Airlines, Brussels Trends See note Alternative European RTBF, Le Soir, Sente, Arthur

e”) », 14 October 2020. October 14 », « e targets for the deployment of an adequate network of publicly accessible semi accessible publicly of network adequate an of deployment the for targets e -

Tendances, Tendances, Coronavirus : la Wallonie confirme le financement de 37 millions à son opérateur de transp opérateur son à millions de 37 financement le confirme Wallonie :la Coronavirus 16 xi

. oiiy ufrd rm h COVID the from suffered mobility .

». . «

La COVID La pandémie de «

Le sauvetage de Brussels Airlines validé par la Commission européenne Commission la par validé Airlines Brussels de Le sauvetage « Fuels Observatory, Observatory, Fuels 224.538 224.538 publicly available charging points in the EU

Brieuc De Meeus, CEO de la Stib: «Nous rev «Nous Stib: de la CEO DeMeeus, Brieuc

ein rne fr xml €7 ilo t te einl transport regional the to million €37 example for granted Region – oints

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

(15 19 15 , of which , which of a large is amount due to the drop of tickets sales - - . Belgium represented then at 10W cagr truhu te ertr, o that so territory, the throughout chargers (150kW) fast 5 a “ey nae, prxmtl 2% s “rather as 25% approximately unsafe”, “very as 25% Belgium - 19 affecte fortement les résultats financi résultats les fortement 19 affecte Belgium consider MTB, train and airplane as the more the as airplaneand train MTB, consider Belgium , 2020. , - 9 admc Fr aiay esn frt as first, reasons sanitary For pandemic. 19 - ”. 19 CRISI

he Brussels area,indicated STIB that would

the federalgovernment the and 3regionsthe S

iendrons à la fréquentation d’autrefois fréquentation la à iendrons The national company Brussels company national The

3.78% 3.78% of the EU network - company Lufthansa with

ers de Brussels Airlines Airlines Brussels de ers , of which 25,288 are 17 t that respondents that t . In August 2020, a

», Au », 18 . gust 24 gust

ort ort . The - fast

», 19

coronavirus du crise la de leplus souffrir 22 21 will be shared between the Regions Commission and will receive 30 on Plan Resilience and Recovery national its submitted Belgium the European on Recovery Plan level sixmonthsand a next 6%drop in in turnover2022 logisticsand expectatshortTransport companies transport Road freight plannin the with COVID light in area Brussels the in example for promoted more much be will cycling and COVID its in and around the sam indicated Federation Cyclists European Measures tracker the side, infrastructure the On M errands. and exercise doing for popular more seem cycling and walking that noted be must It cycling. for 22% by and 33% by practice walking their increased have to stated respondents average, On reproduced by the *Table author Service FédSource: Public AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

To visit/helpor family people members need in Banque Nationale de Belgique, Belgique, de Nationale Banque Federation, Cyclists European 2.

- 9 rss truh h adto o nw yln ifatutr ad bte urban better a and infrastructure cycling new of addition the through crisis, 19 Belgium Recovery Plan: Focus on mobility issues mobility on Plan:Focus Recovery Belgium g andg design favouring walking. Reasons for walking and cyclingduring the pandemiccrisis I never travel by travel I never bike/walking ore than 40% of the respondents ore of the than 40% never travelby bicycle. 21

éral Mobilité Transports et that that the city of Brussels already implemented 26.5km of new cycling lanes e number for traffic reduction. Figure 3 Figure To go to To to go work/school

Doing exercise Doing Doing errandsDoing COVID –

« Reasons for walkingReasons during cycling the and crisis.pandemic – €5.9 billion grants

Les indépendants et les plus petites entreprises sont ceux qui sont entreprises petites plus les et indépendants Les

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 Measures tracker 19 Measures

», 16 February 2021 February 16 », and the Federal State. 65% of this amount will be engaged

0% Walking

5% 10%

Cycling from the Recovery and Resilience Facility that - 19 CRISI -

term aterm flow in (8%) of bankruptcies the 22 Dagmara Dagmara Wrzesinska assumes that walking

15% .

20% 25% 30% th 35%

April to the European the to April

40% 45% continuent de continuent 50% - 19 20

européenne Commission la à « Travail, du et l’Economie de ministre au adjoint scientifique, Politique 23 dividedis in 3It components: and cycling, and transport rail mainly infrastructure. charging users, to modes concentrate the modal shift efforts alternative on road transport by greening vehicle fleets and deploying proposing by use The main goals regarding transport and mobility are the reduction of privat with mobility with directly deals Plan Belgium the of axel third The polic several in initiative executive entityincluding and transport mobility. Each recoveryits proposed own plan. and legislative extensive detain Regions that therefore a coordination between the regional governments and the Federal State considering Brussels Flanders, (Wallonia, Region a by either executed and implemented be will which measures Plan axel Each is subdivided in … co fibre) optical (5G, infrastructure digital or railways) and cycling (mainly infrastructure transport of construction and renovation the the construction recovery concern infrastructure projects 2023 by AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Thomas Dermine, Secrétaire d’État pour la Relance et les Investissements stratégiques, la chargé de stratégiques, Relance Investissements les la et pour d’État Secrétaire Dermine, Thomas mponents, 85investments mponents, and projects 36reforms: 2. 1. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

holds with its political organisation. Each axel is composed of investments projects or projects investments of composed is axel Each organisation. political its with holds

Public expendituresPublic reviewand expenditure economy and productivityFuture cohesionand Social Mobility transformationDigital sustainability innovationClimate, and hs opnn cmrss eea ivsmns rjcs agtn ubn public urban targeting projects investments ra and transport several comprises component This shift”, “Modal composed of11investments projectsand reforms 2 path, this follow area. area Brussels the and Wallonia especially c to by held projects Other modes. Regionincreaseincombinedtheorder active and over to shift modaltransport the to “ million €345.46 a infrastructure with Flanders by used is component this of part large A million “P - 23 capital, German speaking community) or by the Federal State. The Belgium Plan is Plan Belgium The State. Federal the by or community) speaking German capital, edestrian edestrian and cycling infrastructure”, composed of 5 investments projects Acrig o h Mnsr i cag “… charge in Ministry the to According .

of new generation energy networks for CO2 capture and hydrogen transport, omplete a core cycling infrastructure network in and across the Brussels ” project which will build, repair and reinforce cycling infrastructure all infrastructure cycling reinforce and repair build, will which project ” il infrastructure mainly. The mains projects are projects mains The mainly. infrastructure il

», April 30, 2021 30, April », dedicated componentsdedicated and measures.The originality of Belgianthe

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID .

such as the renovation of buildings including schools, . h pa i cmoe of composed is plan The ”.

- 19 CRISI

6 o te mut alctd o the to allocated amounts the of 56%

La Belgique envoie son plan de relance de plan son Belgique envoie La a € a 1.292 billion budget billion 1.292 the extension of the the of extension the e and company car mi axes main 6

€672million.

areas, y -

Cycling €410.7 17 ,

24 2 by objectives. communicateAgreement Paris the meet to and emissions greenhouse their reduce consistently must Agreement Paris the of Parties All National Long outbreak. 19 it objectives and the Recovery and Resilience 2020, Facility (RFF) criterion in the context of October the COVID In 2020. for assessment NECPfinal a released the amend to European recommendations The issued 2030. to Commission 2021 from period the for (NECP) plan climate and energy national national energy and climate plans According to EU Regulation, the Member States had submitto to the European Commission a and National Energy Climate(NECP) Plan AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

European Commission, Commission, European 3.

hrig nrsrcue cos egu, s el s elcn eitn bs les in fleets bus existing clearly is infrastructure Charging million). replacing €55 and (€93million Wallonia as and Flanders well as Belgium, appropriate across and infrastructure cars company charging greener deploying on insists component third This million. €210 reforms 5 and projects investments 4 of composed transport”, roadthe “Greening fleet car and new introductionthe a ofcar new stations. taxcharging tax through cars) private (including incentives for t fleet whole the of electrification the fleet, car at severalaims taxation which objectives, including the electrification companytheof alternative to the use of framework. “ the of reform a introduce to also intends government Federal The of subject and 2022 in operational be to announced is project This transport. of modes alternative use to users encourage to and region Brussels the in congestion the insertion of allowing application, MaaS mobile a of creation the includes project SmartMove The the is plan interesting Another (€5.65million). technology mil (€26 lights traffic intelligent as such to linked clearly more are projects investments Other ofrail freightoptimisation strategic (Gent, points Antwerp). a modernization network infrastructure rail the into investments tram in Liège level. Federal target

d oh n eom, netvsto ad udn poet i Fadr ad at and Flanders in projects funding and incentivisation reforms, in both ed - TermStrategy

consultation t pcfcly is o teghn h ue f mblt bde a an as budget mobility a of use the strengthen to aims specifically It

(€275 million),

National Energy and Climate Plans and Energy National he purchase and installation of charging stations, the development of a

a charge for the use of a motor vehicle. The main objective is to reduce d lcrfcto ivsmns s el s pcfc udn i the in funding specific as well as investments electrification nd

of each NECP. This assessment considers the European Semester European the considers assessmentThis NECP. each of

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID

between stakeholders.between competent and the authorities

company cars (NECPs)

metro extension in Charleroi SmartMove project (€51 million) (€51 project SmartMove

by by the end of 2019, defining a 10 . This project is part of the overall reform of car - 19 CRISI lion) and the broader deployment of MaaS of deployment broader the and lion)

(NECPs). S

€7 mlin. h lte targets latter The million). (€275 smart and connected mobility connected and smart 2 ter long their 020

(€60 million) and

in the Brussels area. Brussels the in road pricing is the is pricing road mobility budget mobility

- - year integrated em iin to vision term dedicated

” - -

30 29 28 27 26 Climate Action and 25 5.7 months. 17% say that the order book is signif all an reached had we crisis, the Before crisis. the of because expected as books order their fill not did players the of “…60% According industry. construction the for one difficult a was year Past 2021 ( pandemic March in interview an in insight its Confedera Construction Belgium the of Director Managing Mûelenaere, de Robert the constructionon Forecasts sector environmentalthe impact sector.of the transport of priva detriment the to transport public and cycling walking, of promotion degrees: various to policies same the with line in are regions three the in proposed approaches the All transport T objectives. several Walloon The • • • agree onand zero to elements common these long own their adopted Fla (Wallonia, Regions 3 the country, federal Long National its adopted Belgium courseincluded. shall of strategies coherentThese be with the NECPs. States must prepare a long Regulation a in obligation this included Union European The AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

European Commission, Commission, European E of the OfficialJournal La Libre Eco, « « Eco, Libre La Re Brussels « Région Wallonie, Commission, European 3. shift fromroad rail to andwaterways “ mobility quality offer of alternative modes, adequate infrastructure and the promotion of combined onfocus a end,they this To vehicles). modesharedandshared (publictransport transport speed bikes, (electric vehicles electric light cycling), and (walking transport active as such transport of modes alternative of favour in split, modal ambition “ shorter with economy circular a shorter localeconomywith valuechains, thusreducing transportneed freight for the and planning spatial efficient demand, digitalisation “ on Focus As far as freight achievin for cornerstone a as shift modal of importance the Emphasise te vehicles, spatial reorganisation in favour of soft and active mobility, and reduction of reduction and mobility, active and soft of favour in reorganisation spatial vehicles, te

Existing mobility strategies mobility Existing - gional Public Service, « Service, « Public gional ”. 3.8% in3.8% get through crisis but 2020) the ( s” and “ and s” 28

Quels sont les effets du Covid les du effets Quels sont

and Brussels and , 22 December 2018. December 22 , managing and rationalizing transport demand with an an with demand transport rationalizing and managing Déclaration de Politique Wallonne 2019 Wallonne Politique de Déclaration aims to limit the share of the private car in the modal split in favour of of favour in split modal the in car private the of share the limit to aims transport is concerned, the Walloon and Flemish strategies both aim at a uropean Union, Union, uropean and mobility for concepts new proposed also has Region Flemish he National long National long National - term strategy. All the Regions intend to reduce transport emissions transport reduce to intend Regions the All strategy. term - term strategy 29 –

Regions have both published mobility plans in 2019 setting out setting 2019 in plans mobility published both have Regions

IMPACTS OF THECOVID Good Move : Le plan r :Leplan Move Good - - -

term strategies, Belgium term strategies, term strategies time high with 6.1 months of orders. Now we are down to down are we Now orders. of months 6.1 with high time REGULATION (EU) 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union Union Energy of the Governance the on 2018/1999 REGULATION (EU) - Term Strategy on 19 on Strategy Term

- 19 sur la construction la 19 sur 26 ” .

for 30 Te osrcin etr a be ht y the by hit been has sector construction The . .

27 nders, Brussels) have large competencies and competencies large have Brussels) nders, and at each decade. Transport and mobility are

: icantly less full to almost empty. These figures -

19 CRISI é

gional de mobilité 2020 de mobilité gional - 2024 - 6.2% for thefor6.2% national economy). .

S .

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? », 09 March 2021 March 09 ? », February 2020. As the country is a is country the As 2020. February elecs, electric scooters, etc.) and etc.) scooters, electric elecs, 25

in 2018. Then, each Member each Then, 2018. in

- to Mr. de Mûelenaere, de Mr. to 2030

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te climate the g emphasis on on emphasis tion, gave tion,

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tothem allowswork inintegrating3Dby the variousplayers) … a BIM, foremost, and (first projects their prepare them help to tools digital important Moreover, aretransformations expected sector:thefor “ out “… 2021 for confident remains he However, economy)…”. overall the for 33% to (compared problems liquidity have 39% since especially insignificant, not are AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE w epc a ices o +.% n 01 gis 5 o % o te vrl economy overall the for 6% to 5 against 2021 in +4.8% of increase an expect we ,

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID If the planned public works are actually carried actually are works public planned the If - 19 CRISI S

”.

Our companiesnowhave sharing tool that tool sharing …”.

Investment in construction Businesses in the construction sector Jobs the in construction sector Construction sector GDP share Constructionsector Modal share of freighttransport Modal share of passenger transport &TransportMobility sector CO Total CO Share in global CO Environmental indicators indicators Economic Data General AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE GDP GDP growth GDP ranking Population monarchyand parliamentaryregime Political organisation 2

• • • • • • emissions per capita (2019)

Railways: 11.7% Inland waterways: 16.2% Roads: 72.1% Bus and trolleys: 10 Train: 8.1 % Private car: 81.6% 2 emissions

(2020): 11.47 million DATA BOARD

(2019): 1.7% (2019): 24/203

BELGIUM 2 emissions

(2018):

: Constitutional

.3% -

90.6MT civil engineering

(2018): less than 1%

–

(2018): 6% (2019): 286.000

: : 7.9T IMPACTS OF THECOVID

(2018):

(2019): 114.000

(2019): €6.5 billion

Urban population Head of government

Expected GDP growth GDP

- 19 CRISI

(2019): 529.607 million USD

(2019): 98.04% : Alexander: De Croo

(2020): 8.4%

FEBIAC Abbreviations 3 Figure Figure 2 1 Figure 4 Table 3 Table 2 Table 1 Table Figures& Tables AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE :

– - - -

BelgiumLuxembourgAutomobileand Cycle and Federation – – –

Division of distance ofDivision travelled per mode transport numberof ofDivision pertransporttrips mode Changes in transport formodes or study travel towork

New car registrations car New engineby type(Belgium)

Conditions that would provide an incentive not to reduce the use of public transport Transport modal sharesmodalregionTransport (2017)per Reasons walkingcyclingfor and during pand the

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 CRISI

emiccrisis.

33 32 31 howeverdeveloped, the integration system) is not strongly developed in Croatia. The ITS system on the motorway network is well transport public rail, buses, (regional hubs transport passenger of establishment the as well comparable countries. The idea of developing park and ride fac between rail efficien and road as well the as other modes (maritime optimise along the coast lines) to is lagging systemsbehind IT integrated allow of use The system. transport would the of impact climate and environmental modes transport the almost of integration has better transport A public Croatia of Republic the resulting disappeared, in negativea impacton population the density. of areas some Public satisfactory. In not agglomerations. is agglomerations the Osij Rijeka, Zagreb, like cities large of areas outside in place takes mainly transport transport public for design Road Analys season with solutions. season, summer the for system transport different completely a plan off the with compared main the along volumes traffic The challengesidentifiedMobility recreation, related to entertainment and increasing.health havebeen tripsof numberthe whileworkplace, the from and to oftrips smallernumbera by expressed been has population working the in decline A population. the of needs mobility the in reflected is trend aging population growing the indicators, demographic to According Covid (before Croatia in Mobility behaviour reboundto byexpected in 2021 in 6.1% and 5% 20 2019 in 72.8% from 20 in 8% at estimated is Commission GDP in fall the pandemic, the of Because of economic slowdown and expansive fiscal measures aimed at mitigating the impact GDP of 20% around represents which sector, surplus tourism the a on relies ran strongly budget economy Croatia’s Government the 2019, of end the At 2020. January in 2019 (after a slight slowdown from 2017 to 2018). Unemployment was low, registering at 6.1% Covid the to Prior context: Covid Economic AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

OECD 2020: The Covid The 2020: OECD Eu Covid The 2020: OECD 1. r 31 op .

is of the existing bus services shows a lack of availability outside the agglomerations. the outside availability of lack a shows services bus existing the of is e

Impact ofCovid Impact an

Co 32 mm . The public debt is projected to reach 87.3% of GDP in 2020, marking an increase i ss io - 19, Croatian GDP growth was accelerating, with a growth rate of 2.9% in 2.9% of rate growth a with accelerating, was growth GDP Croatian 19, n, “ n, - - 33 19 crisis in Croatia Croatia in 19 crisis Croatia in 19 crisis Spring 2021 European Economic Forecast Economic 2021European Spring Acrig o h Erpa Commission European the to According . - season period. In main touristic areas, it would thus be necessary to necessary be thus would it areas, touristic main In period. season - 19 - – 19 on mobility on 19

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

touristic routes usually double during the tourist season tourist the during double usually routes touristic intolocalITSregionalthe and system lagging is behind. – –

30 November 2020. In: OECD 2020. OECD In: 2020. 30 November 20 Apr Croatia il 2020. In: OECD 2020. OECD il 2020.In: - 19) -

19 CRISI

22.

”, May 20 according to the European European the to according 20

ilities along the railway lines as

2 021 , . h Cota ra GP is GDP real Croatian the

ek, Split and their and Split ek, f .% GDP. 0.9% of registered, - specific y and cy

(2017 Croatia 34 of bikes favour the improvement of infrastructure would offer a big potential for improving the modal split in EU other led with cities comparison A 2012. in EU share all modal cycling among of place 10.1% for 6th accounting the capitals on positioned was Zagreb Osijek. and Varaždin Koprivnica, of (NTM) Modell Traffic National the that shows project within conducted was that research behaviour Travel Cycling numbersof assessing the methodology carried. passengers pas million the maximum (approximately 74 million passengers compared to 2015 with approximately 22 reached it when 2009 from constantly falling was railways using passengers of number The Rail injob decrease offerings. m is regions these in decrease The systems. transport most of the other continental regions see a decrease of number of passengers carried in public while Croatia, Northwest and Zagreb of agglomerations biggest to due largely is increase the anincreaseshow of thetotal numberof passengersinurban and suburban publ rate motorisation the of increase the million pa 398 approximately to the again increased in passengers of year; number the per 2015 to passengers 2012 from million period 363 approximately to decreased users of number the passengers trans of Regarding urban and suburban public transport, which includes andbuses trams, the number The number of passengers in public transport using buses and trams has increased since 2012. Public transport the of anincreasein to dai the lifestyles in change linked the is which cities), main and the of areas suburban the power to move to tendency purchasing (e.g. population the of increase the to due growth general, In inhabitants. 1,000 per cars motorisation rate as a result of the global economic crisis, and in 2015 there was a total of 381 inhabitants in 2001, ov up to 360 cars in 2008.to As of 2008, there 1991 has been a slight decrease in in the inhabitants 1,000 per cars 160 from increased number The years. several past the for increasing been has inhabitants 1,000 per cars of number The Passenger cars increasingusethe of privatemodes. traffic pu certain of infrastructure Poor integrated. sufficiently not are that systems transport public and cars personal of availability higher transportto due is public trend in than bigger much is latter the of increase the since years recent from increasing 2014 was modes transport public all in passengers of number the terms, real In split CroatiaModal within AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure 2017: Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of of Republic of the Strategy Development 2017: Transport Infrastructure and Transport Sea, the of Ministry

- 2017. However, 2017.

to a conclusion that a better integration of the bike system in public transport and transport public in system bike the of integration better a that conclusion a to ssengers in 2015. Generally, - egr pr er. uh sap eln i hwvr u t cags n the in changes to due however is decline sharp a Such year). per sengers 2030). 2030).

34 .

around 5% 5% around ported in liedmillion.approximately in 426 2008 portedaround 2007 2012to From the modal split has increased in favour of private traffic private of favour in increased has split modal the ly needs mobility of the population.

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID of all trips is made by bikes madeby is trips all of the the decrease in the use of public transport is linked to

in the country. Though the overall figures for Croatia for figures overall the Though country. the in

h mtrsto rt hs eitrd n important an registered has rate motorisation the

- 19 CRISI S

il rltd o eouain n a and depopulation to related ainly blic transport systems also explains also systems transport blic , this is especially true in the citiesthe in true especially is this ,

er 275 cars per 1,000 per cars 275 er ic transports, during the during . This . 28

37 36 35 quarterof This2019. wasmainly due to the of transport goodson inland ships.waterways by 32.1 of total A transport. goods million tonnes of goods were transported, inwhich is an increase of 0.1% compared to the third recorded was increase an 2020, of quarter third the In Freight In the railway transport, acco Rail 67.5%. of transport, air in and 42.8%, of transport, coastal and seawater in 46.9%, of transport, line road in 33.3%, of transport, railway in realised the was passengers of in transport the than in decrease less 43.6% was which million, 36.3 to amounted In the period from January to September 2020, the numbertotal of passengers transported of275.5%.transport, t ofmodes all in present was increase The recorded. was 119.3% increaseof an when quarter, third the in recovery a shows transport passenger 2020, of quarter second the to Compared line road transport passengersof coaches, of by 49.5%. decrease of 42.2% compared to the third quarter of 2019 a was which transported, were passengers million 13.6 almost 2020, of quarter third the In transport Passenger ins movement on restrictions April, havebeen liftedcounties mostforcounties. 20 of As possible. where businesses all for encouraged was Teleworking cities. between travel on ban a introduced it March, 24 On On 22 March 2020, the Croatian government introduced a partial lockdown of the population. of the Covid light in Mobility behaviour cabotage for Croatia registered increases in all transport types (+6.8 Focus on freight numberofpassengers) 2018(in 2019,between and except Croatiafor( that states member three the of showed a decrease ofone is Croatia 2018, with compared 2019 in increase an Although rail passenger transport performance (in passenger Focus on rail and trolley buses slightly10% buses) abovelies rail and passenger sharereach 80% above slightly lies Croatia Whe in split comparisonModal (beforeEU27 to Covid AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE asot riwy o 8.% ra, f 64, ewtr n catl o 226, n air and 252.6%, of coastal, and seawater 76.4%, of road, 83.3%, of railway, ransport:

Eurostat: Eurostat: Eurostat: Eurostat:

n comparing the share in passenger kilometre in 2017, the 2017, in kilometre passenger in share the comparing n

Road freight transport statistics freight transport Road statistics transport passenger Railway statistics transport Passenger

(morethan 14

- 3.1

%. %. All EU Member st

%) – rding to provisional data, 25% less passengers were transported.

IMPACTS OF THECOVID 37 . Public transport passenger share (including motor coaches, motor (including share passenger transport Public . .

. Accessed: December 11, 2020. December11, Accessed: . . Accessed: December 11, 2020. December11, Accessed: . - -

19 pandemic and the first lockdown first lockdown the and pandemic 19 quarterly and annual data annual and quarterly

ates reported increases in passenger transport - - 19 CRISI 19)

S %). It also recorded very strong growth

. A decrease is also -

kilometres) at EU level recorded

. Accessed: December 11, 2020. December11, Accessed: . ae eid f 2019 of period same share in passenger cars in cars passenger in share - 2.1

%) noticeable in the es nearly 5%es 36 d individual ide .

The . 35

minister 43 2020. 42 2020. December8, 41 and Europe in 40 2020. 10, December Accessed: 39 38 the example for include projects infrastructure road Planned planned. were infrastructure railw regarding projects investment large Infrastructure, and Transport Sea, the of Ministry the at infrastructure for Secretary State the to According infrastructure. Covid Before in Autoce situation Hrvatske the the citing and crisis, operator Jadrolinija corona Airlines, the Croatia by including hardest companies hit is tourism alongside transport, be Covid the before funds Union European on based projects infrastructure large of financing the that Minister Infrastructure and Transport the by argued was It construction in achieved GV quarterly the to contribution largest the that estimated is It 2019. of quarter same the to compared as 2020, of quarter first the in % 1 by It has also been recorded, that the quarterly Gross Value Added (GVA) increased in real terms increase was recorded in the field of construction in the following four cons volume constructionof works (March, April and May 2020) due to the Covid 5% by increased works construction 2019, September to compared as 2020, September in indices, adjusted day Covid of Impact Covid will be similar to a lockdown, however in a milder form than one which was declared i 25, the Government confirmed there will be a new set of restrictions from November 26 which epidemiolog world the inandinEurope epidemiologicalsituations mostfavourable the ofone country had the 2020 rela been have Measures progress) (in restrictions of lifting and & lockdown Second third inland in 3.2%, of transport, ofwaterway transport, and10.8%, inpipeline railway of transport, 18.7%. in realised was goods of transport the in increase An of transport, air in and 8.4%, of transport, coastal and seawater in 3.6%, of transport, road in realised was decrease The 2019. in period same the to compared 2.1% of decreased the In also decrease present was in railway transport,the of 0.8% the and 1.2%, by decreased plates Croatian with vehicles freight by goods of transport The AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Croatian Bureau of Statistics 2020: Statistics of Bureau Croatian 2020: of Croatia Republic of the Government Governm 2020: Statistics of Bureau Croatian Government of the Republic of Croatia 2020: 2020: of Croatia Republic of the Government o Bureau Croatian

subject to delays in their implementation. It has also been stated by the Ministry that the that Ministry the by stated been also has It implementation. their in delays to subject

- 19 had a relatively little impact on construction activities as such. According to working . Accessed: December 10, 2020. 10, December Accessed: . eid rm aur t Spebr 00 te oa qatt o tasotd goods transported of quantity total the 2020, September to January from period 43 ent of the Republic of Croatia 2020: 2020: of Croatia Republic of the ent 40 .

Atog te iuto ws emd o e ne cnrl n al Jn, the June, early in control under be to deemed was situation the Although . in world the ical circumstances in Croatia has been progressively worsening. As of November of As worsening. progressively been has Croatia in circumstances ical - 19, the Croatian Government expected large wave of investments in transport transport in investments of wave large expected Government Croatian the 19,

- f Statistics 2020: f Statistics 19 on (road) construction and road road infrastructure and construction (road) on 19 . Accessed: December 10, 2020. 10, December Accessed: . 42 xed in three turns turns three in xed

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID First quarterly Gross Domestic Product Estimate Domestic Product Gross quarterly First COVID the of Effects Transport Third Quarter of2020 Quarter Third Transport

Atr he cneuie ots f erae n the in decrease of months consecutive three After . Corona crisis won't halt major infrastructure projects, says says projects, infrastructure major halt won't crisis Corona situations epidemiological favorable most the of one We have COVID -

- on April 27, May 4 and May 11, 2020 11, May and 4 May 27, April on 19 restrictions to be relaxed in three turns as of April 27 April of as threeturns in relaxed be to restrictions 19 - - 19 CRISI 19 pandemic on socioeconomic indicators socioeconomic on pandemic 19

A growth in the first quarter of 2020 was 2020 of quarter first the in growth A S

. Accessed: December 8, 2020. 8, December Accessed: . 38 .

Accessed: December8, Accessed: ay, road and airport and road ay, - 19 crisis would not would crisis 19 ecutive monthsecutive - 19 pandemic, an the volume the t motorway ste 39

. Accessed: Accessed: . n March. .

In In 26.8%. - scale May 41 of . - .

funding. EU under company Chinese a by made projectwas construction the Croatia, 45 infrastructure 44 threatened potentially of surpluses of purchasing payments, tax in delays authorised the of effects e the sanitary important with critically coping of procurement in interventional including economy pandemic, the support to billion) €3.9 (around billion 30 HRKover of combinedworth a of announced measures Government the 2020,17, March On Croatian Covid * Pelješac the of coast the northern in 2022. mainland is the these connect of will important which most investments The Bridge, other period. Pelješac this in in billion completed 5 be HRK will and projects million) important (€96 ports in billion 3 HRK by 2027, including HRK 22 billion (€3 billion) in railroads, HRK 15 billion (€2 billion) infrastructure investments: it should invest HRK 45 billion (€6 billion) in the transport sector conte the In HRK(€1.26 9.3 billion of of which billion), would be providedby 60% EU the theof HZ Infrastruktura railway company said that the company planned investment projects the northern Adriatic ci €300 million. One of the largest projects planned is the construction of a lowland railway from construction of an express road from Solin to Split to Omis in southern Croatia, a project worth Kr from road a tunnel, Ucka the of reconstruction the including County, Istria in network motorway the upgrade to project Istra Bina million €160 AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

It can be noted that, in the case the the of in that, noted be can It 2019: Infrastructure and Transport Sea, the of Ministry NOTICE: provisional provisional since dataNOTICE: January 2020 2.

Croatian Recovery Plan Croatian Recovery Volume ofConstructionVolume (Buildings works and Civilengineering works) . Accessed: December 9, 2020. 9, December Accessed: . t f h Covid the of xt - 19 relief package package 19 relief

ty Rijekaof theto Hungarian border. The deputy director for EU funds –

- IMPACTS OF THECOVID 9 admc te rain oenet at t fcs on focus to wants government Croatian the pandemic, 19 Pelješac –

National level National

Bridge, one of the largest the of one Bridge,

- Croatia expects large wave of investment in transport transport in investment of large wave expects Croatia 19 CRISI

apina to the Slovenian border, and the and border, Slovenian the to apina S

road infrastructure projects in in projects infrastructure road

44 eisl t the to peninsula 45 .

Te most The .

quipment,

in roads,

50 2020. December10, 49 48 2020. December10, 47 2020.10, 46 stated availablefunds EU moneyabsorbing the for key be would reforms those underlining economy, the help to capacity government’s the ministerfinance confirmedthat 10% inwouldgo grants €6.3 billion of towardsstrengthening Re and Recovery the to comes it When measures. retention job for year Croatia would receive from the React EU fund €210 million this year and €330 million the next allocated cohesionbeen for and regional development its in package financial one only used have to country long the and billion) (€9.4 fund aid recovery EU of recipients AccordingtoEU Economy Commissioner, Paolo Gentiloni, giving not forgovernment document.them full the that noted be to is It loans. potential in billion 3.6 and GDP) of time thebeing, Croatia will For benefit from 6.3 (12%). billion euros of buildings grants u of reconstruction (9%); health (4%); market sociallabour and (15%); protection research and science education, (10%); judiciary and sector public total); the the by 1 April on (54 economy presented the to support NRRPsubcomponents: 22 and pillars The main 6 defines 151). government of out votes (76 (NRRP) Plan Resilience and On (NRRP) Plan Resilience and Recovery National expectedis that theIt figurego up will kunas (€428.5 billion to endbillion) the of 2020by costsfixed covering for epide package coronavirus aid new a the of spread lockdown, the curb to efforts of part second as down shut to ordered a been have that businesses of enforcement the amid November, of End inangrants billion Covid for measures implemented Additional ESF). and EU (React funds EU from come have will million) (€330 billion 2.6 HRK which of out billion), am 2020, year the of end the by invested were million) (€159 billion 1.2 HRK additional An budget. state the from came million) (€714 billion 5.4 HRK which of employment, and businesses support to invested been had million) Septemb of end the by Finance, of Ministry the to According sectors. affected in jobs preserving for aid and industry tourism the support to measures businesses, AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Trkanjec, Zeljko 2020: 2020: Zeljko Trkanjec, 2020: of Croatia Republic of the Government European Commission 2020: Summary of swd assessment NECP: Croatia. NECP: assessment swd of Summary 2020: Commission European 2020: Zeljko Trkanjec, Tea2020: Macan, Trubić

April 23, 2021, the parliament adopted the shortened version of the National Recovery National the of version shortened the adopted parliament the 2021, 23, April 50

i aone HK . blin n icue spot o wgs n for and wages for support included and billion 2.1 HRK amounted mic d HRKd and 4.8expenses billion million) in (€635provided loans. 2021 46 Croatia’s coalition partners support 2020b support partners coalition Croatia’s 2021budget revision, 2020 budget support partners coalition Croatia’s 49 .

ZAGREB ZAGREB .

- 2027: commitmentsNGEU) (MFFand 2027: in current unlessprices – . Croatia has secured a total of €22 billion through the recovery the through billion €22 of total a secured has Croatia .

– IMPACTS OF THECOVID

- €22 billion for Cro for €22 billion term budget (€12.7 billion). (€12.7 budget term HRK 2.1bn aid package for private sector private for package aid 2.1bn HRK ounting to a total expenditure of HRK 8.1 billion (€1 billion 8.1 of HRK expenditure total a ounting to atia - 19 CRISI - . In: Euractiv. Accessed: December 10, 2020.10, December Accessed: Euractiv. In: .

European level European

S 48 also has million €400 membership, EU -

19 impact mitigation include HRK 1.2 HRK include mitigation impact 19 udget revision, 2021budget revision, udget .

Croatiawillbe of one the Besides, as Croatia is the only EUonly the is Croatiaas Besides, er, HRK 6.9 billion (around €913 (around billion 6.9 HRK er,

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silience Facility, the Facility, silience . Accessed: December December Accessed: . . Accessed: Accessed: . Accessed: .

biggest

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2021. 12, May Week. Accessed: 51 mobilitytoindirectly, infrastructure and issues: long the Among reforms. short into and measures them additional dividing announced CEAreforms, 2020, September in programme, proposed the to addition In 2020. July on 2020 programme work its in plan recovery national Croatian the The Croatian Employers’ Association (CEA) has suggested measures and recommendati of EU help funding. expectedalso thatlonger (€5 billion 42HRK cost will2020, 22, Prospects for the reconstruction of Zagreb and its surroundings after the earthquake of March investments other inbillion 5 in railroads, HRK 15 billion (€2 billion) in roads, HRK 3 billion in HRK 45 billion (€6 billion) in the transport sector by 2027, including HRK 22 billion (€3 billion) The infrastructure and onmobility Focus Post sector. business the and citizens for for calls accessreconstruction accounts for 12% of the also funds expected under internetthe recovery plan and resilience plan. The fast population. the coverage, water of drinking make 93% to about planned to also available are management water in Investments 2026. until the achieve would plan 36.6%) and reach the European the target of at least 14% of renewable energy in the transport implementationsector t Croatia, (for consumption energy the in energy renewable of share target European that said Plenković Minister Prime auctioned allowances. reve auction actual *in 2018 prices; **assuming a carbon price of EUR 20 per tonne; ***average of 2018 and 2019 to subject beenminor changes. have which prices 2020 represent below stated prices the that note Please AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE EUR 8.7 bn EUR 8.7 Funds Structural

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and funding and programme:value Better use of the principle of Most Economically Advantageous Tender in procurement biofuelsaligned advanced with NECP. in new technologies (hydrogen, CCS, RES), building alternative fuels infrastru continuationProject inenergy sector toachieveclimate targets: R&D innovationsand sectorICTthe Include as vertical strategy.industrya in the S3 new developmeAccelerate the administrative barriersReduce buildingand to mobile broadbandfixed networks.

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Hayes, Mike 2020: Mike Hayes, CEA. In: by CEA). proposed (as recovery plan national Croatia’s 2020:CEA • • • 3. • unctional regions and “ and regions unctional

h tid hs o te eeomn o te rnpr Srtg icue the includes Strategy Transport the of development the of harmonisat phase third The a stateEU). member theof became Croatia year (the 2013 was Model Traffic National the in situation sector 20 June in completed the of development the was phase second The Operationalthefunds from ProgramCohesion”. and “Competitiveness 2014 period fir The strategies mobility Existing renovation Energy inbuildingsector supportingand electro e real interactions of mobility, regardless of the boundaries of counties or state or counties of boundaries the of regardless mobility, of interactions real e st phase was the preparation of the of preparation the was phase st Construction is key to recovery, says 2050 says Alliance recovery, to key is Construction ion of the National ofionthe TrafficModel - 2030. Its adoption by the Government enabled the conditional use of EU of use conditional theGovernment enabled the by adoption Its 2030.

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6 Te eeec ya fr h aayi o te xsig traffic existing the of analysis the for year reference The 16. IMPACTS OF THECOVID

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Eltis 2018: Eltis Republi of the Strategy Development 2017: Transport Infrastructure and Transport Sea, the of Ministry

The Urban Mobility Observatory Observatory Mobility The Urban - 2030).

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lack of coordination between local, county and national levels. Half of Half levels. national and county local, between coordination of lack ainability ainability and political support for SUMPs exist, public participation –

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Spasić, Vladimir 2020: Croatia’s NECP: NECP: Croatia’s Vladimir 2020: Spasić, : Intelligent: Transport Sys • • • • : International: MonetaryFund : : Gross Gross Product : Domestic : GrossAdded: Value :

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budget Plan Resilience and Recovery the experts, Czech of coalition a of assessment stricter 37%. of requirement the meet not does which bn), (€8.6 bn 222.61 34. only comprise initiatives green glance, first At onlyvaguely outlinedbe green and (e.g.transport sustainable mobility). wouldothers administration), while public for systems digital (e.g. detailin defined be would consistency and cohesion overall an lacking be would Plan in strategy order to ensure an integrated approach towards transitionsuccessful transformation. Furthermore, the just the and policy energy and climate its with alignment its improve into reforms necessary introduce should government The Policy. Climate and Energy the National the to within extent lesser a planned to and are Strategy Industrial National investments the of framework Plan Czech reforms. for proposals sufficient provide no would plan Czech the Republic, Czech the of Commerce of Chamber the by reported As second highest after the energy sector) and they are expected growto by some 20% by 2030. must it trans the now and Currently, development sector. the to bn) its(€1.4 bn) 36 (CZK budget in recovery the of % 38 invest around dedicate systematically to failed has government the in transportmade the been already has experience This investments. redundant future of risk a creates currently plan recovery comprehensive a in invest to funding available the utilise not to decision The 50CZK over ofloan It a has requested mechanisms. EU funding otherof contextloansinthe with work to reject nearly 70% of the available funding ( mechanism loan the if that, and the amount requested (CZK 40.71 bn) (€1.6 bn) is not explained in the Plan. government is CZK 222.61 bn (€8.6 bn). The difference between the amount available in grants The amount available for grants is CZK 181.9 bn, howev grantsbe financedfromto only. loan mechanism, and according to available information, Czech Facility investments are meant Czech The bn). debt national (€22.7 of bn 586.9 CZK totalling level loans high a Citing Facility. the of proposal draftthe in bn 222.61 CZK for applied in government bn) (€15.7 bn 405 CZK additional i for eligible is Republic Czech The and relevant coherence other with latter Facility, the strategies. of Resilience integration and and Facility the of Recovery objectives the the of ambition of aims in overall example, and for requirements shortcomings, several have to reported is 2020, October in submitted was which proposal, Plan Resilience and Recovery Czech The Resilience" component and will represent 8% of plan. the million). The "Research and Innovatio will represent 3% of the Itplan. includes a "Support for public investment" component (€96.3 labor market" component represents 22% of the plan. The "Support for business" component euros); million railroads of electrification the or infrastructure the for actions includes It euros). AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE The The "Infrastructure and Green Transition" component will represent port emissions account for approximately 16% of total Czech emissions (in 2018; (in emissions Czech total of 16% approximately for account emissions port

bn (€2 bn EUbn) underthe financial SURE instrument. the development of clean mobility clean of development the

(30.8% of GDP in 2019), the Czech government does not plan to utilise the utilise to plan not does government Czech the 2019), in GDP of (30.8%

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e 38% of passenger kilometres. of passenger 38% reasons business or work for trips of share 2017, In ofCovid Impact percent percent taking 20 the a 1020has to percentagepointsover older the ages’Thisgapgroups. goes atover 90 old) years 59 to (up latter The population. older the that online purchasing more are behavi leisuretime and shopping on digitisation of influence the of combinedwith a high proportion of online paths, shopping and Internet use, is time probably a consequence leisure and shopping in decline strong particularly The 2017. 2017. in 34% of instead 7 to 9% from decreasedkilometres passenger of share kilometres Shopping passenger of 38% and 2008, in 31% of instead leisure travelled distance The the numberofin Between 2008 and 2017, professional trips, including training went from 39% to 42% an - relatedreasons increased notably:

Co Germany Economic Snapshot Economic Germany mm i

ss a sharp increase in the use of bicycle transport and local and long and local and transport bicycle of use the in increase sharp a average of around 0.5% per year in previous years. The main reasons for thisforreasons main years. The previous year in per0.5%around averageof

This can beobservedall above This in the metropolitanareas. io n, “ n, rmany Spring 2021 European Economic Forecast Economic 2021European Spring

dailypassenger kilometres. - 19

- - 2021 once – – 19 on mobility on 19

IMPACTS OF THECOVID 29 - year . Accessed: May 11, 11, May Accessed: . according to the latest Mobility in Germany (MiD) survey

- olds group.

94 employees on short a fle sihl rpeetn 2% f rp i 2017 in trips of 28% representing slightly fallen has ment, support job placement and training, and deliver Germany die b flig private falling by driven ,

- 19 CRISI 19)

ned falls in the unemployment rate are are rate unemployment the in falls ned 2021.

”,

May - time time work have been reabsorbed.

represented 16% and 11%, and 11%, and 16% represented

2 e en ihee. Further tightened. been ve 021 .

osmto, business consumption, % between 2008 and 2008 between % 95 our. Young people Young our.

- time work has work time - distance

98 97 2020. December3, 96 in Electric observed vehicles was cars passenger registered of number 47million Germany with cars highest the 2018, In Malta). and accounting for 62.4 petrol of shares 2018, In Passenger cars in split comparisonModal (beforeEU27 to Covid kilometres800 around(+6.6%) by in13,000 to easternthefederal states. the in network the While nationwide. western 1.5% federal states decreased by by around 200 grew kilomet network rail the 2019, to 2005 From kilometres. 10,100 to 10% under just by Germany western in and kilometres, 3,050 to 57% by increased there pent particular the to Due km. The length of the highways in Germany has risen sharply: from 1995 to 2019 by 18% to 13,100 kilometres Germany.230,000 (+0.5%) in inter of While the number of cars in Germany has been rising for years, the length of the road network Infrastructure 2008 since However, the states inthe (+14%) than (+6.5%)westernstates eastern the in more increased transport public using people of number the density, 2019 11. to 2010 in billion 10.6 from increased passengersGermany in trains of and buses number on carried The transport. public in passengers of number the in reflected also transp the In 47.1million. under (KBA). In the same period, the number of passenger cars rose by 14% from 41.3 million to just AuthorityTransport Motor Federal the fromfigures on basedStatisticalOffice Federal the by alo 2019 and 2010 inhabitantsbetween 1,000 per cars 569 toof509 average an from 12% by Germanyrose in cars of density The kilometres. passenger motorised private transport. In 2017, private transport has accounted for three quarters of all a and, transport overall in increase an been has therehowever, time, same the At AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Eurostat BMVI Destatis o o

an increase of 8%. While the western states showed higher growth rates in terms of car 2020: 2020: chargeable vehicles (ECVs), hyb electrically most the where country the is Germany vehicles, alternative of terms In charging points per 100 28in againstkm highway EU. the EU27 the in points charging of 20.61% for accounts Germany - local traffic has stagnated. From 1995 to20 stagnated.From 1995local hastraffic

: 2020: Passenger cars in the in EU cars Passenger 97 Mobilität in Deutschland (MiD) Deutschland in Mobilität . ort mix, local public transport is gaining slightly in share. The growing mobility is mobility growing The share. in slightly gainingis transport public local mix, ort

bottom line is that the choice of transport mode in Germany has hardly changed

Pkw

- Dichte in Deutschland in den vergangenen zehn Jahren um 12 % 12 gestiegen um Jahren zehn vergangenen den in Deutschland Dichte in

% % (6th position after the Netherlands, Estonia, Finland, Denmark, Slovenia - powered cars among the new registrations were not were registrations new the among cars powered – 98

IMPACTS OF THECOVID . Accessed: December 3, 2020.3, December Accessed: . . -

up demand in the eastern states, the length of the of length the states, eastern the in demand up . Accessed: December 2, 2020. 2, December Accessed: . rid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles

96 .

- - 19 CRISI 19) 19, it grew by around 1,200 kilometresaroundto 1,200 it grewby 19,

res to 28,900 (

ne, according to figures publishedfigures to according ne,

- 0.6%), it was expanded . It has 47 fast public fast 47 has It .

ed in Germany in ed . Accessed: Accessed: . bove all, inall, bove 4 billion in billion 4 highways 55

99 Current mobi Source: mobility ChangeinGermanyin to2019 compared little fears did tochange this. these refuted that studies scientific transport; public in contagion increased of fear the was especiallyalso transport, the but car, of modes individual toward split modal the in change the was feature characteristic Another figures.year's became very clear in the summer measures of 2020, whenas mobility at soon times even exceeded as the previous recovery rapid comparatively a also but lockdown, a Covid19 the combat to measures government Onthepandemic. one hand,meant this significanta drop inmobility with the introduction of to linked closely was mobility of level The 20 in lightbehaviourthe Mobility of Covid beforewithinyear EUthe tonne billion freight road international in performed kilometres European for list the top to continue roads German industries, manufacturing large with country a Europ as importance of middle the in location its and country the of size the to Due transport Freight AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Eurostat: 20)

national marketshare. national the of 2.9% and 2.0% respectively representing 2018, in EU the in sold were (FCEVs)

Freight transport statistics statistics Freight transport - kilometres)Germany,of4.5 decrease place a in took with

lity ·

Covid - wide international road freight transport in 2018: 27.0 2018: in transport freight road international wide - 19 Project Mobility 99 .

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

mo dal split dal

the bicycle. Studies showedthe a bicycle. Studies that majorreason thisfor

- 19 pandemic and the first19and pandemic lockdown (from March 22, . Accessed: December 3, 2020.3, December Accessed: . - 19 CRISI

transport (corresponding to around 163 around to (corresponding transport S

e, but also due to its to due also but e, % compared with with % thecompared were lifted. This lifted. were

% of all tonne all of % -

2020. 2, December Welle.Accessed: 102 Acce 101 2020. December2, 100 billion €30.2 the Grouplockdown, anticipatesaDax positive operatingresult for fullthe year to 29% by slumped turnover June, compare to for Daimler April manufacturer from car that the announced 2020, July instance, in lockdown, first the After ACEA. of figures (1,077,94 loss (568,518) employee biggest the for accounting is Germany consequences Economic equippedwerewithcars After dieselfuel. a of decline cars fell by gas of drop liquid a 82 recorded carscontrast, passenger By powered 0.2%. of share a reaching units, 507 to +8.6% by increased cars last month same the on 56.1% up registered, vehicles plug 9,426 including 62%, of increase an registered, were vehicles new 28,735 hybrids, of case the In year. previous the of month The alternative drive types showed triple fuelAlternative vehicles registrations passengercar was lost to millions. 3,607 millions 3,435 from 2019, and 2018 between 5% to up went by registrations fellNevertheless, registrations new of number the before, year the 215,119 new passenger cars registeredwere in 2020.March Compared with the same month AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE The number of new commercial registrations fell by by fell registrations commercial new of number The

Ulrich, Klaus 2020: Klaus Ulrich, ACEA 2020: 2020: ACEA CA 2020: ACEA 1) ssed: December 2, 2020. 2, December ssed: - 34.4%. After the end end the After 34.4%.

traffic Passenger car d to the same quarter last year. However, provided that there is no second strict second no is there that provided However, year. last quarter same the to d - 48.3%, but with 107,507 new neatv a:Epomn mato COVID of impact Employment map: Interactive neatv mp COVID map: Interactive

3 motor vehicles) motor Autoindustrie im Fokus: Daimler mit Milliardenverlust, Tesla mit Gewinn mit Tesla Milliardenverlust, mit Daimler Fokus: im Autoindustrie

New passengerNew cars registrations 2018 of the first quarter of the current year, current the of quarter first the of

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

- 20.3%. - 9 mat n U uooie rdcin u utl etme 2020 September until up production, automobile EU on impact 19 101

within the EU in April 2020 according to approximate to according 2020 April in EU the within -

n yrd (279 ) Tee ee 039 electric 10,329 were There %). (+207.9 hybrids in -

vehicles, their share was still 50%. 67,937 passenger digit growth in some cases - 89.8%. New registrations of gasoline of registrations New 89.8%. - 19 CRISI - - 9o h uoenat industry auto European the on 19 39.6%, while private new registrations new private while 39.6%, - S 39.3%, sharetheir 31.6%. reached year. Natural year.

- 77 drn te ooa crisis. corona the during 37.7% - 2020 the overall decline in new in decline overall the

compared with the same - gas 100 - powered passenger powered

and production and 102 . In: Deutsche Deutsche In: . .

- . A . powered ccessed: ccessed:

- .

2020. December3, 106 December 105 2020 104 2020.2, 103 itwhileservices carrying was less 10% passengers. than of normal only minor adjustments to the long introducedDB lockdown.coronavirus after trafficthe in crasha suffered (DB) Bahn Deutsche operatorPublic (Deutsche Bahn) crisis expected Breakdown of revenuelosses in differentLänders in 2020 due Covidto the €5 around billion to amount will they calculations, VDV to According bodies. responsible as municipalities and However, the loss of revenue suffered is said to be immense for companies as well as for cities consequencesEconomic formobility operators of pre 40% The progressive lifting of initial restrictions has brought passenger numbers back up to around toAprilof March end end the onlyof 2020averaged 20to25%. Association of At the same time, passenger numbers have slumped drastically. According to estimates by the transport of peopleinmobilitysystemically important occupationsand transportin public vehicles. 22, March on Germany across instituted have maintained companies 80%almost was which lockdown first the During thirds two ( long scheduled on passengers of number the while 2019, long on travelled passengers million period of theprevious year. As further reported by theFederal Statistical Office(Destatis), 41 the of result a As development and ACEAlasted Guidethe Tax 2021. research all of the highest 40% motor fiscal income from motor vehicles, accounting for €99.9 billion according to almost Besides, and ex industry. directly live this Germany in from people million indirectly two than More industry. automotive the so to the of 9.8% that attrib note to important is It AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

penditure is linked to the automotive industry Rost Deutschland Mobil 2030: 2030: Mobil Deutschland Destatis 2020: Destatis Baltes, Ina 2020: Ina Baltes, 3) 2) o o . Accessed: December 3, 2020. 3, December Accessed: .

utable to the automotive industry ek

Public Transport Public Rail million115 Brandenburg: euros Baden - Buetti, Andreas 2020: 2020: Andreas Buetti, 3, 2020. 3, -

- crisis leve 67 %) 67%) 3.5 to million - German Transport Companies (VDV), passenger volumes in the period from the Württemberg:eurosmillion480 KORREKTUR:

Fahrgastaufkommen gesunken Fahrgastaufkommen

byyear the ofthe end corona pandemic, the passenger volume was 46% lower than in the same the in than lower 46% was volume passenger the pandemic, corona ls.

Die neue Realität Realität neue Die

46 Der Druck der Zeit auf die Autobauer die auf Zeit der DerDruck

– % weniger Fahrgäste im Fernverkehr mit Bussen und Bahnen im 1. Halbja 1. im Bahnen und Bussen mit Fernverkehr im Fahrgäste weniger %

IMPACTS OF THECOVID 104

. -

distance domestic timetable, operating 70 - distance rail services, 43% less than in the first the in than less 43% services, rail distance 106 – 105 . Almost 10% of Germany's economic output is linked

ofrail and services, their bus primarily ensure to the Corona und die Auswirkungen auf den Nahverkehr den auf Auswirkungen die und Corona

- Ruf nach Rettungsschirm für ÖPNV für Rettungsschirm nach Ruf

103 - 19 CRISI - ald rs vle de i Gray is Germany in added value gross called . Germany is the first country in the EU with S

. In: . - distance bus services even fell by fell even services bus distance

Deutsche Welle. Accessed: December December Accessed: Welle. Deutsche

. In: ZDF.de. Accessed ZDF.de. In: . - 90% of its usual . Accessed: Accessed: . - half of half 19

hr hr

: 58

2020. 3, December Accessed: 109 108 107 whereare they Berlin, converted tobe onesinto permanent T 31. August by again off districts since the end of March. However, the yellow ad totala of 22kilometres ofcar lanes hasbeen converted into temporarycycle pathsin various Paris have long been giving significantly more space to This development is in line with a worldwide trend: European cities such as Brussels, Milan or reduced. were Covid year. previous the to impor compared Düsseldorf in increase 26% a example for cities bigger the cyclingmainly occurred increase in year,in practice an this of half first the In inrequired distance times. pandemic infection control: conventional cycle paths would not be sufficient to being set up in many German cities. In Düsseldorf, Berlin or Munich, the argument is based on pop cyclists*, for space more create to order In Private of euros.million 44,431 million of euros in 2019 to 39,902 million of euros in 2020, representing a loss of 4,528 Report Integrated 2020 DB’s to According consequencesEconomic formobility operators AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Smith, Kevin 2020: 2020: Kevin Smith, Report 2020Integrated Bahn Deutsche o Lee, atis 2020: Matthias Lieben, Von 4) o o o

tant tant factor to this trend as many activities could no longer be performed and trip lengths

Cycling similar fall similar service to the Netherlands accounting for 16.5 million train Keolis Saxony, suchas operates atGermany, it 70 of parts eastern the in whereas 50%, around operates Transdev were Bavaria, in like South, the in lower are numbers passenger state, to state from exist Differences quo. status the reaching before June in and May in recorded were trends recovery strong train million 45 than more experienced a 90% decline in passengers during covering the lockdown. According to Transdev, states, federal six in contracts Transdev suspendall servicesto onMarch20 July 23. until FlixTrain operators(Transdev, Keolis,FlixTrain) : which operates f operates which :

: In contrast to DB, the largest long largest the DB, to contrast In :

Grays ags piae al n bs prtr wih prts 2 operates which operator, bus and rail private largest Germany’s : 108 P andemic pushes German operators to the to brink German operators pushes andemic .

his will probably befall many of the pop the of many befall probably will his i de Corona die Wie –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID our contracts in North in contracts our , 2021. ,

107 - adme nee tde verändert Städte unsere Pandemie

DB adjusted revenues dropped by 10.2% by dropped revenues adjusted DB - - 19 CRISI up cycle paths have been and are currently are and been have paths cycle up - 80% of ridership. 80% of - distance competitor FlixTrain was forced was FlixTrain competitor distance S - pedestrians pedestrians and cyclists. In Berlin, too,

Rhine Westphalia and a cross a and Westphalia Rhine -

hoc hoc bicycle lanes were to be scraped . In: IRJ. Accessed: November 27, 2020. 27, November Accessed: IRJ. In: . 109 .

- - km per annum, reported a up cycle paths paths cycle up

maintain the 1.50 metre . In: Deutschlandfunk. Deutschlandfunk. In: . - m e year, per km -

except in except - 9 s an is 19 - border

rail 3 from

- 59

112 111 110 Approximately motorway. are estimatedfor €3 billion roads. federal of km 13,000 approx. the of construction and expansion maintenance, the for government billion for provides law investmentof should fall significantly. Only draft Government's Federal The invest slightly. increase to continue should the medium in Germconstruction Road of Impact Covid mobility Changes%toin 2019) (compared in withcorresponding thecompared weekdays of the previous week) forc into came measures restriction nationwide the when2020, 2, November from week the in 3.7% by fell Germany throughout As a special evaluation of experimental data from the Federal Statistical Office shows, mobility Second third& lockdown and AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE Covid

Pro Mobilität 2020: Mobilität Pro 2020: Destatis ECF: ments of almost -

COVID for the following two years. Autobahn GmbH will receive will GmbH Autobahn years. two following the for 19measurestracker - - 19 Cycling Measures Tracker Measures Cycling 19 term financial planning for infrastructure, investments in federal transport routes Sonderauswertung zeigt Mobilität in Corona in Mobilität zeigt Sonderauswertung - 19 on road construction and road road infrastructure and road on construction 19 Zahlen Daten Fakten zum Verkehrsetat 2021 Verkehrsetat zum Fakten Daten Zahlen €8.65 €8.65 billion any has so far come through Accordingtocrisis come the relativelywell. through so far has any lifting of restrictions (in process) (gathering additional (gathering bicyclelanesduring the pandemic) –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

for the federal trunk roads. From 2021, however, the level . Accessed: December 2, 2020.2, December Accessed: . aan n b 64 o te a atr i ec case each (in after day the on 6.4% by and again e €8.3 billion

- 19 CRISI - Hotspots S

are planned for 2022 and around

. Accessed: December 3, 2020. 3, December Accessed: .

. Accessed: December 3, 2020.3, December Accessed: .

€5.5 billion €5.5 111

112 .

from the federalthe from

110

€8.4

113 of framework budgetarythe resourcesavailable. the within financed be will here listed measures The negotiations. budget future or current (fina of citation The RRF. German the within The focus of the present analysis lies on mobility and infrastructure 2021to in 2027will depend amounts the quantity price on and allowances.of auctioned to subject beenminor changes. have which prices 2020 represent below stated prices the that note Please stated availablefunds EU 2021 a pandemic a strengthening participation, social strengthening education, of digitization infrastructure, and economy challeng the on of consists Plan Recovery German The implemented 2026).be to by gross expenditure stated in the federal budget then totals just under 28 billion euros (reforms of grants EU expects government German The on the Plan Recovery pr Budget AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE *in 2018 prices; **assuming a carbon price of EUR 20 per tonne; ***average of 2018 and and 2018 of ***average tonne; per 20 EUR of price carbon a **assuming prices; 2018 *in EUR 18.4 EUR 18.4 bn StructuralFunds Waterways Rail roads Trunk Investments expenses Total billion In € nd reducing nd barriers to investment

European Commission 2020: Summary of swd assessment NECP: Germany. Germany. NECP: assessment swd of Summary 2020: Commission European 2.

113 German Recovery Plan: Focus on mobility issues mobility Focuson Plan: German Recovery

ojectionGermany and2021 financialfor planning 2024

es in the areas of areas the in es 1,02 1,02 6,29 7,76 17,51 29,11 19 being’ of State

EUR 42.3 EUR 42.3 bn* Policy Agriculture Common

European level European - 2027: commitmentsNGEU) (MFFand 2027: in current unlessprices 0,84 12,67 8,41 24,60 36,78 20 Target’

- resistant healthcare system, as well as modern administration modern as well as system, healthcare resistant –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

climate policy and energy transition, digitization of the of digitization transition, energy and policy climate 1,10 8,55 8,65 21,25 34,08 Draft’21 .

40 measures divided into six focus areas focus six into divided measures 40

EUR 22.7 EUR 22.7 bn* Facility and Resilience Recovery

ncial) measures in this report does not prejudice not does report this in measures ncial) 0,89 8,49 8,31 20,91 33,26 Plan’22

- 19 CRISI

25.6 billion euros billion 25.6

0,90 8,66 8,40 20,29 32,31 Plan’23 EUR 2.3 bn* EUR 2.3 Fund Transition Just

0,92 8,67 8,43 20,01 31,76 Plan’24

(net excluding VAT). The VAT). excluding (net - related reform projects 2019 actual auction revenues, auction actual 2019

EUR 2.9 bn **bn EUR 2.9 audition review ETS 0,84 7,97 7,53 19,00 30,63 20 Ø17

. They focus They .

0,95 8,59 8,45 20,62 32,75 24 Ø21

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE instead of fossil raw materials. In the steel, chemical and building mat building and chemical steel, the In materials. raw fossil of instead operating costs of decarbonization technologies, for example when green hydrogen is used in new production facilities.The pilot program is therefore intended to promotethe higher gas neutrality and with fundamental process innovations, i.e. with considerable investme emissions can therefore only be achieved against the background of the goal of greenhouse indust process these with industries materials building and chemical steel, the 1.1.3 Construction companies projects. be demonstrated by the company as p extent to which CO2 reductions are expected as a result of the respective project. This must on renewableproduced sources). energy Whenapplying, companies are asked tostate the ( allocation free for set benchmarks relevant only will program funding the However, support projects system. whose projected CO2 equivalent emissions are trading significantly lower than the emissions EU the by covered non chemicals, lime, cement, steel, particular (in energy of sectors the 1.1.2 Construction companies the under projects PCI amen upcoming for insights important provide could cross systems sector, pipeline infrastructure the In hydrogen. of transport the for used direct capac possible, a future make of thus design should the to projects contribution selected The hydrogen. for infrastructure storage Infrastructure: 1.1.1 Decarbonization 1.1 green hydrogenusing in directsteel the process for production insteadof coal. coking Reforms ded ded TEN

is process ries, - E Regulation.E ities of the existing gas grid infrastructure that become available should be should available become that infrastructure grid gas existing the of ities

(IPCEI) on hydrogen (IPCEI)on European interest Common 1.1.1 Differencefor Contracts ProgramCarbon Pilot 1.1.3 ofindustry decarbonization 1.1.2

The aim of 1.1.1 is to establish a German and European transport andtransport European and Germana establish tois of1.1.1 aim The - intensive industries with process with industries intensive Focus 1: Climate policy1: energyFocus transition and

Important Project of Investment andInvestment Reform: Supportprogram - eae eisos r priual dfiut o vi. Relevant avoid. to difficult particularly are emissions related –

Investments IMPACTS OF THECOVID : The program under 1.1.3 is primarily aimed at companies in : The measure 1.1.2 is aimed at commercial enterprises from

art of the monitoring and evaluation of the respective - ro ad utial eeg ntok. s a as far As networks. energy sustainable and proof

- 19 CRISI .. eo msin uig re hydrogen green using emissions zero e.g. - ferro (EKF) Fund Climate Energy from and EUR million 3540 financing:Other million 3259.288 EUR RRFshare: TOTAL S

us metals, glass, ceramics) that are that ceramics) glass, metals, us - related greenhouse gas emissions gas greenhouse related

Financing

- eae eisos In emissions. related

erials industry, e.g. industry, erials - 2024) RRF(2022 the grants in from millionEUR 550 2024) RRF(2021 the grants in from million 449,288 of which million EUR 1889,288 (2022 RRFthe from in grants million which of million EUR 3600 odr hydrogen border

- 2026) 1500 1500

- - nt 62

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE vehicles vehicles (in terms of the drive train or the conversion to alternative drive systems) that offer Rail 1.2.6 procurement and by the sector. public charginginfrastructurethe of the cars, a premiumexpansion electric forpurchase includes incenti market 2016 the of part is and bonus infrastructure Charging 1.2.3 acompared with costs conventional vehicle. in the for municipalis andon focus commercial fleets safecharging.provided is that Funding require The vehicles. these of operation the for necessary charging the ensures that infrastructure 1.2.2 Charging infrastructure entitiesareapply.subsidieseligible legal The areto awarded meansof by calls.funding excl are operation and process approval the planning,for expenses The station. charging the of installation the and site charging the of connection grid necessary the including points, charging more infrastructurewith charging standard charging points). The object of the 30,000 subsidy and is points the charging construc fast 20,000 approx. into (divided 2025 of end the by installed be to are points charging 50,000 least at Germany", in vehicles electric for infrastructure 1.2.1 Charging infrastructure mobility Climate 1.2 savingsconventionalCO2 significant compared to dieselvehicles nonfor

friendly m of an investment grant calculated based on the respective additional investment : The objectives of the funding is to enhance the procurement of innovative rail innovative of procurement the enhance to is funding the of objectives The : charging infrastructure charging refueling of construction and Grants the1.2.1 for rail transportrail alternative of drivesystems in Grants the1.2.6 for promotion vehicles powered sales ofelectrically promote Innovation premium1.2.3 t guideline Electromobility 1.2.2 funding –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID : With the funding guideline 1.2.1 "Publicly accessible cha : Funding is provided for the procurement of EVs and charging Te noain rmu splmns h environmental the supplements premium innovation The :

uded from the funding. Natural persons and persons Natural funding. the from uded o ve program. The market incentive program incentive market The program. ve - 19 CRISI 5427.9 EUR RRFshare: TOTAL S

million tion of publicly accessible

- in grants in from million227 which 2025, through of availablemillion EUR 309.15 2022) (2021RFF the grants in from million EUR 2500 2022) and RRF (2021 thefrom grants million EUR 75 in of which 2025, throughavailable millionEUR 414 (2021 RFF the from in grants million 700which of million EUR 7110 the RRFthe elect rified lines.

2024)

rging -

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE be created, among other things, through renovations. The goal of the measure is to create to is measure the of goal The renovations. through otherthings, among created, be must involvement energies renewable of integration the comprehensive for prerequisites technical The (participation). of question the address also should reallabs municipal the issues, technical purely the to addition In ownership. estate real dispersed (partially) with ongoing during fossil a with 1.3.2 structural overcoming to contribute to intended footi also is disadvantages and obstacles in measure order to be able to establish timber construction on an equal The and products material. processes, technologies, innovative services of dissemination and introduction Construction 1.3.1 renovationand building friendly Climate 1.3 civn genos gs etaiy y 00 Te aoiy f netet in investments of majority The 2050. by neutrality gas greenhouse achieving lon the with neighbourhoods urban decarbonizing for solutions transferable • • • • • • ng in largeng

Buildings the business business the process. Concepts for better integration of environme evaluationand Analysis recyclability productof and deconstructability; specialization expansionand capacity options; as well as methods), construction hybrid construction, modular construction, serial solutions(in system and standardized product of introduction theon Advice constructionplanners, companies); builders, cross on Recommendations process); in (e.g. processes change operational implementing for prerequisites and requirements specific Identifying solutions(e.g.digitalof Use improveto AI) robotics, company; processesin the dgtl rnfrain fr rae ue f od s climate a as wood of use greater for transformation) (digital - - dominated heat supply to be increasingly transformed to renewable energies renewable to transformed increasingly be to supply heat dominated : The measure 1.3.2 should provide for the existing urban neighbourhoods urban existing the for provide should 1.3.2 measure The : -

operation. In this process, all stakeholders must be involved in an industry an in involved be must stakeholders all process, this In operation. volume constructionvolume as well. includes:The also measure

with wood with climate Further 1.3.1 development of funding Innovation buildingsefficientfor Federalrefurbishment: funding buildingCO2 1.3.3 energy transition Municipalreallabs 1.3.2 the of Te i o te esr 131 s o ceeae h development, the accelerate to is 1.3.1 measure the of aim The : - friendly construction friendly –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

rdcn BM no h pann ad manufacturing and planning the into BIM troducing

- opn ntokn opruiis eg architects, (e.g. opportunities networking company

- 19 CRISI

ntal and life cycle assessment data into 2577 million 2577 EUR RRFshare: TOTAL S

2025) RRF(2021 the grants in from million EUR 2500 RRF(2021 thefrom grants million EUR 57 in funds of allocation complete estimate to the is it values, empirical lacktotheof Due 2021). RRF(in thefrom grants million EUR 20 in - redy building friendly g

not possiblenot -

term goal of goal term

- cluding 2025)

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE (Federal and level):regional (Federal procurement and Construction 6.2.1 barriers investment of Reduction 6.2 Rail 2.2.4 economy the ofDigitization 2.2 theemissions from buildingsector. non and residential in cooling and investments that increase energy efficiency and the share of renewable energies for heating Buildings 1.3.3 bornecompanies by participating are and the testedare close thus co tothe laboratories real the of framework the within made technologies friendly environmentally

Reforms Reforms • • • •

Focus 6: Modern 6: Focus public administrationand redu

increase numberofsuccessfulincrease the transfers business generations; tosubsequent grants are issued in a standardized form as far as possible, with uniform procedures; be standardized for the use of compatible technology from different manufacturers. to are interfaces the and interfaces, uniform to thanks expansion ETCS German subsequent Rail Digital of technical state future target the to geared is that technology interlocking digital by replaced Rail implementation up by tofive years.To thisend, oldinterlocking technologyto is be "Digital the of the rollout utilizing area by future Germany" and package starter the of Acceleration and operational the valuechain(planning,installation/assembly,the construction, commissioning). of extrapolation an industry, economic effects rail the to According 2021. of end the by program the implementing by pandemic Corona the of wake the in To strengthen employment and the sustainability of the rail sector in the short term

:The programtwo mainobjectives: has

Te i o te eea fnig o efcet ulig i t stimulate to is buildings efficient for funding federal the of aim The : Focus 2: Digitization 2: Focus of theeconomyand infrastructure program for a forprogram high Joint federalstate6.2.1 and of"Digital rollout Rail Germany” acceleratetoprogramtrack the interlockings/ conventional fast railroads the of by Promoting digitization2.2.4 the sector transport approval and proceduresin the Acceleration planning of6.2.3 business citizenperformance,

suggests that around 10,000 jobs will be safeguarded or created in - friendlyadministration Investments Investments –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

eut fo te rga wt te i o shortening of aim the with program the from results

- - replacing eieta bidns in buildings residential -

Te esr 621 hud ep to help should 6.2.1 measure The : and

ad s prdal ad optbe o a for compatible and upgradeable is and y - 19 CRISI

3,138.5 million 3,138.5 EUR RRFshare: TOTAL of financing of or othersources fromRRF whether ( million EUR 50 TOTAL notclarified S

ction ofbarriers ction toinvestment

emn ad o eue CO2 reduce to and Germany )

Financing Financing

RRF(2021 grants in thefrom millionEUR 500 tbc RRF(2021 thefrom grants million EUR 50 in

mpany.

nue that ensure - - 2022) 2025)

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE achieving climate achieving protection targets. for prerequisite essential an is transport of modes friendly the environmentally hand, of other expansion the On term. long the in routes transport of performance the secure to planning and approval procedures in the transport sector. On the one hand, this is intended sector: Transport 6.2.3 ProgramProtection 2030. on regulation administrative general a issue climate to plans government German the things, other Among procurement. sustainable strengthen to aims also government German The electronic nationwide The basis. the this exclude on register competition Bundesk at the contract to public order a in of bidder, award a the excluding from company for grounds are there whether easily and able be will authorities contracting public country the with accordance in procurement Procurement Legal transport. public local and rail accelerating strengthen are also amendments a m possible further to to projects committed for are states particularly federal planning, the of government of heads the housing Mobility and plant as well as digitization) construction. telecommunications, transport, (energy, networks infrastructure of expansion the of context the in e.g. companies, implementing enhanced. be should procurement: and Construction speedy of interests the in authorities approval t and adoptedmeasures for implementation. The couldpurposethis following:be the upon planning called the are of governments strengthening state and federal The non on burden the ease to buildersandcommercial facilitate is construction.residential aim the particular, In nationwide. projects construction Buildings end. Overall, the legal regulations adopted make an important contribution to sustainably to contribution important an make adopted regulations legal the Overall, end. four years, half a and two last the In • • • • • •

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID

h aclrto o pann ad prvl procedures approval and planning of acceleration The nt to implement the cabinet resolutions on the Climate the on resolutions cabinet the implement to nt eansofsimplifying existingprocesses.

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ponsors of planning and planning of ponsors laws have come into force at the federal level to this to level federal the at force into come have laws ally friendly mobility, the Federal Chancellor and Chancellor Federal the mobility, friendly ally

to use a competition register to find out quickly out find to register competition a use to

- 19 CRISI - pcfc eomnain. n h future, the In recommendations. specific

ain f ulig ihs o the to rights building of eation

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Familien 114 GDPGerman ofthe almost1°% accountnowforGovernment Federal measuresofthe aid for earmarked were e of eurospromotion the others, among in, investments billion €50 consumption. stimulate to was 16% tax to added 19 value the from 2020, reduced December 31th until sum, In 2020. June in 2021 and 2020 a on agreed Government German the Initially, German AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE shareof renewable65% gross in energies electricity consumption in2030. aachieving of period legislative this in target increased government's German the account on based is It need. urgent an is there which for projects expansion network of list the updates This 2021. 4, March on force into came Act Plan Requirements Federal the Amending Act The do market where Only innovation. and investment for incentives targeted provide to aims government German the 2020, 16, December on Cabinet the by adopted Act") With Modernization levels. ("Telecommunications Act record Telecommunications the reached to recently amendment have Investments competition. in processes roll The 2025. by network gigabit a with coverage nationwide for aiming is government German The toandreforms Link investment measures non further possible on states federal the with place taking is coordination addition, In 2023. to available made be should pl knowledge The quickly. authorities and planners information This sector. environmental AI the an in protection planning is example, for Infrastructure, non the at place taking a for date concrete a phases; planning legislative procedure has therefore not been differentset yet. In addition, acceleration measures are in are above mentioned projects The takes placeperiod aft in evaluation The effectiveness. their effective assess to planned is laws be the of evaluation An now practice. must laws the and completed been has measures the of Legislation infrastructure the of expansion rapid more on measures acceleration investment the of part substantial a focusing by investment to obstacles removing and demand investment strengthening to of account take also improving the framework conditions for public investment in Germany. In this respect, they

Sigmund, Sigmund, es takeplacenot public is funding envisaged. • • - legislativeacceleration measures.

. In: Handelsblatt. Accessed: December 3, 2020. December3, Accessed: Handelsblatt. In: . Power gridexpansion Power mobileBroadbandand communicationsexpansion Covid Thomas 2020: 2020: Thomas h 2019 the - and closing gaps inclosing theand gaps ofrailelectrification lines. 19 Relief Package 19 Relief - 00 ewr dvlpet ln wihfrte is tm tks into takes time first the for which plan, development network 2030

the Länder the er er years. fivetoeight Das 130 Das - eiltv lvl Te Feder The level. legislative - out of gigabit connections is primarily taking place via market via place taking primarily is connections gigabit of out –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID Milliarden

- specific recommendations for 2019 and 2020 with regard with 2020 and 2019 for recommendations specific

- Konjunkturpaket steht: Mehrwertsteuer wird gesenkt, Bonus für für Bonus gesenkt, wird Mehrwertsteuer steht: Konjunkturpaket

- €130 billion €130 19 CRISI

- - cars ae kolde ltom o species for platform knowledge based atform should be ready for use by mid by use for ready be should atform S l iity f rnpr ad Digital and Transport of Ministry al

and more charging stations. The totalThe stations. charging more and

economic stimulus package for package stimulus economic

- driven expansion driven

- capable fixed capable the 114 - . 67

2020. 3, December Accessed: 115 industry.petroleum construction of rapid charging points can be considered as a decarbonisation measure for the publicly of developmentthe whether examined being also is It plan. master the of part as The intensified be will grounds) Germany. in stations petrol day at (e.g. infrastructure charging all accessible at offered also are points loading that regulated be should it obligation, supply a Through points. charging for system plan master infrastructure ramp the for prerequisite cell battery €2.5 billion infrastructure point charging secure and modern of Expansion transformation infrastructure Charging for development be and supported will industry, supply the in Researchespecially clusters, innovation regional new and equipment. innovations and processes manufacturers programme Bonus Industry required. non the support e promote to up set be will and 2021 and programme exchange fleet Mobile" & "Social of subsidised premium a of introduction the for pressure exerted had manufacturers Car vehicles. electric friendly environmentally Eco granted will be until extended31.12.2025and to 31.12.2030. km. In addition, the already existing ten per emissions CO2 on based be mainly therefore will 2021 January 1 of as basis assessment towards effect steering cars passenger for tax Car Users infrastructure and onmobility Focus the new For yearfinancial 2021, gov the Regarding the second lockdown, the economic stimulus package amounted up to AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Bannon, Eoin 2020: Eoin Bannon, - 1) rebate

Share for passenger cartransport Sharefor

with with I itne t pooe h rpaeet f h cr le wt climate with fleet car the of replacement the promote to intended Is :

in the promotion of research and development in the area of electric mobility and

rdcin Te xaso o te hrig nrsrcue s necessary a as infrastructure charging the of expansion The production.

and the supply industry. It should promote investment in new technologies, new in investment promote should It industry. supply the and €1billion in2020 and 2021 -

rft raiain i te ovrin f hi fleets. their of conversion the in organisations profit so Wl b st p o 22 ad 01 o ftr ivsmns y vehicle by investments future for 2021 and 2020 for up set be Will :

D - eutschlands grünes Hilfspaket weist Europa den Weg den Europa weist Hilfspaket grünes eutschlands ald capn peim o dee ad erl as bt h state the but cars, petrol and diesel for premium scrapping called

€6,000 lower

- up of e of up : The tax will be more CO2 oriented, which is intended to have a have to intended is which oriented, CO2 more be will tax The :

is to be implemented rapidly. In particular, the uniform payment uniform the particular, In rapidly. implemented be to is –

- IMPACTS OF THECOVID

emission or zero or emission is onlyis available EVs for - mobility should be accelerated. To this end, the end, this To accelerated. be should mobility

- year vehicle tax exemption for purely electric vehicles ernmentnew planned borrowingsof

lectric mobility to promote urban transport and to and transport urban promote to mobility lectric .

- care centres, hospitals, di hospitals, centres, care : The programme is limited to the years 2020 years the to limited is programme The : - - emission vehicles. For new registrations, the registrations, new For vehicles. emission 19 CRISI 115 S

: Investment of an additional an of Investment : . In: Transport & Environment. Environment. & Transport In: . strict centres, sports centres, strict 20 million €200 €180 billion€180 €160 €160 billion - charging relevant -

and . are

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outbreak coronavirus to due suffered damages for companies transport 119 118 2020. December3, 117 2020. 3, December Accessed: 116 funding. further for eligible be may a have also implemented been yet not have that communities and towns programme City" "Smart costsreduceto able duringcrisis. the been have not would which cities in companies transport municipal to go will funds federal measur reliefwhetherdecide differentLänderthe as operators mobility privatevoicedisby Criticism account requirements for financial The 2021. of end the until period limited a for increased be also will infrastructure e for funding the friendly, environmentally more transport urban e for demand the increase to order In systems. alternativedrive promote to truckmodernisationand fleet Bus programme investi also recovered is damage actual the of excess in payment any that individual transport receives operator more in compensation than it suffered in damages and betw incurred damages for the scheme, transport companies will be entitled to compensation in the receive form of direct grants to companies scheme German billion €6 rules,the aid transport State EU under approved, has Commission allow actually not does se a subsidiesor transport without operating 1370/07 Directive EU aid. the In order for the Länder to be able to pay the compensation, the EU Commission had to approve Länder the Government is making Corona for Compensation The initial €130 billion German recovery package included measures for bus and rail, including: public transport,Shareincludingfor rail 2040 by billion gigawatts 40 and 2030 by gigawatts 20 energy: wind offshore of expansion the and quickly requirements, EU the than created be to is infrastructure ambitiously hydrogen the of development the for framework regulatory more implemented be to is Directive processes. industrial in particularly hydrogen, to fuels fossil from switch the promote to is aim The latest. the at 2040 or 2035 by gigawatts five another and 2030 by gigawatts five of capacities hydrogen building of goal the itself set has Germany Hydrogen AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

European European Commission 2020: In reality Deutschland Mobil 2030: 2030: Mobil Deutschland Bannon, Eoin 2020: Eoin Bannon,

will will be dedicated developmentthe ofto hydrogeneconomy. the . The development of green hydrogen capacities is a is capacities hydrogen green of development The . es will also benefit to private operators. Private operators fear that a big portion of the

it is a €5bn 117 ng a: ng in .

aid Deutschlan

programme, with the federal government contributing €2.5bn and the €2.5 billion Die neue Realität Realität neue Die

: It is to is It : €1.2bn State State aid: Commission approves €6 billion German scheme to compensate public een 1 March and 31 August 2020. Germany has to ensure that no that ensure to has Germany 2020. August 31 and March 1 een - – eae rvne hrfls n oa transport local in shortfalls revenue related ds grünes Hilfspaket weist Europa den Weg den Europa weist Hilfspaket grünes ds

IMPACTS OF THECOVID .

be continued and increased by by increased and continued be

available from its budget. Another 50% is

–

Coro na und die Auswirkungen auf den Nahverkehr den auf Auswirkungen die und na rvice contract. On August 7, August European the On contract. rvice2020, : It is openand is toprivateoperators It municipal : - 19 CRISI S

. Accessed: December 3, 2020. December3, Accessed: . ccompanied by the accelerated the by ccompanied In thi In 119 . The Federal Government isGovernment Federal The . €500 million €500 s context, the EU's RED II RED EU's the context, s . In: Transport & Environment. Environment. & Transport In: . - buses and their charging their and buses

to to be financed by - buses and make and buses Te Federal The :

to projects in projects to Länder 118 . Accessed: Accessed: .

. Under.

116 €2.5bn. . €9

122 121 2020. 120 tocoorddifficult quite willing and want to promote environmentally friendly mobility. But often it is extremely involved, ordering bus routes and building roads, for car parks and cycle paths. Many of them are responsible also are which supra Länder, building and the planning of sovereignty the under fall already Airports railways. and waterways roads, federal financingof the infrastructure: the of parts to limited before the crisis. However, the federal Government's competence in of total a had has ministry the 2020, In Cabinet: Federal the in portfolio investment largest the of one granted was Transport of Minister Federal The or 4TheEuro vehicles. 3 is European fromfinancing expected come funds.to Euro of exchange the for euros €10,000 and €15,000 of lorries 5 Euro of replacement the for vehicles to purchase trucks with the latest Euro VI emission standard. It would provide a gran Europe temporary a that Fleet networkand rail railwaythe system. invest additional capital in modernisation, expansion and to invest in the electrification of the capital 2030 Act Protection Climate gap an advan competitive unfair DB ensure would funding cumulative the that operators mobility private by argued is It single biggest beneficiary of the be to grante normally compensations, these from benefit will DB whether or how over questions Corona for Compensations aid corona through n financing corona DB's on report special critical extremely an presented had (BRH) Auditors of Court Federal the Previously, debt heavily lead inevitably would this opposition, the to According to up by followed be to set is It controversial. highly is shortfalls revenue Government's intention to grant DB Corona for Compensations AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE Bahn und Bus VCD 2020: VCD 2020: 2 Kevin Smith, 121 3. 2) 3)

renewalprogramme

. The Federal Government had already decided, among other, in the framework of the of framework the in other, among decided, already had Government Federal The . d to local public transport. DB Regio could receive up to €800m and is potentially the potentially is and €800m to up receive could Regio DB transport. public local to d

in Deutsche Bahn every year from 2020 to 2030. This should enable Deutsche Bahnshould enable 2020Deutsche from to This into2030. year DeutscheBahnevery Focus on Railon Focus strategies mobility Existing Focus on freighton Focus Deutschland braucht ein Bundesmobilitätsgesetz braucht Deutschland - burdened railways now want to use the crisis as a pretext for a financial rescue.financial a for pretext a as crisis the use to want now railways burdened

2020: 020: 020: inate with surroundingthecommunities Pandemic pushes German operators to the to brink German operators pushes Pandemic 120 Rettungsschirm für den ÖPNV beschlossen ÖPNV den für Rettungsschirm

tage. Other competitors should have had the opportunity to fill this fill to opportunity the had have should competitors Other tage. - : The GermangovernmentThe : will lobby the CommissionEU toensure ie le rnwl rgam 22/1 o hay commercial heavy for 2020/21 programme renewal fleet wide - - – - eae rvne hrfls n oa transport: local in shortfalls revenue related regional transp regional eae rvne hrfls o Dush Bahn: Deutsche for shortfalls revenue related

(adopted in 2019) to acquire an additional €1 billion of equity equity of billion €1 additional an acquire to 2019) in (adopted IMPACTS OF THECOVID €5bn es dmnig ht B hud o sle t problems its solve not should DB that demanding eeds, €5 billion

aidprogramme.

ort routes. Counties and municipalities are also are municipalities and Counties routes. ort

as additional equity capital in view of its corona - 19 CRISI . Accessed: December 3, 2020. 3, December Accessed: . S

. In: Bus und Bahn. Accessed: November 27, 27, November Accessed: Bahn. und Bus In: .

€31.5 billion €31.5 122 to the impression that the already the that impression the to . In: IRJ. Accessed: November 27, 2020. 27, November Accessed: IRJ. In: . .

transport transport has so far been

at its disposal, decided disposal, its at €3.6bn

hr ae also are There

The

next year. next Federal

t 70

surroundings. their with cities connecting and network rail the on expanding focused mainly have years recent of concepts 2030.The FTIP the on comment to able 123 sys treatment after gas exhaust with buses diesel retrofitting as well as transport public local digitalising vehicles, electric purchasing on others, among focused, “2017 the of context the In transport: 2017 onpublic Focus has should CJEU, the by illegal declared been alsocontributedactually tothis. has which toll, car The revenues. tax from The costs for the FTIP are currently estimated railnational the network rail in passenger services. chain in the rail system more attractive by offering coordinated timetable intervals throughout latter's (Deutschland the for basis infrastructure timetable interval regular the freight rail and services rail passenger in capacity increase and roads trunk federal on congestion the of projects the of implementation The Around invested in the structural maintenance of the existing networks in the period until 2030 alone. about of funding of level total plan’s the tra important at and arteries transport major the on bottlenecks of removal the of issues Key 2030) (FTIP) (till Plan Infrastructure Transport Federal 2030 The focus: Infrastructure with persons severe walking difficulties). (e.g. payments compensation as well as reductions) tax added FederalThe Government is also financing local public transport through tax breaks (e.g, Agreement, the Federal Programme is to be increased to one billion Programme” to improve transport at the local authority another level. In accordance and with the Coalition Act Unbundling the under 2019) about to amounting municipalities, the in transport In addition, the Länder received compensation payments from the federal budget improveto 2031. subsidies for local and amounting taxes, of revenue government’s the from subsidies state received have Länder the 2019, In transit,rapid localis trains, reg that services, rail passenger local benefits particularly funding Government Federal services. than more 2019 in planning, for responsible primarily are The transport. regionaland urban funding and organising authorities local and states federal the general, In measures Funding (2019): rail services passenger on Focus local AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

The FTIP is nothing new. The 2003 one was valid until 2015; its predecessor was the 1992 plan. 1992 the was predecessor its 2015; until valid was 2003 one The new. nothing is The FTIP

FTIP

Te prdn ad e construction new and upgrading The . €98.3 billion

2030 are, for the first time, geared towards the objective of a nationwideintegrateda of objective towardsthe geared time, first theare, for 2030 €8.6 billion

FTIP €9 billion €9

are upgradingearmarked for

regional passenger rail services will be increased by 1.8 2030 are the structural maintenance of the existing networks and the and networks existing the of maintenance structural the are 2030 , to finance local public transport and local passenger rail services. State - 2020 Immediate Action Programme for Clean Air”, the funding is funding the Air”, Clean for Programme Action Immediate 2020 –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID to the federal states to support the offer of public transport public of offer the support to states federal the to ional regionaland trains express trains.

2020 Immediate Action Programme for Clean for Air Clean Programme Action Immediate 2020 introduction. It introduction.

€269.6 billion €269.6 - at b 23, n te sol cet the create should they and 2030, by Takt)

at around FTIP

- 326 million €332.6 19 CRISI esrs o te al ewr pand in planned network rail the for measures

2030 comes with the objective to lessen to objective the with comes 2030

and new constructionnew and projects

has the objective of making the transport the making of objective the has €1.336 billion €1.336 S €270 billion

, an amount of amount an ,

Federal GovernmentprovidingFederal was

nuly ne te “Federal the under annually

for the carriage of disabled of carriage the for

. The money comes mainly annually (until th (until annually euros annually until 2021.

€141.6 billion €141.6 es Te Federal The tems.

% nsport hubs. Of hubs. nsport

annually until 123

Citizens wereCitizens . e end of end e

will be will

value

2020. 126 2020. 125 124 the for points key on 2019 September 25 of Cabinet Federal FederalThe Climate Protection Act is a major step towards implementing the decisions of the 2019) 18, December (published Act Protection new Climate The initiatives: Recent legislative for Berlin, in crossing zebra a up set To would example, take 18 adm stage. planning the in down bogged are them of are improvements. Although it may contain many good projects, experience has shown that most observers many However, the transport companyBerlin planned. are for vehicles towing separate and lanes bus new addition, In network. path cycle the of implemented, e.g. about 7,500 parking spaces, publication of an online tool for the expansion intersections, cycle lanes, promotion of cargo bikes are planned. Some of isthis already b lights,roads,spaces, clearer improved traffic on all cycle 100,000 bicycleparking major paths vi accident killed and guiding the principles of the Mobility of Act is "Vision Zero". This One means that the number affordable. of seriously injured more transport clean to switch the and make also should tariffs walking cycling, transport, cycle rapid as well as transport, local regional and for trams trains, suburban sections for planned are lines More sharing. separate car as such mobility" "intelligent contains Act Mobility The has little changed. asses been has it However, year. every paths cycle in invested being now shall euros transport local and cycling strengthen to law a adopted has Berlin 2019) on June 28, (adopted Act Mobility Berlin Local level: an citizen issued online participation.updatedThe cyclingshould plan b transport of ministry federal the 2019, June 30 Until 2020. of end the until valid is NRVP The responsibility. federal the government, by pursued be to intended are that priorities and statements mission contains NRVPThe Germany. in cycling promoting for strategy Government's Federal the is NRVP The (NRVP) 3.0 Plan Cycling The National on Focus cycling: traffic buildingand management cyclenew enhancing fees, ticket reducing services, transport public local expanding are which Reutlingen and Mannheim Herrenberg, Essen, Bonn, include cities model five The 2020. by Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructu the Safety, Nuclear and Conservation Nature Environment, the for Ministry Federal the with so funding also is Government AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

BMVI 2019: Well BMVI 2019: Franke, Fabian 2019: Fabian Franke, Se natsverwaltung für Umwelt, Verkehr und Klimaschutz: Klimaschutz: und Verkehr Umwelt, für natsverwaltung

h Lne ad oa atoiis n ohr cos ihn hi aes of areas their within actors other and authorities local and Länder the - connected by public transport. Accessed: December 3, 2020. December3, Accessed: transport. public by connected

Und das Auto hat immer noch am meisten Platz meisten am noch immerhat Auto das Und ctims should be reduced to a minimum in the long term. For cycling, For term. long the in minimum a to reduced be should ctims – inistrativeandsteps years three

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - called innovative transport projects in model cities. Together cities. model in projects transport innovative called cpia aot hte te oiiy c wl bring will Act Mobility the whether about sceptical tracks.

routes for commuters. Lower fares and simple and fares Lower commuters. for routes - 19 CRISI Berliner Mobilitätsgesetz Berliner re will have provided about S

. In: Zeit online. Accessed: December 3, 3, December Accessed: online. Zeit In: . 126 Climate Protection Programme Protection Climate

125

. More than 50 million 50 than More . e issued inissued e 2021 . Accessed: December 3, 3, December Accessed: . €130 million sed that sed 124 eing .

127 a (upto price vehicles of willbegiven special€40,000) tax breaks. E 2025. December 31 until extended is scheme This conversion. and registration initial on tax from million electric vehicles registered in Germany by 2030. Electric vehicles will initially be 40,0 exempt under cars for increased and extended be will drive cell fuel and hybrid electric, with cars for premium purchase The electricto vehicles Switch charginginfrastructurecommercial will therefore befunded. also take will processes charging most However, parks. car that charging points are also offered at all petrol stations in Germany and installed in customer master plan for charging point infrastructure. The Federal Government will make it mandatory is Government funding the development of public charging points until 2025 and of total a Germany, In infrastructure Charging railwaysCO2the and pricing. s mobility,ofelectric promotion theof package aconsisting withachieved be to is This 2030. by 42% to 40 by reduced be must transport from emissions 1990, to Compared Transport sectorsthe thusin and further to climate achieve the target toreduce Federaltocontinuemeasures will take Government it the which decides follow months. submit three must within ministry programme responsible emergency the targets, statutory its meet not does sector a If management. waste and buildings, industry, energy, sectors: different the in met are still allowed emit.to isThe federal ministries are sector each CO2 much how time first the for determines Act Protection Climate The or European meet to increase targetto the values.Climatecan protection beraised, targets lowered.but not necessary become targets protection international climate protection targets, climate the German governmen national higher If pursuingis government goalthe ofgreenhouse gas by neutrality 2050. compared with 1990, with at least 55% by the target The 2019 Climate Protection Act provides for a gradual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions 14,October 2020. on Germany of (NECP) plan climate and energy national final the assessed has Commission 2030 AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Bundesregierung 2020: 2020: Bundesregierung Te atr a be hne oe t te uoen omsin Te Europ The Commission. European the to over handed been has latter The . - up measures, an Expert Council examines the underlying assumptions. On this basis, this On assumptions. underlying the examines Council Expert an measures, up - commercial vehicles will also continue to receive tax incentives, and purely electric purely and incentives, tax receive to continue also will vehicles commercial

CO2 one million charging points should be available by 2030 by available be should points charging million one

- Ausstoß verbindlich senken verbindlich Ausstoß –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID 00 euros. The German government's goal is to have 7 to 10 to 7 have to is goal government's German The euros. 00

obliged obliged to ensure that the annual emission targets

- eoete eea Gvrmn dcds on decides Government Federal the Before 19 CRISI . Accessed: December 3, 2020. 3, December Accessed: . year 2030. In the long term, the German

S place at home or at work. Private and Private work. at or home at place

127 transport .

t t will take the necessary steps

, agriculture, forestry agriculture, ,

. The Federal The . trengthening presented a emissions

ean an 73

130 129 128 energy and promoted be will 2030 Programme Protection allowance will be increased, and a mobility bonus will be granted, and measures of the Clima of the renewable energy levy and thus reduce electricity prices. In addition, the fiscal distance w Government Federal The For2025.2026, in a priceofatcorridorleast at55 andmost will65 euros apply. euros 55 to increase gradually will price the Thereafter, 2021. January from tonne per euros Länder the and Government Federal The energy. renewable use to and energy save to mobility, electric and pumps heat as such technologies climate use to profitable more it make will This expensive. more fuels transport and not apply to these two sectors. The new CO2 price will make the cons caused by the consumption of fossil fuels is still missing. This is because the European ETS does For drivingwilland receive a price. heating from emissions gas greenhouse scheme, trading emissions CO2 national a Through introduce will government German The 2020) legislativeAdditional acts the from Climate ProtectionAct: pri CO2 expansionofthecyclingthe and cycling infrastructure 2023 by around of total a in result will this 2023), to (2020 million cycling by 2023. Together with the previous funding and financing possibi for million €900 of funding additional provide to is 2030 Programme Protection Climate The Cycling modernising, expanding electrifying and railthe network more put to order freight on in the rails. Between 2020 modernization and 2030, Deutsche Bahn this will receive € from benefit also will transport rail Freight the in network. euros billion 86 invest will Bahn Deutsche and government federal the 2030, By Rai hydrogen electric,withexample,busfleets For year. per 2euro billion toamount will funds these 2025 transpo billion publiceuros per year from local 2021. This is intended to for expand the local transport funds network. From federal the increased has Government Federal The Transport Public AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Bundesregieru BMVI: Bundesregierung: l

building heating and transport, an effective price signal that reflects the CO2 intensity CO2 the reflects that signal price effective an transport, and heating building

Förderung und Finanzierung des Radverkehrs des Finanzierung und Förderung - based and biogasand based drives will be promoted. - efficient buildings ng:

Klimaschutz Grundlage für CO2 für Grundlage ill use the revenue from CO2 pricing primarily to ease the burden the ease to primarily pricing CO2 from revenue the use ill programm 2030 programm –

130 IMPACTS OF THECOVID

- Preis steht Preis . Accessed: December 3, 2020. 2020. 3, December Accessed: .

CO2 pricing for heating and transport from 2021 from transport and heating for pricing CO2 agreed to set the CO2 price at an initial level of 25 of level initial an at price CO2 the set to agreed . Accessed: December 3, 2020. 3, December Accessed: . . Accessed: December 3, 2020. December3, Accessed: . - - 19 CRISI

for example, for climate for example, for

128 €1.46 billion €1.46 .

129 . cing(adopted on October 8,

umption umption of fossil heating

for the promotion of promotion the for lities of around €560 1 billion annually for - friendly transport friendly

rt to one to rt - friendly te . 74

133 132 131 resilience and recovery the plan, followingclimateand energy national its developing while consider, to Germany invites further l achieved had Germany that disparities regional account into taking housing, affordable and networks energy as well as transport a climate on recommendation specific country one received Germany 2019, framework Semester European sector the of context the in In reflected always not are they contributions. 2050), plan climate (national l in are 2030 for targets reduction emission gas greenhouse (non System EmissionsTrading EU by sectors the covered for (GHG) not gas emissions greenhouse t sets (NECP) climateplan and energy national integrated final Germany’s EU Commission bythe 2030: Assessment Programme Climate Protection regulation This2020. reduced 19 to7% from from will applyanforunlimited period long for rate VAT the rail, of attractiveness the improve to order In tickets rail legislativeAdditional acts the from Climate ProtectionAct: Reduction of VAT onlong 2026. December mobili a of granting the and achoose mobility premium of 14% of this flat rate. The increase in the tax distance allowance low Alternatively, five cents to 35 cents from 2021 and by a further by increased be to is allowance commuting the commuters, on burden the ease to order In mobilityand allowance premium legislativeAdditional acts the from Climate ProtectionAct: Increase the commuterof AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

European Germany. NECP: assessment swd of Summary 2020: Commission European Bundesregierung: o o o -

ETS) by 38% by 2030 compared to 2005. Although Germany’s national and sector and national Germany’s Although 2005. to compared 2030 by 38% by ETS) capacity inthe sectorcapacity public building and procedures administrative simplifying by transport sustainable and wind address and Meas subsidies clean fuel fossil on out R&D phase price signals;inconsistent taxation, and green reform infrastructure to Measures energy greener in technologies; investments by backed promoteinvestmetoMeasures

. In the 2020 country report adopted on 20 February 2020, the Commission found Commission the 2020, February 20 on adopted report country 2020 the In . Commission 2020: Summary of swd assessment NECP: Germany. NECP: assessment swd of Summary 2020: Commission ures addressing investment bottlenecks related to electricity networks, offshoreelectricityaddressing networks,bottlenecksrelatedinvestment toures

Umweltfreundliches Verhalten wird gefördert wird Verhalten Umweltfreundliches - noe omtr wo r wti te ai alwne il e be to able be will allowance basic the within are who commuters income

ty premium are limited to the period from 1 January 2021 to 31 to 2021 January 1 from period the to limited are premium ty –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID mtdpors n hs recommendation this on progress imited

133 . -

nts innts sustainable projects mobility infrastructure, and related investment andrelatedmeasures:investment reform d nry clig n t t it on calling energy, nd - 19 CRISI three three cents from 2024 to a total of 38 cents. S

. Accessed: December 3, 2020. 3, December Accessed: . ine with its long its with ine

fcs n sustainable on focus o - distance tickets is to be to is tickets distance 132 he target to reduce to target he Te Commission The . - pcfc national specific

- term strategy term

- distance 131 .

- wide - 75

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE • • • • • • • • Abbreviations • • •

VDV MiD KDA HEVs FCEVs DB BRH ECVs mix. transport motorised 2008: since changed hardly has Germany in split modal the areas, metropolitan in use transport Before the Covid of th context hydrogen Debate and among mobility actors, especially for rail transport on state aid eligibility electromobility in the of development The central;is technology 2020. June of package relief ClimateThe ProtectionAct 2019 is : DeutscheBahn : : Mobility in GermanyMobility : in Court Federal Auditors : of : Federal: MotorTransport Authority : Association of German TransportofGerman Association Companies : : ElectricallyVehicles: Chargeable : HybridElectric: Vehicles : Fuel CellFuel : Electric Vehicles

e coronae rescue(privatevs.packages rail public operators);

- 19 outbreak, it is stated that despite an increase in cycling and public

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

rvt tasot a icesd n sas oiat n the in dominant stays and increased has transport private

Key take Key

overlappingwith the measures listed in coronathe

- 19 CRISI aways S

Investment in con Businesses in the construction sector Jobs the in construction sector Construction sector GDP share Constructionsector Modal share of freighttransport Modal share of passenger transport T CO CO Share in global CO Environmental indicators indicators Economic Data General AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE ransport&Mobility sector GDP growth GDP ranking Population Political organisation 2 2

• • • • • emissions (2018): emissions per capita (2018)

Private car: Railways, inland waterways: Roads: andBus trolleys: Train:

(2019): 83.13 million DATA BOARD

(2019): 0.6% 9.1% (2019): 4/203

73.4% GERMANY struction 2

emissions 85.1%

0.75GT(6th Co : Federal Republic 5.8%

civil engineering

(2018): 2%

– (2019): (2019):

: : 9.12T (9th country emitting CO IMPACTS OF THECOVID

(2019):

(2018):

2 26.6% - (2019):

emitting country)

5.6%

(2019): €44.360 million Head of government Expected GDP growth GDP

- 19 CRISI

(2019): 3.845,630 million USD

Urban population 2

percapita)

: Angela: Merkel

(2020):

(2019): 77% - 5.6%

04 No sintesi, di Relazione Il Futuro’’, Strategie Per 137 136 135 134 shar and (46.5%) ranked buses respondents urban and Tram metro. the for same the of did 61.5% where 88.1% 10 and 7 interview, between automobile the preceding months three the in mobility sati average in 2019, In means. mobility collective than mobility motorised and private by satisfied more are Italians (motorised mobility including and car moto) of travels.Public transportat was 12.2%use average, on and 2019 In use. moto for 2.6% and cycling for 3.3% transport, public for 10.8% walking, for 20.8% against travels of 62.5% represented car private of use the 2019, In predominant. on now look a have we If represented 32% the at look to interesting also is It less than 15of minutes inatmade59.2% were urbanareas, for 26.2% 16 Inareas.metropolitan in location mobility of concentration a indicating 2019, in 73.9% to 2008 in 62.9% went also rate mobility Urban 10 for passengers*kilometres were made on short and medium distances 2019, In by increased 14.3% tri number of trips totalon the average working the day 2019 and 2017 Between curb. ascending an on was mobility Italian pandemic, the Before (before Covid Italy Mobility in trends leading economicnow the rebound. are sectors construction and manufacturing where services, consumer in case the especially by fell growth GDP the firs the by impacted severely been has activity Economic (4.4%), but the realGDP notis expected tofully return toits 2019level by the end of 2022 economy Covid the by countries EU impacted most the of one been has Italy 0.3%. around was rate growth the Before the pandemic, the Italian economy was not growing significantly. For instance, in 2019 context: Covid Economic AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

ps. On the same period, the total number of passengers*km on the average working average the on passengers*km of number total the period, same the On ps. Eurostat, Eurostat, Commission, European Eurostat, ISFORT, ISFORT, 1. -

50 kilometres 50 distances). Impact ofC Impact cie oiiy (non mobility active - 7 Rpot sla oiià el italiani degli mobilità sulla Rapporto 17° knew News Release Euro Indicators 121/221 Indicators ReleaseNews Euro Rate RealGDPGrowth 19 crisis, and this brought to a fall of the GDP by GDP the of fall a to brought this and crisis, 19 51 o taes ee n hr distances short on were travels of 75.1%

cnrcin y .% A eon i frcse fr 01 42) n 2022 and (4.2%) 2021 for forecasted is rebound A 6.1%. by contraction a ingmobility (65.7%) arein lower as levels well. , studying, 4.6%, motives leisureand family 17.1% time37.2%. , 1.185to 1.137from million trips of European Economic Forecast Economic European ovid fcin aig o a cl o 1 of scale a on ratings sfaction 29 i 22 scn quarter second 2020 in 12.9% - the transport modal split in Italy in split modal transport the 19 - – 19 on mobility on 19

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

Volume - motorised

mobility motivations of Italians of motivations mobility

, 2021 , - 19) vember2020 , 31 July 2020. July 31 , . private for 64.0% against 23.9% for counted ) travels well that as benoted can it urbanmobility,

Italy increased by 8.0%

“ La Mobilità In Italia Tra La Gestione Del Presente E Le Le E Presente Del Gestione La Tra Italia In Mobilità La , Spring 2021 Spring , -

19 CRISI

137 -

. 0 f h s o dfeet ye of types different of use the of 10

n b 1.% n h EU the in 11.2% by and t lockdown period in spring where spring in period lockdown t .

, the use of private car remains car private of use the , , from 95,97 to 105,7 million of 8.9% in 202 in 8.9%

(0 . In 2019, travels for work for travels 2019, In . -

0m and 10km) (0 - 50km, of which 43.9% - 30 minutesones. 30 0 134 ,

while the EU the while 02 of 70.2% 136 I was It . day 135 .

. 78

138 a variation 5.8%after positive between and of 2018 2019. 15.3% of variation compared to 2008a levels. Moto registrations fell by 11.5% be with vehicles million 6.9 almost reached fleet motorbike the 2019, In Two 1.5%). Betwe 2020. August and Januarybetween 38% expectedby as registrationscollapsed Car EU. the in inhabitants, the Italian motorisation rate (numbers of cars for 1.000 inhabitants) is the highest motorisa the and levels, 2010 to In 2019, the car fleet in 2019 exceeded 39.5 million vehicles with a variation of 7.6% compared Passenger cars Covid (before EU27 to comparison in Modal split secondlargestthe count is country The tunnels. and bridges as such structures on particularly assets, these of age the 4 “ experts, national the to According also has Italy billion). (€9 Kingdom United networkin motorway the or (€9 billion) France (€14 than lower Germany quite billion), but billion), (€3.6 Spain that scale same the at infrastructure Statistics ERF to according 2017, In Infrastructure in 2018) 54.7%(30% changeand not wouldin(62.2% 2018).their use more it use to like would 36.3% transport, public of use the Regarding (60.7%). use car their they indicated i (29.4%car of private reduce use the liketo would respondents the of 35.6% 2019, In changing. slowly are intentions Mobility includingcombination cycleswent fromwhich in3.7% 2001 in to10.1% 2019. is figure rate interesting travel intermodal Another 12.2%). to 7.5 (from country the of rest is North transport inthe 60%).use public higher of The than North the in lower slightly is car private of use we now If 250.000inhabitants, maximum against for 47.7% over 250.000. cities shareofmodal a in cities74.9% of maximum10.000 habitantsmore and than by confirmed mob Active 10.000 of maximum inhabitants. a 250.000 over cities in of 47.7% against rate citiesmobility active 24% a small have inhabitants way, same the On rates. lower have (32.8%) islands the when 40.5% of rate North size. city the or regions the to according country the 2019, In AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

ERF, Statistics, Statistics, ERF, - wheels en 2015 and 2019, the motorisation rate increased in all large cities except Milan ( Milan except cities large all in increased rate motorisation the 2019, and 2015 en

compare the travel modal split across the different regions different the across split modal travel the compare

ility is then more concentrated in large cities and in the North West of Italy. It is It Italy. of West North the in and cities large in concentrated more then is ility active mobility rate mobility active

comparing cities size and travel modal splitmodaltraveland size cities comparing Road Maintenance and Investment 2020 Investment and Maintenance Road lengthEUinthe withkilometres. 6.943

which went from 2.3% in 2004 to 2004 in 2.3% from went which ry inthe ry world ofinnumberterms tunnelsand of length North –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - East (32.4%), the Central Region (33.7%) and the South and South the and (33.7%) Region Central the (32.4%), East road infrastructure maintenance is a key issue in Italy due to due Italy in issue key a is maintenance infrastructure road tion rate continues to grow. In 2018, with 646 cars for 1.000 for cars 646 with 2018, In grow. to continues rate tion

went from 37.2% in 2002 to 35%. Some gaps exist in the in exist gaps Some 35%. to 2002 in 37.2% from went 2020 138 Iay netd 34 ilo i gos n road in gross in billion €3.4 invested Italy , - West (56.9%) than in the othe the in than (56.9%) West - 19 CRISI .

n 2018) and 54.3% they would not changewouldnot54.3%and they n 2018) - 19) S

West of Italy has an active mobility active an has Italy of West . In 2019, the use of private car hascar private of use Inthe 2019, .

7.2% in 2019, especially in travels in especially 2019, in 7.2%

- tween January and August 2008, West as well(15.1%)West as in the than

, we observe that the that observe we , h ices o the of increase the r regions (more regions r 60% incities60% of

”.

th -

Locale 139 minu (5 “proximity” of rate mobility The 0.70. to 2.14 from well as 67% lost trips daily of decreased by 53 percentage points compared to 2019, from 85% to 32%. The average number The first lockdown General data (18th May aftermath and 03rd May) COVID first the considering behaviours Mobility inhabitants.per100 areas 36.9m from went obta North The Italy inhabitants. in average on areas pedestrian of availability sameThe trend is observed regarding pedestrian infrastructure. Between 2013 and 2018, the Walking rest thanthe country,density the4 of from much highera area. 100km2landNorth has km 23.5km The Italy per of 19.9 to in from 2018) (2013 decade last the during increased pathscycle of density the side, infrastructure the On 57.9 that wotheyand In 2019, 38.2% indicated they would like to use more bicycle (+34.3% compared to 2018 levels touseit 25.9% less than once per week. neverthelessbicycles ratheris average:23.9% it declared at least use to onceper and week Italia increasedin produced (108.8% 11.4% same by theperiod E on for E bicyclemarketThe was onthe rise COVID before the Cycling 5.3%.to 1.7 Plug of increase notable a with 14.3% to 12.8% from went it 2019, and 2015 Between registrations. in vehicles alternative share the looking to 9.8%, with a large share of vehicles powered by natural gas. We o low. Between 2015 and 2019, the share of stillalternative vehicles in remains the car fleet butwent from 8.3% years past the in Italy in increased share vehicles powered alternative The Alternative powered vehicles splitmodal the of of mobility, rail whereas alone 6.3%.accounted for than 113.000 employees the across trips/km billion 2 of different modes, notably by bus. total The market is composed by about 800 contractors aand more on passengers billion 5 over transporting year, per trams, etc.) the local and regional public transp undergrounds, railway, transport, collective (road modes transport different the Considering Collective transport AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE - bike rosebike between 7.4% by and E for(12.7%2018 2019

Ministery of Infrastructure and Transport, Transport, and Infrastructure of Ministery , Relazione 2018. Relazione ,

period obviously had a severe impact on mobility in Italy. The mobility rate

uld not modify modify not uld their use. 139

. . In 2018, collective transport (train excluded) accounted for 11.3% ins higher numbers from 49m from numbers higher ins –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID Osservatorio Nazionale sulle Politiche per il Trasporto Pubblico Pubblico Trasporto il per Politiche sulle Nazionale Osservatorio - 15th October) 15th

8.2km to 56.3km per to56.3km 8.2km per 100km of area. land ort in Italy accounts for a revenue of

- - In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) share from share (PHEV) Vehicles Electric Hybrid In 19 CRISI - 19 wave: first lockdown (12th March (12th lockdown first wave: 19 - 19pandemic. Bicyclesincludingsales, S

- bikes).The numberofbicycles 2

to 58.2m to bserve bserve the same trend by 2

of available pedestrian available of - 2 bikes).

o 42.7m to Use of of Use € 2 12 12 billion

e 100 per

tes - - 80

142 141 Union European 140 January the for 75% by dropped driver) (with In the same path, and subscriptions monthly annual in September 202 of 50% of reduction estimated an through loyalty client on out pointed is impact high a Also, 4.797 millionwhich eurosfor and bus,metro 2.692 million eurosfor regionalrailtransport If we takethe totalrevenues of local transport,public in Venezia (394 million euros), in Piemonte (259 million euros) or in Liguria (162 million euros) revenuTraffic levels. 2015 to compared 4.52% of increase an is It transport. rail regional for euros million for amounted € 2018, to Compared occupancy rate was 10% during the lockdown period and returned to 30 Collective mobility has been severely hit by the lockdow Collectivemobility charginginfrastructure Electric growth2019 2020and fell between 167.4% from to42.7%. poi with being time the for insufficient remains infrastructure Charging outbreak made APV market took off or was a temporary trend within the automotive market. (PHEV). Vehicles which of counts Italy values, absolute In 0.7%). and (0.6% percentage In the other hand, market shares of electric and hybrid vehicles remained qui and cars petrol impressively i 2020 Q3 and 2019 Q3 between Italy in registrations car comparing By Alternativefuel vehicles from 10%toperiod 17% October 15. on whi “proximity” of rate mobility the for is impressive most The target. 2019 the of 74% covering figure a with day per passengers*km of number total average on stake at is trend same The May. Compared to the l in restrictions of end the since 75% at is It 85%. was rate mobility the average, on In and 2019 lockdown. first the after rebound high very a had mobility of demand the Nevertheless, of number total average self in mobilitydrop massive indicators. and The restrictions contagion, lockdown. of fear the The 67%). during 11% by passengers*kmper dayis (millions) mostthe impactful figure by decreasingfrom 104 increased to34( foot) by trip AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE 2200 million

European European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), National Association of Passenger Transport (ANAV), Transport Passenger of Association National Observatory, Fuels Alternative European nts ch coveredlockdown 175%comparedit ch unlesslostthe someto2019 by points the target

(6.17% of the EU total network).Despite a growthbetter than EUthe averagein2020. 40,237 are Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) Vehicles Electric Battery are 40,237 ncreased (+60.3%) when conventional cars registrations begun to fall ( , 05 November 2020. November 05 , 142 es aremorelocated in Northern cities suchas in Lombardia (923 .7 mlin euros million 3.672 - . In 2017 and in compa 7.6% for diesel cars). It is too soon to predict this trend is the ‘new normal’. ‘new the is trend this predict to soon too is It cars). diesel for 7.6%

revenues for commercial transport by road and for touristic road transport COVID the either if know to followed frequently be must curbs The the loss of revenue of loss the ockdown period (32%), the mobility rate rose by 43 percentage points.

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

f hc 218 ilo ers o bs mto n 1.330 and metro bus, for euros million 2.138 which of Italy rison, the total traffic revenues of local public transport , 2020. ,

in 2020 for the local public transport amounted to amounted transport public local the for 2020 in

- Bilancio di Previsione 2021 Previsione di Bilancio August period compared to the same period same the to compared period August - 19 CRISI New p - 0. 0. icpie r te an reas main the are discipline

and itamounted for 7.62 S

n n period. In local public transport, the assenger assenger cars registrations by fuel type in the 29,248 are Plug are 29,248 39,018.170 13,176 electric charging electric 13,176 - 2023 140 -

40% after May 18 passengers’ cars passengers’ , 2021 , , APV registrations APV , - In Hybrid Electric Hybrid In 2million euros of te low in 2019 in million .

n o this of ons - 20.3% for

euros), - 141

19 th - . . ,

144 2021 143 allocation. permanen Bonus the maketo possibilitythediscussed being also is over yet – the first at though Even 2020. initiative December was highly criticized as a and waste of public money in a May period of more prominent iss between euros million 215 mobilized 558.725 fruition. service the purchases of bic in even limitations as important mobility faced sustainable users boost transport public to regular need the exacerbated furtherly pandemic the but co was initiative The scooters. e bicycles, of purchase private the for euros 500 the released Government alternative forms of sustainable mobility in urban areas. The bonus consists in a subsidy up to Italian the 2020 May In bicycle for subsidies of repairing or buying euros million 190 and infrastructure cycling for Italy in announced se sharing bike new launch to or traffic, extend the dedicated lanes activeto mobility and then reduce spacethe of cars private in the to cities Other well. as paths cycling of 35km transitory of construction the measures others extraordinary an plan construction thefor of cyclepaths “transito of frame the in paths cycling of 150km extra of implementation the May last announcing by Europe in city ambitious most the is Rome of city The infrastructure. cycling to related often COVID of wave first the during plans mobility new announced cities Italian large Several Cycling a permanent in shift modal tothe transport detriment public of b of contagion in collective transport. The fact that mobility on public transport did not bounced fear the and period lockdown the during restrictions the in remained explanations main The employees 2019. in AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

ack at the previous levels summer, during when restrictionsthe were removed, might result 2) 1) when the platform to request the Bonus was released, the first lockdown was not completely

European Cyclists Federation, Cyclists European o Ministry

less onerous and healthier solutions to move around during the period of residence of period the during around move to solutions healthier and onerous less share modal Non more and more becoming are widespread acquisitions) online teleconferences, work, (agile and employment will normality "old" the from far be not will demand mobility of volumes future The

– remain structurally attested at a levellower -

motorised mobility motorised n 08 sal n mdu etrrss ih 1 with enterprises medium and small 2018, In the the Bonus Mobility proved to be a success and was reproposed in February 2021. It

f Infrastructure and Transport, Transport, and f Infrastructure

(28.7%) constitute majority of the the of businesses sector. ycles, e

(one can (onecan thenconsider impact). their , 144 because it is clear that those who have experienced more ecological, more experienced have who those that clear is it because as responses tothe COVIDresponses first as ; in fact, - bikes and electric scooters benefitted from the Bonus Mobility, which COVID COVID –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID nceived and discussed by the Ministry of Environment in 2019,in Environment of Ministry the by discussed and nceived (walking, cycling, micro mobility) will grow steadily in the in steadily grow will mobility) micro cycling, (walking, the the processes of permanent reduction of transport demand - 19 impact and mobility scenarios and 19 impact - 19 Measures Tracker 19 Measures “Observatory on mobility trends during COVID during trends on mobility “Observatory rvices as in Turin. Extra 115 million euros have been have euros million 115 Extra Turin. in as rvices TRENDS - 19 CRISI

- . ie (ea asse bks, n electric and bikes), assisted (pedal bikes

- 19 19 wave.

, with S ere ou Mobility Bonus Decree

- 0 mlye (0) n 10 and (60%) employees 10 equal recovery of the

143 ry”. Milan amongproposed .

t with a long awith t

- 19 –

- Volume 2 Volume term budgetterm o incentive to economy , but, ”, - - 100 ues 19, 82

145 composed is ofplan mainmissions:The 6 ideasproject "bloc “ of the RFF with a 2021 to the European Commission Italian submittedgovernmentits The recoverynational resilience and plan endat the ofApril Recovery Plan AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE Europe and the recovery plan are considered quite widely in Italy as the means to develop a develop to means the as Italy in widely quite considered are plan recovery the and Europe 3)

Ital

• • • • • • 2.

kedfindsit country",whichdifficult project to itself intonew projects implementitsor to ian government, “ government, ian which at the momentappearsatthe which contained. be to car, the of use the in explosion future a of risk the not or avoiding mobility, motorised undoubtedly could sector, transport public the support to policies national and prices, fuel in fluctuation areas, Obviously, net of the health emergency, policies to regulate and contrast traffic in urban their changed p covid who the of consequence users as habits transport public former of share market the absorbing by necessary be therefore quantitatively adequate levels of service will it to attention front, and communication this On on protected vehicles. sufficiently feel not collective do and infected get of afraid are users, transport restart the of weeks Public transport will struggle to complete the recovery journey started in the first few it and conditionsallow if safety and health thosefor who or walk,cycle aresaved. back go to desire no have

issues mobility on Plan:Focus Recovery Italian Health cohesionand Inclusion research and Education sustainableInfrastructure a for mobility and revolutionGreen transi ecologic innovation,Digitalisation,culture competitiveness, and tourism ”.

€191.5 €191.5 billion Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza’’ Ripresa di Nazionale Piano ; a lar a ; –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

envelope over the three years. According to a national expert,

, obv , influence the short and medium and short the influence ge number of citizens, including a share of former public former of share a including citizens, of number ge 145 . Until 2023, Italy is expected to be the largest beneficiary iously if the destinations of the new express mandate express new the of destinations the if iously h nes f ead wie rig o maintain to trying while demand, of needs the

andemic. However, this is not an inevitable drift. inevitable an not is this However, andemic. tion . Finally, the car sector is likely to recover also

- 19 CRISI

- term dynamics of private of dynamics term

o strengthen to

• • infrastructure and Mobility are welladdressedin plan:Italian the Italian recovery Source: resilienceplan and AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

- - transport 2 Mission in hydrogen of transport. development the for dedicated are euros million €500 than more total, In infrastructure. and the establishment of fuelling infrastructure and cohesion with long haul truck fuelling transpor passenger rail in trainlines several of deployment the road freight transport stations fuelling hydrogen 40 of Mission Within tourism”. roads, to enable the development of services supporting road safety, mobility, logistics and al 5G of up Within

ong more than 2,000 km of European transport corridors and 10,000 km of suburban of km 10,000 and corridors transport European of km 2,000 than more ong for rapid mass transport infrastructure are infrastructuretransport mass rapid for of construction the so, Doing system. transport be noted here. The main target is to shift at least 10% of private car traffic to the public “ Southernregions for forcohesion social purpose. a go will funding the of Half paths. cycle tourism of km 1.250 and areas metropolitans’ safety or recreational purposes, as well as to promote daily travel and intermodality, ensuring of cycling networks in urban, metropolitan, regional and national areas, for both tourist growth in the cycling and “ Developing of rapid mass transport cycling Enhancing Mission 1 Mission Figure 1 Figure

”, with with a ”, ”. It envisa It ”.

(€6.71 billion), proposals are made “ made are proposals billion), (€6.71

opie as a also comprises –

Overview of policyOverview missions the fundingin and of Italianresilience recovery and plan , , under a dedicated policy action towards towards action policy dedicated a under , €230 million euros million €230 €8.68 budgetbillion ges the construction of nearly 570 km of cycle paths in urban and urban in paths cycle of km 570 nearly of construction the ges . Another : ih a with ”: –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID (screenshot) active active means of transport by “

opnn ette “ entitled component €300 million budget is focused on rail transport, through to support market penetration of hydrogen vehicles in vehicles hydrogen of penetration market support to 60 ilo funding million €600

are dedicated for the deployment deployment the for dedicated are . This component. This underlinesmain 4 actions: ”: with a - 19 CRISI to accelerate deployment of 5G coverage 5G of deployment accelerate to

proposed €3.60 b S

240 kilometres of equipped network equipped of kilometres 240 eeoig oe oa sustainable local more Developing

ti ato am a botn the boosting at aims action this , illion funding

through metro (11 kilometres),(11 metro through construction and maintenance ultrafast

t powered by hydrogen by powered t - networks and take and networks , a great effort is to and experiments and

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE - • - -

and chainboostingthe and production bus transformation inItaly. transition as well in the renewal of bus fleet in Italy, by expanding production capacity introduced be will approximatelygasand and 3.600 electric fleet, vehicle Brigade’s Fire wit covered panels photovoltaic and materials recyclable with developed recyclable with developed the purchase of In this path, and in line with the National Strategic Plan for Sustainable Mobility, it plans 2026, 2026, while ensurin euros billion € mobility, infrastructure,and transport, to comes it whenPlan the of subsection Within actions: component the 100 of elements about and centres urban “ in 13.755 motorways, chargingexperimental points with energy storage system. on points charging fast based refuelling stations to refuelling points for electric vehicles fuel of model traditional the from transition the accelerate and mobility sustainable “ measure “ Italy’s will focus metropolitans’ areas be on major cities. of The (15km). cableways and kilometres) (120 trolleybuses kilometres), (85 tramways competitiveness: this mostly concerns problems related to the “last mile” links. The links. mus mile” “last the to logistics related railways, problems concerns overall mostly among this competitiveness: the links the Finally, improve airports. to and crucial harbours, is it joints, and networks transport Besides frequency. and reliability, capacity, in limited be to prove often lines regional sys transport efficient most the from off cut is South the urban areas than in rural around regions. The main high country, the of South the in than North the in developed more are railways railwa of use systemic the towards transition the prevent shortcomings Structural 18,7%). average: (European trains by transported are goods of 11,7% only while (54,5%) option main the is road the transport: freight for drawn yet similar A 7.9%). of average European a (against 6% for account only railways while road, on happens Italy in transport passengers of 90% Investments in railway are proposed for €24.77 billion Sustainable andmissionis articuThe (NECP). Smart Plan Climate and for Energy National Integrated “Strategy the of ones the the and especially Mobility”, Deal, Green European the of Renewing bus fleets, green trains green fleets, bus Renewing infrastructure charging electric of Development ▪ ▪ ▪

Renewal of the vehicleof the Renewal firebrigade fleet intercity of the Renewal regional and fleet train alternative with propulsion of the lowenvironmentalRenewal busfleet impactvehicles with iso 3 Mission

aims to build enabling infrastructure to promote the development of of development the promote to infrastructure enabling build to aims are mobilised to modernise and digitali and modernise to mobilised are 3.360 3.360 low Ifatutrs o a utial Mobility), Sustainable a for (Infrastructures Te ln ihihs h ncsay nutil n technological and industrial necessary the highlights plan The . g its sustainability. The goals of the mission are in line with the ones ” by 2026 by ” latedintwo mainsections: –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - emissions buses, 53 trains, “ 200 new hybrid electric hybrid new 200 . In addition, and in link with the modernisation of the of modernisation the with link in and addition, In . ih ai ms tasot Ti maue rpss 3 proposes measure This transport. mass rapid with ”: with ”: - 19 CRISI - poweredinstitutionalfor vehicles servic a €3.64 billion budget billion €3.64 a S

speed line stops in Naples, the rest of : with ”: - endothermic vehicles at airports at vehicles endothermic s e the infrastructural system by system infrastructural the e

100 100 newly designed carriages, (97% of the Mission’s budget). slightly better picture can be can picture better slightly ys as main transport mean: transport main as ys tem of the country, while country, the of tem million €740

b ipoe t boost to improved be t

” by establi , it is one of the core the of one is it , h ms relevant most the

budget shing shing 7.500 this , 25.4

es h - 85

5:inclusionMission and Cohesion AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE issues. mainaforementioned the tackle effectively to aim section this of projects investment 1)

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ utiaiiy n spotn te iiaiain f rnpr networks transport of notably harboursrailways, airports. and digitalisation the supporting and sustainability environmental the improving on focused is 3 Mission of section minoritarian This Inter ▪ ▪

railway system in the South also concern train station, which are often not not often are easily accessible which nor well integrated with their station, train concern also South overall the in system railway the improve billion): (€0.7 South the in Stations to Train of Improvement needed are com modernisation and electrification suchasinterventions network, therefore the rest of withlinkagesthe efficient billion): Southinthe notably billion) (€0.94 lines,efficiencyregional new the and purchase maintenance trainsboost of to lines regional of Strengthening in notably harbours, the South. arou areas the and (Switzerland), borders northern the concern mostly more transport public section this of projects The cities. in and moving while cars private than attractive railway making areas, urban and metropolitan reinforce to aim joints urban on investments to systems reporting and security the optimise network performance. existing the effective update to and aims security investment Ita the ensure of sections to few in and exists only network maintenance railway the of operability (ERTMS)billion): (€2.97 and Potenza Metaponto, Taranto, Pescara, and overallBattipaglia, enhancementof frequency. train Roma connect to lines of Realisation costs. Italian the “diagonally” connect to country the of South Verona the develop further to Trento around high ring” “rail of the of routes realisation trains; of regular separation journeys, of number and duration linesBre the of improvements Napoli Calabriain Reggio terms and duration of numberjourneys. of lines the of improvement further and improvement e the to On the other hand hand, action will be taken regenerateto train stations in terms of stations. one train the reach better to networks transport on public of development focused are sections High teghnn, lcrfcto, n resilien and electrification, Strengthening, billion): (€2.97 links national key and joints railway urban of Strengthening Develo (€1.58 connections Diagonal High nergetic efficiencynergetic and accessibility. - modalityand Logistic Integrated petitiveness and logisticsSouthernand regions.petitiveness ofthe - - speed rail links in the South for passengers and passengers for South the in links rail speed pe riwy i te ot cnetd o uoe €.7 billion) (€8.57 Europe to connected North the in railways speed mn o te uoen ala Tasot aaeet System Management Transport Railway European the of pment

eea riwy i te ot peet oteek wih prevent which bottlenecks present South the in railways several - Brenneroroute. –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

–

€1.9 billion€1.9 only subsection (M5C3) 3

the European System conceivedEuropean the toenhancethe inter

scia billion):

- 19 CRISI - Verona – -

ai Palermo Bari,

€0.63billion

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID - T) to make ZEStomakeT) truly effective: , 14 October 2020. October 14 , ccessibility constitute a key issue. The reform implies the implies reform The issue. key a constitute ccessibility

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term strategies REGULATION (EU) 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union of on the Governance the REGULATION (EU) 2018/1999 Energy Union 150

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• • • • • emissions (2018): emissions per capita (2018)

Bus and trolleys: 11.3% Train: 6.3% Private car: 82% Railways, inland waterways: 13.2% Roads: 86.8%

(2018): 60.42 million DATA BOARD

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID - General for Mobility and Transport, T Transport, and Mobility for General

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207

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The scheme would scheme The - related proposals related - financing covers tials, create tials, . October . October with with .g. -

134

environment. the on transport of impact adverse the transport of reduction the to increasing dedicated measures several out sets both to aiming 2019 24, acce September on adopted was Strategy of The development the to key projects, new transportsystem.Poland’s and Development” Responsible for “Strategy the to commits document The Sustainable for Strategy DevelopmentTransport (September 2030 2019) urban in decrease or population, pu to the of aging including population at the expense of rural areas trends, (sub demographic as such NSRD 2030 aims at facing De for Regional Strategy National Updated (NSDC), adopted in December 2011 as well as the updated the are D strategies Regional those concerning Among those development. including priorities, urban development sustainable and directions main the defines SRD 2017. February Responsib for the by Strategy provided is agenda urban new the implementing for framework strategic main The implementation.successful urban policy administra public central independence in sha of marge high a from benefit cities Poland, in levels local and regional the at administration im The Ministry of Investment and Economic Develop investment and policy. change climate to adaptation and protection environmental efficiency; energy and emission AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE plemen • • • • • • • • ssibility andssibility improving safetythe oftraffic participantsand the efficiency of sector.the It

blic servi blic related related to low Implementing Pr Supporting urban importancetheStrengthening of Promoting and adaptationofurbanemissions areas climate tochange. pollution air especially challenges, environmental Solving and practicesknowledge on sustainablebest urbandevelopment; Building Improving omoting omoting ig ra plce drvn fo te U. u t dvlpd self developed to Due NUP. the from deriving policies urban ting evelopment ces orces in transportation. followingareas The are tackled by the NSRD:

cities cooperation networks cooperation cities Examples of policy measures resulting from the NSRDlisted below

improvingair quality accesstopublic se sustainableurbanmobility and mobilityelectro socialparticipation ping their development policies and strategies. The cooper

e eeomn 2020 Development le tion and self and tion 2030

revitalization - Poland’s regional chal emission strategies and strategies for sustainable urban mobility, urban sustainable for strategies and strategies emission

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID NR) the (NSRD), mlmnain f 2 taei poet rslig rm the from resulting projects strategic 22 of implementation rvices - governmental partners is thus deemed as essential for essential as deemed thus is partners governmental inmanagementplanningcities;and of the ; , developingpublic, systems transport etc.;

planningand spatialdevelopment in the cities,inthe supporting entrepreneurship;

- urbanization) and related problems in the access ainl pta Dvlpet ocp 2030 Concept Development Spatial National velopment 2030 (NSRD 2030) (NSRD 2030 velopment on the national scale that enable exchange of exchange enable that scale national the on lenges, also identified earlier on by the OECD,

- 19 CRISI udtd o 00 (R) aotd n 14 on adopted (SRD), 2030) to (updated ment cooperates with regions and cities on S

National Urban Policy 2023 (2015) problems, greenhouse gas greenhouse problems,

in cities; in ainl taey for Strategy National

;

ation ation between -

governance

135

measures and policies and 250 2021. 8, February Accessed: 2019. 24, September 249 participation,social housing, urban space, environmentalprotection, economic development local potentials. Areas concerned are: financing revitalizatio the SRD. It assumes an optimal use of specific conditions of a given area and strengthening its The high priority of revitalization in the urban policy in Poland is included in both the NUP and Revitalization(2015) Act as:actions such 37.5 passenger traffic by all modes of transport will increase from around 31 billion today to around 2015 period the Over transport. of updatedThe strategy was elaborated behind the backg AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Wyrzykowski, Wyrzykowski, Krystian: Ministry of Energy 2019: National Energy and Climate Plan and Energy 2019: National Energy of Ministry • • • • • • • • • • -

39.1 billion people billion 39.1 implementation of innovative transportmanagement systems for particular transport and line with EU the nationalenvironmental protectionand standards requirements; an stock rolling of modernisation and EU the nationalenvironmental standardsand requirements; meeting nodal) and (linear infrastructure transport of expansion and modernisation oflow delimitation solutions; carpooling teleworkin of development planning, spatial e.g. through management demand transport transport, sustainable promoting at aimed activities information and educational cars, for access limited with areas residential of delimitation tariffs, inform travel to access through: mobility of forms new of promotion reduce the to peak services transport municipal of distribution even facilitating promoting areas, urban investment transport, passenger city/regional traff pedestrian optimising transport, collective of reduction of transport congestion, in particular in urban areas, by: increasing the share km;300 than from roads to railway or inland transport shift to helping conditions create to commitment and transport) waterway support to environment secto transport the of dependence the reduce that transport of means through and cargo, inter of development the through efficiency energy of promotion oensto ad rvso o te nenl neoeaiiy f eeai systems telematic of interoperability particular supporting modes transport internal the of provision and modernisation energy environment; the poll improving in reduction a systems to contributing and and transport of efficiency procedures technologies, new of application and ato intraffic thus reduction generated transport emissions; t of means interoperative and modes r on r derivedfuels nonfrom

The government adopted a transport development strategy until 2030 -

ic and cycling, and eliminating heavy freight traffic through intense through traffic freight heavy eliminating and cycling, and ic version 3.1 of 4 January 2019. January of 4 3.1 version

(by 21% to 27%) to 21% (by - - hour hour effect; emission (LEZ); zones

–

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - friendly friendly transport (railway transport, sea transport and inland - 2030 for example, it is estimated that the total volume ofvolume total the estimatedthat is it example, for 2030 waterway transport, in particular at a distance of more

- renewableenergy sources; d vehicle fleet in all modes of transport to put it in it put to transport of modes all in fleet vehicle d

249 .

The implementation of the strategy will require will strategy the of implementation The ransport contributing to the optimisation of the of optimisation the to contributing ransport 250 - .

19 CRISI

for the years 2021 years forthe S round of risinground of traffic across all modes

n, social policy and labour market, - 2030 Objectives and targets, targets, and 2030 Objectives

ution emissions to the to emissions ution

- modal transport of transport modal ation, integrated ation, g systems and systems g . In: Poland SEA.

- 136

by strengthened indicatingcities theas so 2014 for funds EU of use the for on elaborating the Natio 2014 years Currently, Poland is the biggest beneficiary of the cohesion policy funds in Europe. During the the of Financing Policy National Urban (2018). o Act the and Policy Infrastructure Fuels Alternative priv of Electro purchase the the for schemes withcomply will projects eligible The fund. the under issued were supporting taxis and vans commercial few a 2020, June In Management. Water and Protection Environmental for Fund National the by managed is fund The producers. fuel on imposed fees emissions from and fees energy taxes, excise from based on alternative energy sources in transport. The Fund has an internal s electro in projects finance to enabling established In Low for Fund ofelectromobility: deployment electric cars and buses. Other own policy instruments have been implemented to support the Pl others, the adoption of the Clean Transport Package (2016) and Electro electro developing and Promoting Electro through emission, pollutants reduce sin of to others, among is, out and ineffective of elimination aim Its program. this under single million 4 over that assumed is It amoun it and 2029 until years ten for implemented be will program The ProjectAir Clean SUMPs. adopted docu strategicchallenges of transportation in the cities. Those local plans are not obligatory, but many a Polish cities is SUMP pro Strategy, Infrastructure, ofMinistry SRD The onthe based Sustainable Developmentthe Transport and SustainableUrban Mobility Plans the of smart solutions in designing urban space and managing the cities, with the active involvement Develop Economic and Investment of Ministry so building way, sustainable and smart a in resources using also but cities the in solutions technological associated newoftenis smart with city that SRD concept the thepromote and the NUP Both, Cities Human Smart of exploitation potentialthe ofcul and building investment attractiveness, urban mobility in degraded areas, and protection and AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE an (2017), which aims to build an ecosystem for sustainable trans sustainable for ecosystem an build to aims which (2017), an hs otx, n 08 the 2018, in context, this gle citizens. -

mobility - family houses. family - il capita cial - 2020, significant amount of funding was dedicated to cities, to dedicated was funding of amount significant 2020, oiiy eeomn Pa, h Ntoa Faeok o te eeomn of Development the for Framework National the Plan, Development mobility - motes implementation in the cities Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP). Plans Mobility Urban Sustainable cities the in implementation motes emission Transport (2018)emission Transport

ad ih ult o lf, s el s mr ubn aaeet The management. urban smart as well as life, of quality high and l

nal nal Urban Policy. The Partner –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID ud o Low for Fund

- et wih oitcly epns o h polm and problems the to responds holistically which ment, - tural and tural naturalheritage. 2020, points out that the urban dimension is significantly is dimension urban the that out points 2020, dated heat sources and sources heat dated - oiiy n oad nlds uh lmns s among as, elements such includes Poland in mobility

- aiyhue wl under will houses family - call - ed ofstrate areas msin Trans emission ment is implementing the project to promote to project the implementing is ment - 19 CRISI - mobility (e.g. electric cars) and projects and cars) electric (e.g. mobility ship Agreement, which sets out the rules n electro n S

improvement of energy efficiency energy of improvement

port - mobility and alternative fuels alternative and mobility gicstate intervention.

o hra modernization thermal go Mnsr o Eeg) was Energy) of (Ministry port in Poland, including Poland, in port t eeti cr, light cars, electric ate - mobility Development which had an impact an had which ts to 103 billion PLN. billion 103 to ts ource ource of financing

137

New the and 11 Goal Development. Agenda’s 2030 the of 251 thefor‘Energy Future’ Development Responsible the in including documents, other in envisaged been also have air the of quality the improving at a aimed measures that be emphasized be should to It used. fuels being from prohibited of quality or types the define to is resolution a such time, same the At combusted. are fuels which in installations of operation the on prohibitions or protection Anti the air of the to terms amendment the of part in as tool additional measures announced the short and of programmes effectiveness the enhance To 2015) (September Programme Air Protection The National CO2 new into embedded Poland’s NECP. of introduction the on others, among emissi working, been thus has Poland Poland. in emissions sector transport the in 97%) (ca. share largest the for responsible are vehicles, o emissions total the domestic total the of % of % 25 as much as 13 for accounts this sector transport the from emissions EU ca. the (in emission constitute and 2016 in CO2equivalent of tons million 52.8 million ca.to44.1 in 2011 CO2equivalent of tons million 48.8 ca. from decreased Poland in sector transport the from emissions GHG and over taken also this now,for Plans.Polishcannot in As assessedthe be NRRPyet. are Policy dra policies Urban the studied, countries National other the Polish of most In 2019. of Plan the Climate and Energy National Polish to the in complemented policies related the All Pol valueprograms), ofthe bil €3.8 was 2020 cooperation of un model allocation The areas. urban functional in units administrative partnership a promote to is ITI pro of operational aim The national from grams. indirectly, as, well as envelope, dedicated a from financed mobi urban 2014 in is it implemented been have that Community instrument territorial Another Investment Territorial ( 2014 the in cities to Fund Development Regional European the from 5%) (amounting allocations Committed AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

National Urban Forum 2019: Sustainable urban development in Poland: in development urban Sustainable 2019: Forum Urban National and’s National Energy and Climate Plan (2019) and Plan Climate Energy National and’s

inPoland enableimplementto a territorial strate on standards via the following programmes that were created before the NECP and NECP the before created were that programmes following the via standards on - Smog Act) of 10 September 2015 September 10 of Act) Smog - lity or energy efficiency projects. The projects deriving from the FUA strategy are strategy FUA the from deriving projects The projects. efficiency energy or lity

LedLocal Development(CLLD). - 2020 perspective, have been implemented in the form of the Integrated the of form the in implemented been have perspective, 2020 in bt ih opeetr poet (co projects complementary with but lion, n average). Road vehicles, in particular passenger and light commercial light and passenger particular in vehicles, Road average). n , inwelltheas as it it is - itis em cin ln, oa gvrmns ae en rvdd ih an with provided been have governments local plans, action term ) instru ,

around €6.2billion – h Cen i project Air Clean the

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

m fted in the NECP are taken over in the National Recovery National the in over taken are NECP the in fted ent in ent urbanareasfunctional (FUA). draft Energydraft Poland for Policy 2040

tons of CO2equivalent in 2013, to grow again to ca. againto grow toofin 2013, CO2equivalent tons Urban Agenda. In: Ministry of Investment and Economic Economic and Investment of Ministry In: Agenda. Urban . The provincial assembly may set out restrictions out set may assembly provincial The .

251 - 19 CRISI . Environmental Protection Law (known as (known Law Protection Environmental

, h El the

gy FUAfor thatincludes e.g. sustainable S

crmblt Dvlpet Plan Development ectromobility

national urban policy in the context context the in policy urban national - der the instrument for 2014 for instrument the der iacd rm h national the from financed

dmitted for use or use for dmitted

ewe various between . -

00 a the was 2020 Strategy for Strategy - -

138

legislation. upcoming via facili kept providing users of electric vehicles and vehicles powered by natural gas with information launchedunderthe name databa a 2019, 1, January On financial meansofca. have (€1.4PLN 6.7 billion). billion will Fund the years, 10 next the Over fuels. those for market a up build to and infrastructure Lo the of task The electromobility. of development the for vehicles necessary infrastructure vehicles, and tools electric and themselves for subassemblies produce will industry Polish vehicles. electric infrastructure Charging implemented. be area of the construction of infrastructure and the development of electromobility industry will the in measures intensifying at aimed programmes Pilot (HRS). Stations Refuelling Hydrogen in added be to planned are measures policy New areas. populated densely and areas agglomeration urban in located points refuelling (CNG) Gas Natural Compressed corridors. The core network will be created by approx. 6,400 electricity charging points trans and 70 to belonging roads along as well as areas, populated densely and agglomerations urban in fuels alternative for network infrastructure core a of construction of Act The (2018) fuels and alternative onelectromobility Act issued: reco following The system). railway a (including networks transport inter of construction the areas, the should be considered, of along with the issues construction of by the covers also urban outside location This Their areas. populated densely in routes system. transit of construction planning spatial the of reform the in reported spatial inappropriate by caused also planning. The is cities in quality air inadequate the of problem The (in progress) Planning System Spatial AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE • • • tating the use of these vehicles. Hydrogen refuelling stations will be added to the register

ordr (egs i znn pas n rvtlsn ntrl niomn, lo by also environment, natural revitalising and greenery restoring in areasdegradedoriginal and functions reservoirs. water to plans zoning in (wedges) corridors blue the account into Taking implementedto expected be 2030; by properly be arestandards expected to be developed and a transport route management system is Design to measures. preventive and needs adaptive effective factors undertake to order climate The in assessed transport. to of infrastructure means transport substitute apply of and vulnerability routes change to or routes transit Reviewingor creating measures and plans designedtomaintain smooth trafficflow in elements infrastructure vulnerable toclimateandchange establishingor warning adapting transport and monitoring construction control existing to need the the adapting to systems or system monitoring permanent a Establishing 1 aur 21 o eetooiiy n atraie ul poie fr the for provides fuels alternative and electromobility on 2018 January 11

issue reducingof undesirable urban sprawl and green wedge blocking has been

w - Carbon Transport Fund is to support the expansion of alternative fuels alternative of expansion the support to is Fund Transport Carbon : The network The :

AlternativeFuels Infrastructure Register –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID e f oain fr hrig nrsrcue viaiiy was availability infrastructure charging for locations of se - oa nds n te xaso o environment of expansion the and nodes modal - green infrastructure conce infrastructuregreen

il efly rprdt poiepwrt 1 million 1 to power provide to prepared fully be will

- 19 CRISI

S -

pass roads taking traffic outside urban

pt and the system of aeration of system the and pt , iswhich a register public mmendations have been have mmendations - European transport European

systems; this regard for regard this

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areas

139

253 measures and policies and 252 measures:reform and its national recovery and resilience plan, the follow developing while consider, to Poland invites Commission the Poland, for identified priorities reform and investment the on and plan, climate and energy national final Poland’s on Based by 2030: Assessment Programme Climate Protection Low the others, among Fund from, provided be will infrastructure charging low of purchase the of financing The replacement. al but transport, public for infrastructure of construction the of area the in only not funding public of form the in governments local to support requires segment This Development. Responsible for Strategy the in listed Government Polish the of priorities zero for Support services. transport collective be should aimed at expanding electric bus charging vehiclesinfrastructure, to be carried out by entities providing electric lengthy the of and infrastructure investment process. The charging Gove purchase rapid to access of of lack the costs with along mentioned, higher the electrification, transport Poland government the with consistent are objectives These switchingstrategy of the economyalternative the fuels.to municipal of part small a still are buses Electric future. next the in so do to plan or fleet their into buses electric introduce Poland in companies transport bus and governments local of number growing a present, At C procurement in issues environmental of coverage possible widest procedures. the achieve to is or more environmental factors in the tender procedure. The goal of green public procurement green public of procurem definition The fuels.alternative of support in procurement public of use the for allows also It electric, to createtoclean councils intransport centrescity zones with over 100,000inhabitants. apply which duty, excise from exemption hydrogen on provisions entails also Act The AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE arbon

European Commission European Ministry of Energy 2019: National Energy and Climate Plan for the years 2021 years the for Plan Climate and Energy National 2019: Energy of Ministry • • •

252 , as well as with the with as well as , ulc rnpr ifatutr, rmtn itroa tasot ewrs and networks transport intermodal promoting electromobility infrastructure, transport public the modernising and developing including transport, sustainable fostering Measures hydrogen; clean developin by including consumption, gas Measures enhancing energy system integration and promoting the decarbonisation of in and energy inindustry;efficiency buildings and Measures supporting investments in renewable energy to reduce dependency on coal, . - Free Public Transport Programme Programme Transport Free Public

- powered powered and plug

2020: Summary of swd assessment NECP: Poland NECP: assessment swd of Summary 2020: - 253

version 3.1 of 4 January 2019. January of 4 3.1 version

. ent covers situationscovers ent wherecontracting the authorityoneconsiders

EU Clean Mo Clean EU - –

in hybrid vehicles. It

transport fleet in Poland. Public transport is also an element of element an also is transport Public Poland. in fleet transport IMPACTS OF THECOVID rnment is planning to provide financial support for investments bility Package of 2017 of Package bility

and low and - 19 CRISI

temre o soae ehoois and technologies storage for market the g also introduced the possibility for municipal ing climate and energy - abn ue ad h cntuto of construction the and buses carbon Electromobility Development Plan for Plan Development Electromobility S

- carbon public transport is one of the of one is transport public carbon the EU Commission the

. Among the main barriers to barriers main the Among . - 2030 Objectives and targets, targets, and Objectives 2030 so in the area of fleet fleet of area the in so - related investment - abn Transport Carbon

140

Abbreviations AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE HRS CNG NECP CLLD FUA ITIs SUMP LEZ NUP NSDC NSRD SRD PLN MFiPR NRRP ECF EFTA • • •

s uh eitn plce a wl a te rf NR my o mth h pc for pace the match not may NRRP draft the implementing ofconditionalities Recovery the EU the Resilience and Plan. as well as policies existing such, As afterwards. immediately low to funds of part significant a allocate to programmes whose aim Germany to whenFrance, compared approach differs or This of the Polish existing relief package, only few resources are allocated to gree be fully adapted to the EU climate, energy and digital transformation goals. In the case Po

land’s existing Covid

Hydrogen Refuelling Stations Hydrogen Natural Gas Compressed and National Energy Climate Plan Community Instru TerritorialInvestmentIntegrated Urban PlansSustainable Mobility Low Urban Policy National 2023 Spatial National Strategy RegionalNational for Development2030 Responsible for Strategy Development 2020 currency, Polish FundsRegional of Ministry and Policy Recovery ResilienceNational and Plan Cycling FederationEuropean AssociationFreeTrade European - Emission Zones mentinfunctional areas urban - LedLocal Development –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID - 19 relief package as well as existing mobility strategies may not Development Concept 2030 zloty

Key take Key

- - 19 CRISI

away

emission objectives during the crisis and crisis the during objectives emission

n n projects. 141

inconstructionInvestment constructionBusinesses in the sector inthe constructionJobs sector GDPConstructionsector share Constructionsector ofshare Modal transport freight ofshare Modal passengertransport &Transport CO CO global CO Sharein Environmental indicators indicators Economic Data General AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE GDP growth GDP ranking GDP Population semi organisation Political 2 2 • • • • •

emissions(2018): emissionscapita per (2018)

- presidentialrepublicconstitutional Private car: car: Private Railways,inland waterways: Roads: and Bus trolleys: Train: DATA BOARD

Mobility sector (2019):

7.9

(2019): (2019):4/203 7 3 POLAND % . 1 2

% 79.3 emissions

4.7

0.34GT :

million %

12.9 %

– civilengineering %

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

- Unitary (2018): 2%(2018):

18 (2019): (2019): :

9.08T (2018): th Coth

2 (2018):

6.9 (2019):

2 1,2million people workingconstruction inthe sector 9% - -

emittingcountry 10

th country emittingCO country th

- Urban population Urban government Headof

(2019):€

GDP growth GDP GDP - 19 CRISI

(2019): S

49 49 billion

628.2 (2020):

(2019):

2 billion :

percapita Mateusz - 2.7 ¼ 60

USD % %

Morawiecki

142

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Strategy composed isof9The strategic Source: AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE 1.

STRATEGIC AXIS STRATEGIC Mobility for All Ministerio de AgendaTransportes, y Urbana Movilidad 2. Investment

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156

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE 3. 4.

Low Emissions Safe Mobilit Mobility and y

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systems,means and terminals. managementof transport resources and the in Efficiency in the useof health and mental wellbeing. bylife protecting their physical Improving people's quality of of view Security from an integral point elementof the right to mobility Security asabasic cross technology mobility,intermodality and environmental). (particularly energy and externalities of transport Internalisation of the negative forrespect free competition. technological neutrality, and Basic –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID regulatory homogeneity,

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157

AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE 7. 6. 5.

Europe and Connecting logistics chains intermodal Smart Connected Worldwide Smart Mobility

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID - T asT a connecting and - proof regulation

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- 158

*Translation the from original MITMA Source: AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE 9.

8. Transformation Evolution and MITMA labour Aspects

Social and

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gender equality policies. remain on the margins of The fieldof transport cannot threaten labour rights. businessNew models cannot society. the productive sector and skills to sector with the appropriate professionals the in mobility Public action must promote and safe mobility. in moving towards sustainable sensitisation arekey elements Public awareness and platform Spain asa integrating elementof Europe cutting transportpolicies. implementation of cross leadership in the policy, with coordination policy ashared investment Evolve from an all –

IMPACTS OF THECOVID

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2018 339 D from 2005/06, function: by Transport on Expenditure Public 338 2021. February 4 Table RDL0203, 337 2020 17 December kilometres), tonne (billion moved Goods 336 England mode: main and purpose by travelled Average distance TSGB0104, 335 well. as million £3,920 granted been have Local roads authority roads. ‘A’ trunk and motorways trunk in millions £960 spent country the 2018/2019, £10, which of transport, in million kilometres. 398,358 totalling roads), ‘U’ and ‘C’ (‘B’, roads 3,735 minor in consists network of the of rest The consisted roads). ‘A’ (called roads main network of kilometres road U.K the 2020, In Road infrastructure is which U.K, the in transport freight domestic othercomparable the to countries. European of 80% almost for accounts freight Road and *Table Department of Source: Transport Statistics for accounts cycling dominant. and Walking extremely 15%. then almost about remains for car accounts Private transport of 2019. means in Collective U.K the in travelled distance of private Within calculation and *Table produced absolute from numbers Department of Source: Transport Statistics AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE Other publictransportOther ferries (air, and light

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336 335 Goods movedGoods(billion tonne “

Maintenance expenditure by road class, in England, from 2005/06 to to from2005/06 in England, class, road by expenditure Maintenance function by transport for expenditure Public lengths Road 2019 1953 bymode: to freightDomestic transport, mode main and purpose by of trips Average number

888 million in roads in million 888 –

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kilometres)

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IMPACTS OF THECOVID 342 341

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184

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MOBILITY AND RECOVERY IN EUROPE – IMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS

Transport and mobility priorities in National Recovery and Resilience Plans

Introduction As widely assessed in this report, mobility has been one of the most impacted sectors during the Covid-19 crisis. Consequently, the strategies to boost the recovery of Europe must give the appropriate importance to these sectors, given also that they are essential for the overall recovery of the European economy. Looking at the design of the European Recovery framework, and in particular to the Recovery and Resilience Facility within the Next Generation EU, it is clear that mobility and transport are an important concern of the European Commission for the recovery and the evolution of the European economy. It is important to notice that policies and investments addressing mobility and transport are mostly framed within the strategies related to the European environmental policy. In fact, these sectors are considered playing a key role in meeting the ambitious objective of the European Green Deal, a carbon-neutral continent by 2050. In 2019, road transport accounted for the 28% of total European greenhouse gas emissions. Both the total amount of emissions and the share of the transport sector are supposed to decrease in order to meet the Green Deal goals. To some extent, the pandemic has created room to boost this process. As already said, the Commission provided two main conditions to access the RRF funds: a minimum of 37% of expenditure in green transition and a minimum of 20% of expenditure in investments fostering the digital transition. Not surprisingly, almost all the investments covering mobility and transport fall in the first category, while most of the remaining ones fall into the second one, and notably in the deployment of the 5G Network. Few exceptions are framed in territorial and social cohesion interventions. The European Commission also provided 7 European Flagships to channel and harmonise the investments funded with the RRF. Even though the inclusion of policies covering the Flagships is not compulsory, many Member States followed the Commission’s guidelines while writing their National Recovery and Resilience Plans. The second Flagship, “Power UP – Sustainable Transport and Charging Stations”, directly targets transport and mobility. The third one, “Connect – Roll-out of Rapid Broadband Services”, also significantly impacts the sector.

National Recovery and Resilience Plans: main trends in transport and mobility Preliminary Considerations Comparing the National Recovery and Resilience Plans of the countries analysed in this report, some general and cross-country trends emerge. Two main remarks can be made in this sense: 1) The European Recovery strategy seems to have fostered a will of convergence among the Member States. The main trends of the investments addressing mobility and transport are found in almost all countries, in a measure which is strictly related with the budget of the Plans. Another factor that plays an important role is the starting point of each country in the different aspects of mobility and transport, given that significant divergences still exist. Nonetheless, a more integrated, resilient, and greener transport network is a goal that will be reached through similar policy strategies across all countries. 2) The Recovery phase is not conceived as an opportunity to get back to the pre- pandemic status quo. By contrast, the National Recovery and Resilience Plans is seen as the unique opportunity to transform, sometimes even radically, the mobility and 216 166 plan. recovery own its developed country the UK the that given Moreover, yet. been provided not has the of Plan final a version as analysis, comparative the considered not are investments the but graph, the in shown is budget the therefore Plan, Resilience and Recovery 392 main trends. framework. These two factors combined allow to identify cross In addition, a general will of convergence among Member States is clearly outlined in the NRRP conc Flagships provided Commission European The trendsin transportMain mobility:and comparativea analysis countries analysed the of Plan Resilience and Recovery National each of budget the shows graph The shareRRFand budget of the analysedcountr andnationalstrategies European other insisting sameonthesubjects. important, is whenanalysingthe NationalRecovery Resilience and Plans, consider also to the reinforcepre framework NRRP the ground often covering all the transport and mobility modes. In these cases, the investments planned within are mobility will have access to a smaller budget from the RFF and (Sweden) France,are insisting on specific issues, not Spain, (Italy, transport RRF t contrast, By subjects. the of issues major the all tackling comprehensive, the on of share investments larger a Germany), from benefitting countries the of cases poli national specific other or Energy and Climate for Strategies National the as transport and mobility issues tackled in the NRRP are often backed by national strategies such Resilience and Recovery National the in proposed strategies policy the of majority vast the EU, Generation Next the by created momentum innovative the despite that notice to important finally is It AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE

Nota Bene Nota of sectorsface the ofthese of in Europe. i an for framework conceptual the constitute transition digital the extent less to and objectives climate The States. Member EU the of habits transport 392 has left the EU in January 2020, it is not included in the European Recovery Strategy, even though though even Strategy, Recovery European the included in is it not 2020, January in leftEU the has : at the present day : at present the . Both grants loansare and considered. . Both

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exception. no almost with Plans, Recovery in targeted infrastructure Extensions, reinforcement, and maintenance of railways, as well as main purchase of new trains are the is Rail areas. touristic t within the Flanders region. Italy plans to build more than 1700 km projectsof cycling paths both in urban and investment many of spend will Belgium subject strategies. recovery the is mobility urban infrastructure in subject Cycling prior a strategies. becoming is transport of mode alternative an as Cycling vehicles. emission (Il region Paris the the in notably increasing therefore and vehicles new invest will France journeys. of the of frequency purchase the by network transport public a investments important addition, In cableways. of construction the € other and Liège in where tramway the of Belgium, extension in as such projects, investment many of subjects the are undergrounds and tramways new of construction the Concretely, goals. t meet to emissions gas greenhouse reducing of need the by backed also is vision transportpublic and cycling fastest,the smartest, mostconvenientand mobility options.This transp on modes collective towards cars private on relies mostly still that split modal a shift to is Plans Resilience itall comes underlyinglogic NationalRecoveryurban theto and mobility, of When the in particular in and Plans, all Czech,Italian and Belgian, ones. almost in present is railways of Electrification railways. t freight Concerning million. while France allocates of investment an with 2025 by stations charging 000 50 of network a deploy to o network efficient an of development the in put is effort huge a cars, private of notably vehicles, of substitution the support to order In fleet. vehicle companies to replace their car fleet with greener vehicles, while France will replace the State’s for will Belgium policy. similar a implements Spain ones. electric new for cars fuelled fossil Franceallocates whereas For Plans. several allocates Germany in instance, addressed is fleets bus e car cars, private of Rega replacement progressive projects. investments and proposals policy different sectors. This shift towards electric mobility concerns both passengers and freight transport via mostpollutantof the ofone carboncleaningtheand footprint emissions reducingofaim the The use of electricity in mobility and transport is highly encouraged in all Recovery Pla AND INMOBILITY RECOVERY EUROPE 3.6 billion are allocated to an ambitious intervention in public transport which also includesalso which transport public in intervention ambitious an to allocated are billion 3.6 3) 2) 1)

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