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RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: GREEKS and TROJANS in the "AENEID" Author(S): DAVID M

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RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: GREEKS AND TROJANS IN THE "AENEID" Author(s): DAVID M. POLLIO Reviewed work(s): Source: Vergilius (1959-), Vol. 52 (2006), pp. 96-107 Published by: The Vergilian Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41587328 . Accessed: 12/02/2013 21:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Vergilian Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Vergilius (1959-). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Tue, 12 Feb 2013 21:01:21 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: GREEKS AND TROJANS IN THE AENEID DAVID M. POLLIO Introduction Hera's enmity towards the Trojans, which naturally leads her to supportthe Greeks, plays a key role in drivingthe action of Homer's Iliad. Of course, Hera is not alone, as her attitudeis shared among the gods by Athena and Poseidon and among mortals by Agamemnon, in particular.When we turnto Vergil's Aeneid, we find that Hera, in her new incarnationas Juno,not only retainsher hostilityin the aftermathof Troy's destruction,but with the help of her subalterns even incites groups of Italians to oppose the Trojan enterprise.But what are the attitudestowards Troy of the Aeneid's otherRomanized pro-Greekgods, surviving Greek heroes and other Greeks? Neptune, Diomedes and Evander, for example, exhibit a much differentattitude from that of Juno- an attitudecharacterized by sympathyand respect for Troy and the Trojans. As we shall see, Vergil's Greeks are carefullyredrawn from the Iliad and Odysseyto evince new attitudestowards the Trojans based on theirexperiences during and afterthe Trojan War. In this article, I will trace the attitudesof pro-Greekgods and Greek characterstowards Troy, the Trojan War, and individual Trojans in the Iliad , Odyssey and Aeneid to demonstratethat Vergil, developing material primarilyfrom Homer,1 presents his readers with scenes of reconciliation between Greeks and Trojans in order to (1) ennoble the image of the defeated Trojans as they become Romans and (2) offer a possible model for Roman reconciliationin the aftermathof years of civil conflict. 1 Althoughother genres of literature- Greek and Romantragedy, in particular- influencedVergil's treatment ofthe Trojan War and its aftermath, none of them appear to havehad thepervasive and guidinginfluence of theHomeric epics for the theme of reconciliation.For the influenceof Greco-Romantragedy on theAeneid , see most recentlyPhilip Hardie, "Virgil and Tragedy," in Charles Martindale, ed., The Cambridge Companionto Virgil(Cambridge, 1997): 312-26. Vergilius52 (2006) 96-107 This content downloaded on Tue, 12 Feb 2013 21:01:21 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Reconcilable Differences 97 The Background: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey Althoughapproximately one-third of the Iliad's narrativeis devoted to battle scenes2- replete with a commensurate level of hostility, especially in the form of battlefield taunts and insult- there are neverthelessmany episodes characterizedby civilityand respect (if not outrightreconciliation) between Greeks and Trojans. Such episodes include the exchange of armorbetween Diomedes and Glaucus in Book 6, the exchange of gifts between Ajax and Hector in Book 7, and the reconciliationof Priam and Achilles in Book 24. The fightingis also suspended forone-on-one combats between Menelaus and Paris in Book 3 and Ajax and Hector in Book 7, as well as for buryingthe dead in Books 7 and 24. In contrastto these moments of civility stands the implacable hostilityof Hera and Athena who, in the words of Bernard Knox, "hate Troy and the Trojans with a bitter,merciless hatred."3 Among the Iliad's immortals,the hostilityof these goddesses is matched most closely by Poseidon4 and among mortals,by Agamemnon. To be sure,Menelaus hates Paris fortaking up withHelen just as Achilles hates Hector for killing Patroclus, but neither of these heroes displays Agamemnon's vitrioltowards Troy and all its inhabitants.5 In the Odyssey, we findthat the gods by and large have turnedtheir attentionfrom the Trojan War to other matters,such as the death of Agamemnon and the plight of Odysseus. Among the Olympians mentionedin connection with the Iliad , Hera is absent, Athena is busy assisting Odysseus and his family, and Poseidon has redirected his 2 MarkEdwards, Homer : Poet of the Iliad (Baltimore1987) 78-81. On battlescenes in theIliad , generally,see BernardFenik, Typical Battle Scenes in theIliad (Wiesbaden 1968). 3 BernardKnox, "Introduction," in Robert Fagles, trans., Homer's Iliad (Penguin Classics, 4 1998)41. Althoughhe rescuesAeneas from Achilles (20.288-339) and, with Apollo, is usually creditedwith building Troy's walls. Forexample, Agamemnon's exhortation toMenelaus, as thelatter considers sparing the Trojansuppliant Adrestus: "would that none of them[i.e., Trojans]escape utter destructionat our hands; not even a babyboy whom his mother carries in her belly, not evenhe escape, but all withoutexception disappear from Troy unmourned and without a trace"(6.58-60). On thispassage, Edwards 201 commentsthat "the brutal episode serves toremind us ofthe Trojans' responsibility forbreaking the truce, and of the savagery... oftenapparent in Agamemnon.It also sets offthe extremecivility of the coming encounterbetween Diomedes and Glaucus." G. S. Kirk,The Iliad: A Commentary.Vol. II: Books5-8 (Cambridge 1990) ad 6.55-60:"Agamemnon's rebuke is remarkable...for itsruthlessness." Paolo Vivante,Homer (New Haven1985) 79-84, adroitly describes Agamemnon'sbehavior in the battle scenes as "particularlycruel and gruesome" (82). This content downloaded on Tue, 12 Feb 2013 21:01:21 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 98 David M. Rollio hostilitytowards Odysseus for the blinding of Polyphemus. Among mortals,mention of the Trojan War elicits neitheranger at the Trojans for incitinga war, nor joy at having won a war, but sadness for those who died or whose whereaboutsare unknown. Among the heroes who foughtat Troy, we see, for example, Nestor lamentingthe loss of many prominent Greeks- including Ajax, Achilles and his own son, Antilochus (3.103-17)6- and Menelaus the loss of Agamemnon and Odysseus (4.183-6). Other characters,too, such as Penelope (1.337-44) and Telemachus and Pisistratus(4.183-8), feel the pains of the war, as they all mourn for loved ones killed (or thoughtto have been killed) eitherat Troy or on thejourney home.7 Vergil's Aeneid The Aeneid's opening lines suggest among otherthings that Homer's poetrywill influenceVergil's own and that Hera's hostilitytowards the Trojans in the Iliad will be transferredto Junoand become a prominent leitmotifin the Aeneid. Not even Troy's destructionis able to placate the wratharoused in thisgoddess by the Judgmentof Paris (1.23-7).8 Indeed, Juno's hostilitytowards the Trojans, as evidenced by her speeches to Aeolus (1.65-75) and Allecto (7.293-322) and her manipulation of Aeolus, Iris, Allecto and Juturnato harass the Trojans in Books 1, 5, 7 and 12 respectivelyraise questions in turnabout the attitudesof other pro-Greekgods, such as Athena and Poseidon. In the Aeneid, Athena (as Minerva, Pallas or Tritonia) "shows no hostilityto the Trojans in their journey"9and Poseidon (as Neptunus) speaks well of Aeneas generally 6 He alsomentions the death of (3.193-8). 7 Agamemnon Onthe lamentations ofMenelaus, Telemachus, and Pisistratus, Alfred Heubeck et al., A Commentaryon Homer's Odyssey. Vol. I: Introductionand Books I -VIII (Oxford1988) ad 4.183-218,comments: "This passage displays in an extremeform the sentimentality characteristicofthe Odyssey ." She is also painfullyaware that Trojan success in Italywill one day lead to the destructionofCarthage, her most cherished city (1.12-22); other issues fueling her anger includethe fact that the Trojans trace their ancestry back to Dardanus,son of Zeus with Electra(Juno's rival), and thehonors bestowed by Jupiteron theTrojan Ganymede (1.28). For a metaphoricalinterpretation of the Aeneid's opening lines and Juno's monologue,see WernerKuehn, Goetterszenen bei Vergil(Heidelberg 1971) 11-14.On Juno'scharacterization in the Aeneid (contra Kuehn), see D. C. Feeney,The Gods in Epic:Poets and Critics of the Classical Tradition (Oxford 1991) 129-87. RobertColeman, "The Gods in the Aeneid in Ian McAuslanand Peter Walcot, eds., Virgil(Oxford 1990) 44 (withn. 24). For a surveyof Minerva'sappearances in the This content downloaded on Tue, 12 Feb 2013 21:01:21 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Reconcilable Differences 99 10 and attendsto Venus' requests on his behalf in Book 5. Furthermore, the notion that Minerva and Neptune have abandoned their former attitudetowards Troy is reinforcedby their appearance with Venus on Vulcan's shield in Book 8 in opposition to the gods of Egypt (8.698- 1 701 ).' Justas Minerva and Neptune's hostilitytowards Troy in the Iliad has subsided in the Aeneid, so too has the hostilityof Greek characterswho foughtat Troy, such as Teucer and Diomedes, as well as those who did not participatein the war, but who have Greek ties, such as Dido and Evander.12In Book 1, for example, we see Dido welcoming the Trojans 13 upon their arrival at Carthage (1.562-78), praising Trojan uirtus (1.566), and even invitingthem to live in Carthage as equals (1.573-4). She also recalls for Aeneas the kind words of the exiled Greek hero Teucer, who once sought help fromDido's father,Belus, in establishing a second Salamis on Cyprus: ipse hostis Teucros insignilaude ferebat seque ortumantiqua Teucroruma stirpeuolebat.14 ( Aen. 1.625-6) Aeneid, see CyrilBailey, Religion in Virgil(Oxford 1935) 152-7, and Elizabeth Henry, The A Aeneid 90-107.
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  • Brothers Fighting Together in the Iliad

    Brothers Fighting Together in the Iliad

    BROTHERS FIGHTING TOGETHER IN THE ILIAD I We find in the Iliad numerous pairs of brothers (or half­ brothers on the father's side, or first cousins on the father's side) fighting together on foot or in the combination of chario­ teer-paraibates 1). And this is not confined to the men who are said to have taken part in the Trojan war, but it embraces the "mythical world of the past" 2), that of the demigods 3), the rivers 4) and even the gods 5). Moreover, if we turn to the leaders of the various groups of Greeks and Trojans, as given in book 11, we find that a 1). Such for example are: Ajax Telarnonius and Teucer (the Atav'ts, cf. p. 291), Mynes and Epistrophus (II 692f.), Phegeus and Idaeus (V 10f.), Echemon and Chromios (V 159 f.), Krethon and Orsilochus (V 542 f,), Aesepus and Pedasus (VI 21 f.), Hector and Alexander (VI 514 f., cf. VII 1 f.), Ascalaphus and lalmenus (IX 82f., cf. II 512), Peisandrus and Hip­ polochus (XI 122 f.), Hippodamus and Hypeirochus (XI 328 f.), Charops and Socus (XI 426 f.), the Molione (XI 750, 709 f.; XXIII 638 f.), Polybus, Agenor and Akarnas (XI 59 f.), Helenos and Deiphobus (XII 94 f,), Archelochus and Akamas (XIV 463 f.), Hector and Cebriones (XII 86 f.), Deiphobus and Polites (XIII 533 f.), Podarces and Iphiclus (XIII 693 f,), Deiphohus and Helenos (XIII 780 f.), Ascanius and Morys (XIII 792 f.), Atymnius and Maris (XVI 317 f.), Antilochus and Thrasymedes (XVI 322; XVII 377 f.; XVII 705), Euphorbus and Polydamas (XVII 1 f.), Chromius and Aretus (XVII 492 f.), Aretus and Hector (XVII 516), Polydorus and Hector (XX 407 f,), Laogonus and Dardanus (XX 460 f.), or Deiphobus and Hector (XXII 226 f.).