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RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: AND TROJANS IN THE "" Author(s): DAVID M. POLLIO Reviewed work(s): Source: Vergilius (1959-), Vol. 52 (2006), pp. 96-107 Published by: The Vergilian Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41587328 . Accessed: 12/02/2013 21:01

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This content downloaded on Tue, 12 Feb 2013 21:01:21 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: GREEKS AND TROJANS IN THE AENEID

DAVID M. POLLIO

Introduction 's enmity towards the Trojans, which naturally leads her to supportthe Greeks, plays a key role in drivingthe action of 's . Of course, Hera is not alone, as her attitudeis shared among the gods by and and among mortals by , in particular.When we turnto Vergil's Aeneid, we find that Hera, in her new incarnationas ,not only retainsher hostilityin the aftermathof 's destruction,but with the help of her subalterns even incites groups of Italians to oppose the Trojan enterprise.But what are the attitudestowards Troy of the Aeneid's otherRomanized pro-Greekgods, surviving Greek heroes and other Greeks? , and Evander, for example, exhibit a much differentattitude from that of Juno- an attitudecharacterized by sympathyand respect for Troy and the Trojans. As we shall see, Vergil's Greeks are carefullyredrawn from the Iliad and Odysseyto evince new attitudestowards the Trojans based on theirexperiences during and afterthe . In this article, I will trace the attitudesof pro-Greekgods and Greek characterstowards Troy, the Trojan War, and individual Trojans in the Iliad , and Aeneid to demonstratethat Vergil, developing material primarilyfrom Homer,1 presents his readers with scenes of reconciliation between Greeks and Trojans in order to (1) ennoble the image of the defeated Trojans as they become Romans and (2) offer a possible model for Roman reconciliationin the aftermathof years of civil conflict.

1 Althoughother genres of literature- Greek and Romantragedy, in particular- influencedVergil's treatment ofthe Trojan War and its aftermath, none of them appear to havehad thepervasive and guidinginfluence of theHomeric epics for the theme of reconciliation.For the influenceof Greco-Romantragedy on theAeneid , see most recentlyPhilip Hardie, " and Tragedy," in Charles Martindale, ed., The Cambridge Companionto Virgil(Cambridge, 1997): 312-26.

Vergilius52 (2006) 96-107

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The Background: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey Althoughapproximately one-third of the Iliad's narrativeis devoted to battle scenes2- replete with a commensurate level of hostility, especially in the form of battlefield taunts and insult- there are neverthelessmany episodes characterizedby civilityand respect (if not outrightreconciliation) between Greeks and Trojans. Such episodes include the exchange of armorbetween Diomedes and in Book 6, the exchange of gifts between and in Book 7, and the reconciliationof and in Book 24. The fightingis also suspended forone-on-one combats between and in Book 3 and Ajax and Hector in Book 7, as well as for buryingthe dead in Books 7 and 24. In contrastto these moments of civility stands the implacable hostilityof Hera and Athena who, in the words of Bernard Knox, "hate Troy and the Trojans with a bitter,merciless hatred."3 Among the Iliad's immortals,the hostilityof these goddesses is matched most closely by Poseidon4 and among mortals,by Agamemnon. To be sure,Menelaus hates Paris fortaking up withHelen just as Achilles hates Hector for killing , but neither of these heroes displays Agamemnon's vitrioltowards Troy and all its inhabitants.5 In , we findthat the gods by and large have turnedtheir attentionfrom the Trojan War to other matters,such as the death of Agamemnon and the plight of . Among the Olympians mentionedin connection with the Iliad , Hera is absent, Athena is busy assisting Odysseus and his family, and Poseidon has redirected his 2 MarkEdwards, Homer : Poet of the Iliad (Baltimore1987) 78-81. On battlescenes in theIliad , generally,see BernardFenik, Typical Battle Scenes in theIliad (Wiesbaden 1968). 3 BernardKnox, "Introduction," in Robert Fagles, trans., Homer's Iliad (Penguin Classics, 4 1998)41. Althoughhe rescuesAeneas from Achilles (20.288-339) and, with , is usually creditedwith building Troy's walls. Forexample, Agamemnon's exhortation toMenelaus, as thelatter considers sparing the Trojansuppliant Adrestus: "would that none of them[i.e., Trojans]escape utter destructionat our hands; not even a babyboy whom his mother carries in her belly, not evenhe escape, but all withoutexception disappear from Troy unmourned and without a trace"(6.58-60). On thispassage, Edwards 201 commentsthat "the brutal episode serves toremind us ofthe Trojans' responsibility forbreaking the truce, and of the savagery... oftenapparent in Agamemnon.It also sets offthe extremecivility of the coming encounterbetween Diomedes and Glaucus." G. S. Kirk,The Iliad: A Commentary.Vol. II: Books5-8 (Cambridge 1990) ad 6.55-60:"Agamemnon's rebuke is remarkable...for itsruthlessness." Paolo Vivante,Homer (New Haven1985) 79-84, adroitly describes Agamemnon'sbehavior in the battle scenes as "particularlycruel and gruesome" (82).

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hostilitytowards Odysseus for the blinding of . Among mortals,mention of the Trojan War elicits neitheranger at the Trojans for incitinga war, nor joy at having won a war, but sadness for those who died or whose whereaboutsare unknown. Among the heroes who foughtat Troy, we see, for example, lamentingthe loss of many prominent Greeks- including Ajax, Achilles and his own son, (3.103-17)6- and Menelaus the loss of Agamemnon and Odysseus (4.183-6). Other characters,too, such as Penelope (1.337-44) and Telemachus and Pisistratus(4.183-8), feel the pains of the war, as they all mourn for loved ones killed (or thoughtto have been killed) eitherat Troy or on thejourney home.7

Vergil's Aeneid The Aeneid's opening lines suggest among otherthings that Homer's poetrywill influenceVergil's own and that Hera's hostilitytowards the Trojans in the Iliad will be transferredto Junoand become a prominent leitmotifin the Aeneid. Not even Troy's destructionis able to placate the wratharoused in thisgoddess by the Judgmentof Paris (1.23-7).8 Indeed, Juno's hostilitytowards the Trojans, as evidenced by her speeches to (1.65-75) and Allecto (7.293-322) and her manipulation of Aeolus, , Allecto and Juturnato harass the Trojans in Books 1, 5, 7 and 12 respectivelyraise questions in turnabout the attitudesof other pro-Greekgods, such as Athena and Poseidon. In the Aeneid, Athena (as , or Tritonia) "shows no hostilityto the Trojans in their journey"9and Poseidon (as Neptunus) speaks well of generally

6 He alsomentions the death of (3.193-8). 7 Agamemnon Onthe lamentations ofMenelaus, Telemachus, and Pisistratus, Alfred Heubeck et al., A Commentaryon Homer's Odyssey. Vol. I: Introductionand Books I -VIII (Oxford1988) ad 4.183-218,comments: "This passage displays in an extremeform the sentimentality characteristicofthe Odyssey ." She is also painfullyaware that Trojan success in Italywill one day lead to the destructionofCarthage, her most cherished city (1.12-22); other issues fueling her anger includethe fact that the Trojans trace their ancestry back to ,son of with (Juno's rival), and thehonors bestowed by Jupiteron theTrojan (1.28). For a metaphoricalinterpretation of the Aeneid's opening lines and Juno's monologue,see WernerKuehn, Goetterszenen bei Vergil(Heidelberg 1971) 11-14.On Juno'scharacterization in the Aeneid (contra Kuehn), see D. C. Feeney,The Gods in Epic:Poets and Critics of the Classical Tradition (Oxford 1991) 129-87. RobertColeman, "The Gods in the Aeneid in Ian McAuslanand Peter Walcot, eds., Virgil(Oxford 1990) 44 (withn. 24). For a surveyof Minerva'sappearances in the

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10 and attendsto ' requests on his behalf in Book 5. Furthermore, the notion that Minerva and Neptune have abandoned their former attitudetowards Troy is reinforcedby their appearance with Venus on Vulcan's shield in Book 8 in opposition to the gods of Egypt (8.698- 1 701 ).' Justas Minerva and Neptune's hostilitytowards Troy in the Iliad has subsided in the Aeneid, so too has the hostilityof Greek characterswho foughtat Troy, such as and Diomedes, as well as those who did not participatein the war, but who have Greek ties, such as and Evander.12In Book 1, for example, we see Dido welcoming the Trojans 13 upon their arrival at (1.562-78), praising Trojan uirtus (1.566), and even invitingthem to live in Carthage as equals (1.573-4). She also recalls for Aeneas the kind words of the exiled Greek Teucer, who once sought help fromDido's father,, in establishing a second Salamis on Cyprus:

ipse hostis Teucros insignilaude ferebat seque ortumantiqua Teucroruma stirpeuolebat.14 ( Aen. 1.625-6)

Aeneid, see CyrilBailey, Religion in Virgil(Oxford 1935) 152-7, and Elizabeth Henry, The A Aeneid 90-107. 10 Vigourof Prophecy: Study of Vergil's (Carbondale1989) NicholasHorsfall, ed., A Companionto theStudy of Vergil(Leiden 1995) 141-2. Coleman43: "TheTrojans are after all theseafarers of the story and Neptune's element is thesea. Moreover,as theLatin equivalent of Poseidonhe easilyassumes Poseidon's Homericrole of Trojan patron. Laocoon was his priest at Troy (2.201) and, although his oldanger at 'streachery finally prompted him (2.610, 5.810-1 1) tooverthrow thewalls he himself had built, he continues to be honouredby the Trojans and favourable totheir Fora of see 118-21. 11 voyage." survey Neptune'sappearances, Bailey Fora comparisonof the Roman and Egyptian gods on Aeneas'shield, see P. Hardie, Aeneid:Cosmos and 97-103. 12Virgil's Imperium(Oxford 1986) ,' comrade left on the Cyclops' island, welcomes the sight of the Trojans(3.599-606), but one suspects that given his precarious situation he wouldhave welcomedjust about anyone with more than one eye.E. L. Harrison,"Achaemenides' UnfinishedAccount: Vergil Aeneid 3.588-691," CP 81.2(1986) 146observes: "Vergil's linesare designed as a kindof a replayof the episode (2.57-198), except that now thetone is reversed:Achaemenides' despair is genuine,and this Greek helps the Trojans to escapefrom danger instead of treacherously exposing them to it.Doubtless Vergil is alreadymoving away from the anti -Greek atmosphere of Aeneid2, and towardthe reconciliationthat will gather pace later in the epic." influenced 14Admittedly, byMercury (1.302-4). TheGreek Teucer was the son of Telamón and (daughter of King Laomedon ofTroy), who claims to have been named after Teucer, one of the founders of the Trojan line.According to TimothyGantz, Early Greek : A Guideto Literary and Artistic

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( Theirenemy himself lauded the Trojans withconspicuous praise ' and claimed thathe was sprungfrom the Teucrians ancient stock.)

The referenceto Teucer's foundationof a new Salamis in Cyprus accords with the mythological tradition,15but Vergil seems to have invented Teucer's journey to Sidon.16 The addition of this seemingly minor detail is significantfor several reasons: (1) it gives Dido a link, however tenuous,between the Trojans and her own family,which adds plausibilityto her treatmentof Aeneas, and (2) it is an artfulway to introducepraise forthe Trojans froma hero who foughtagainst them. In Book 8, following the advice of the , Aeneas travels to Pallanteum and attemptsto forge an alliance with Evander and his Arcadians based on common ties of kinshipthrough the line of .17 As it turnsout, Evander welcomes Aeneas not necessarilybecause of a shared distantrelative, but because Aeneas reminds him of , 18 whom he met in Arcadia as a young man (8. 154-6). In his reply, Evander fondlyrecalls his meetingwith Priam and the Trojans, Anchises in particular: mirabarqueduces Teucros, mirabaret ipsum Laomedontiaden;sed cunctisaltior ibat Anchises. mihi mens iuuenali ardebatamore compellareuirum et dextraeconiungere dextram. (Aen. 8.161-4)

Sources(Baltimore 1993) 694, in '(lost) Teukros Odysseus accuses Teukros (theGreek Teucer) of likely treachery against the Greeks because of his Trojan ties. 15Gantz 694-5. R. D. Williams,Virgil's Aeneid. 2 vols. (Basingstoke1972-3) ad 1.619; John TheWorks ad 1.619. Conington,17 ofVergil (London 1858-71) Fora detailedanalysis of the relationship between Aeneas and Evander (as setforth in Aeneas'speech), see P. T. Eden,A Commentaryon Virgil: Aeneid VIII (Leiden 1975) ad 8.134-41.For a rhetoricalanalysis of Aeneas' speech, see GilbertHighet, The Speeches in Vergil'sAeneid (Princeton 1972) 79-80. On Evanderin the Aeneid , generally, see K. W. Gransden,Virgil, Aeneid VIII (Cambridge 1976) 24-9, and S. Papaioannou,"Founder, Civilizerand Leader:Vergil's Evander and His Role in the Originsof ," MnemosyneSer. 4 56.6(2003) 680-702. 18S. F. Wiltshire,Public and Private in Vergil'sAeneid (Amherst 1989) 96-8 observes thatthis episode underscores the importance ofinherited hospitality inthe Aeneid. R. A. Smith,The Primacy of Visionin Virgil'sAeneid (Austin 2005) 147-8,stresses the significanceofAeneas' physical appearance in this encounter.

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(/ wonderedat the , I wonderedat theson of Laomedon himself;but taller thanall strodeAnchises. My mind burnedwith a youthfuldesire to embrace the man and tojoin his righthand withmine.)

Evander's praise of Anchises is lavish and, as the context makes clear, thoroughlygenuine.19 Equally significantis the reason given a few lines earlierby Evander forthe Trojans' visit: nam meminiHesionae uisentemregna sororis LaomedontiadenPriamum Salamina petentem protinusArcadiae gélidos inuiserefinis, (Aen.%.'51-9)

{For I recall how Laomedon 's son, Priam, when heading to Salamis to see his sister's realms, continuedon to visitArcadia's cold territory.)

Priam's sister is Hesione, who lives in Salamis with her husband Telamón, the father of Teucer. Evander's mention of the Trojan Laomedon and his Greek progeny in Book 8 is reminiscentof Dido's recollection of Teucer in Book 1- a fact furtherunderscored by Evander's address of Aeneas as fortissime Teucrum ("bravest of the Teucrians," Aen. 8.154). Taken together,these complementaryepisodes reinforcethe image of reconciliationbetween Greeks and Trojans.20 Finally, in Book 1 1, we have the opportunityto hear the words (and wisdom) of Diomedes, a Greek hero who confrontedAeneas on the battlefieldat Troy in Homer's Iliad . Vergil has created an atmosphereof suspense for this speech by referringto Diomedes throughoutthe first half of the Aeneid in termsthat recall his considerableexploits at Troy as detailed in the Iliad. As W. W. de Grummond demonstrates,Vergil augments Diomedes' role in the destructionof Troy and, at times, elevates him even above Achilles: for example, Aeneas' desperate wish in Book 1 to have been killed at Troy by the "bravestof the Danaan race,

19 Fora discussionof the possible homoerotic undertones ofEvander' s reminiscence of Anchises,see CharlesLloyd, "The Evander-AnchisesConnection: Fathers, Sons, and HomoeroticDesire in Virgil's Aeneid Vergilius45 (1999)3-21. Theparallelism of the two scenes is notedby Williams and Conington ad 8.157.The morevexing question is whyPriam and the Trojans went out of their way to visit Arcadia in thefirst place. Conington ad 8.157points out that, "Anchises was connectedwith Arcadiain legend, his tomb being shown at Mount Anchisia near Orchomenos, 8.12";Servius ad 3.167 recalls a traditionthat makes Dardanus an Arcadian.

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Tydeus' son" (o Danaum fortissimegentis / Tydide,1.96-7), even though Aeneas had also foughtAchilles (Iliad 20).21 In the midst of a dispute, envoys sent by in Book 8 (8.9-10) returnwith the unfortunatenews thatDiomedes has refusedto join the fight(Aen . 1 1.252-95).22As we shall see, like Nestor,Menelaus and Odysseus in the Odyssey,Vergil's Diomedes does not look back to the events at Troy and theiraftermath with satisfactionor joy,23but with sorrow,and instead recalls the Greek transgressionsand violations that have caused them no end of suffering(Aen. 1 1.255-60).24 Nicholas Horsfall summarizes Diomedes' response as reported to the Latin assembly by Venulus, the leader of the envoys: "to Venulus, Diomedes offersnot troopsbut tragedy."25Diomedes emphasizes the misfortunesof the Greeks by citing seven examples of difficultor disastrous nosto i: those of Menelaus, Ulysses, , , Oilean Ajax, Agamemnon, and finally that of Diomedes himself, who is bereftof home, family and companions (Aen. 11.261-74).26 Diomedes traces his own misfortuneto his woundingof Venus and intimatesthat he will not now take up arms against her son, whom he foughtin single combat:

stetimustela aspera contra contulimusquemanus: expertocredite quantus in clipeum adsurgat,quo turbinetorqueat hastam. si duo praetereatalis Idaea tulisset terrauiros, ultro Inachias uenissetad urbes Dardanus, et uersis lugeretGraecia fatis.

( We stood against his bristlingweapons, we came to blows: trust one who knowsfrom experience how high he rises up withshield outstretched,with whatforce he hurls his spear. If Ida's land had produced two other such men, the Trojans would on their

21 For a surveyof Diomedes'appearances in theAeneid, see W. W. de Grummond "Virgil'sDiomedes," 21 (1967)40-1 and Wiltshire 100-2. Fora rhetoricalanalysis of Diomedes' speech, see Highet 56-7. E.g.,nec veterum memini laetorue malorum (1 1.280). Scelerum uiolauimus(255), uiolaui (277). 25 (258); Horsfall(1995) 187. ForDiomedes' experiences after the Trojan War, see Gantz699-700; Horsfall (1995) 187-8(with n. 11); andWiltshire 98-100. For the of otherheroes, see Malcolm Davies,The Greek (Bristol Classical Press 2001), and Gantz 657-717.

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own have come to the cities of Inachus and would be mourningreversed fates.) ( Aen. 1 1.282-7)

In this passage, Vergil has Diomedes recall his encounter with Aeneas in greatlyexaggerated terms, as Aeneas needs to be rescued from certaindeath by two gods, Aphroditeand Apollo, afterbeing struckwith a rock hurled by a previously-woundedDiomedes.27 Vergil assigns this "rewritten"version of the Homeric episode to the Greek hero in orderto demonstrateDiomedes' earnest commitmentto peace, for the sake of which he will even downplay his own heroism and fightingprowess. According to Horsfall, Diomedes has "meditated upon his glory and learned how littlehe has in the end won by it. His record as a hero now matters less than peace in and to that end he rewrites 'what happened'."28 Diomedes then closes his speech by stressing the role played in the defenseof Troy by Hector and Aeneas:

quidquid apud durae cessatum est moenia Troiae, HectorisAeneaeque manu uictoriaGraium haesit et in decimumuestigia rettulitannum. ambo animis,ambo insignespraestantibus armis, hie pietateprior, coeant in foederadextrae, qua datur;ast armis concurrantarma cauete. {Aen. 1 1.288-93)

( Whateverdelay there was before the walls of enduring Troy, Greek victorywas checked by the hand of Hector and Aeneas and was caused to revert until the tenth year. Both were distinguishedin courage, both in excellence in arms, the latter foremost in piety. Let their right hands join in treaty as is permitted;beware of clashing arms against arms.)

Once again, Diomedes elevates Aeneas' role for the sake of persuading the to avoid war at all costs. Furthermore,in recognizing Aeneas' , Diomedes has exchanged (what has apparentlybecome for him) outmoded Homeric ideals that emphasize

27 Iliad 5.239-459.Nicholas Horsfall, Vergil, Aeneid 11: A Commentary(Leiden 2003) ad 11.243-95, considers Aeneas a forDiomedes. 28 "negligibleopponent" Horsfall2003 ad 11.243-95. Wiltshire 103: "far from having clearly bested Aeneas on theplains of Troy,Diomedes presents himself as if he hadbeen the loser rather than victorin that confrontation."

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excellence in arms fora new understandingof humanitythat emphasizes excellence in character.As Susan Ford Wiltshireremarks: "Vergil has introduceda new categoryof consciousness into the poem. Hector and Aeneas were equally skilled in arms... but Aeneas is superioras a human being... War can no longerbe waged along purelyHomeric lines."29 Diomedes' attitudetowards Troy and the Trojans has a poignant precedentin Odyssey 8 that deepens our understandingof his decision. After Alcinous declares his intentionsto assist the as-yet unnamed Odysseus, the blind bard Demodocus launches into a song about the Trojan War thatfeatures a quarrelbetween Odysseus and Achilles (8.75- 82) to which Odysseus reacts by hiding his face and weeping (8.83-6). Later, prompted by Odysseus himself, Demodocus sings about the Wooden Horse, the sack of Troy and Odysseus' defeat of ; this time Odysseus "melts into tears" and weeps like a captive woman weeping for her dead husband (8.521-35). On this arrestingscene, the Oxfordcommentators observe: "weeping in Homer is the expressionof a very wide range of emotion (fear, relief,vexation, pity, sense of loss, failureor helplessness),but none exactly fitthe case of a man who weeps at the recollectionof victory."30The pain thatOdysseus feels in recalling even victorious moments from the Trojan War is shared by Vergil's Diomedes, and taken together these scenes are a reminder of the consequences of war, which can blur even the ostensibly obvious distinctionbetween victors and vanquished.31 Through studied self-reflection,Diomedes has come to regretthe - actions of the Greeks at Troy and, as a result- like Aeneas in Book 2 presents the sack of Troy as "an act of moral outrage," deliberately juxtaposing the piety of Aeneas with the impiety of the Greeks.32 Vergil's Diomedes achieves a level of insightinto the human condition - comparable to that of, say, Achilles in Iliad 24 with one important difference:Diomedes (like Achilles) may have suffered irreversible

29Wiltshire 103-4. Heubecket al. ad 8.522. Feeney143 observes:"The Aeneidreflects the tragic insights into the guilt and sufferingofvictory which the sack of Troy is capableof representing inthe Odyssey , and especiallyin Athenian tragedy." P. A. Perotti,"La Rivincitadei Troiani," Latomus 61.3 (2002) 628-42considers how Vergilmakes clear that the Greeks, while apparently victoriousin theTrojan War, in factgained only a superficialvictory, equivalent to a moraldefeat. K. W. Gransden,Vergil's Aeneid: An Essay on Epic Narrative (Cambridge 1984) 175- 6.

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losses, but he (unlike Achilles) will live long enough to put what he has learned into practice by declining to fightagainst Aeneas. Diomedes is proofthat attitudes can change and thatreconciliation is indeed possible, if one is willing to reflecthonestly on and learn frompast experiences.In the words of Wiltshireagain, Vergil's Diomedes has been "shown to convertfrom the Homeric ideal of war to the Augustanideal of peace."33

Conclusion In his discussion of Daedalus in Book 6, ViktorPöschl observes:

"Daedalus, like so manyothers in the poem, like ,Diomedes, Andromacheand , Dido and Evander, is an exile. This alone relates him to Aeneas and connects his fate most intimatelywith the main themeof the poem- the search fora new home."34

It is worthnoting that the subjects of this study,too - all of whom (with the exception of Teucer) appear on Pöschl's list- are exiles, which may explain why characters such as Dido, Teucer, Evander, and Diomedes are able to sympathize with the plight of Aeneas and the Trojans. The experience of exile explains, in particular, Diomedes' attitudetowards Aeneas, as it certainlywould have been in keeping with his Homeric persona to have been eager to resume his former hostilities.35In the final analysis, however,just as Juno's reconciliation withJupiter in Book 12 is a problematicresolution of theAeneid's divine discord,36the scenes of reconciliation between Greeks and Trojans likewise present a problematic model of success for the mortal characters,as even the pleas for peace of a respected Greek hero like Diomedes will ultimatelyfall on deaf ears and fail to prevent further

33Wiltshire 100. ViktorPöschl, The Art of Vergil:Image and Symbol in the Aeneid , trons. G. Seligson (AnnArbor 1962) 150. For an overviewof the theme of exile in the works of Vergil, see A. J.Gossage, "Vergil in Exile,"PVS 1 (1961-2)35-45. Gordon Williams, Technique andIdeas in theAeneid (New Haven 1983) 183-202, discusses the pathos generated by imagesof warriors who have died "far from a belovedhomeland" (198). 35De Grummond40. 36 D. C. Feeney,"The Reconciliations ofJuno," in S. J.Harrison, ed., Oxford Readings in Vergil'sAeneid (Oxford 1990) 362, forexample, asserts: "In theAeneid Juno moves someconsiderable distance from her original stance of total opposition to Rome.At the endof the epic the forces represented byJuno nudge closer to thoseof , and rest therefor the while, in tension."

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bloodshed between Trojans and Latins. Unlike Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneiď s sudden and powerful ending does not leave us with a clear image of reconciliation, but only with an invitationto speculate as to what happens next- an appropriatesentiment given the shiftingsocial and political climate in the years afterActium.

CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT UNIVERSITY

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