Deer Damage Control

Home , Fagus sylvatica, Lilium lancifolium

Ohio Department of Natural Resources Publication 138 DIVISION OF WILDLIFE (R300) Deer Damage Control

options, besides the obvious one of includ- ing less desirable plants in their landscape arrangements (Tables 1 and 2), that they can incorporate into their management plans for reducing deer damage problems. White-tailed deer have long been enjoyed Deer Damage Control Options for their grace and beauty and respected for their wiles and cunning by nearly everyone. Deer damage control options can gener- Rare is the individual who has not had the op- ally be placed into one of the following cat- portunity to stare in wonder and amazement egories: 1) a device or technique designed to as a majestic whitetail seemed to material- scare intruders away; 2) some type of physi- ize out of thin air, either walk nonchalantly cal barrier to prevent entry; 3) chemical repel- or run with its flag waving through a field, lents; or 4) lethal measures. In determining only to disappear as mysteriously as it first which of these options best suits the needs appeared. of the person experiencing deer damage, one needs to consider the type, timing, and However, expanding deer populations extent of damage, as well as the deer popula- throughout the state, as well as the nation, tion in the area, availability of alternate deer have resulted in concern about the deer’s foods and cover, the general characteristics negative impacts on man’s activities. Be- of the site to be protected, and the mate- cause of the nature of their operation, farm- rial and labor costs of the various options. ers, orchardists, and nursery operators have Obviously, where the pressure or amount of had to contend with the negative aspects of deer damage inflicted on the crop or planting deer for a long time, but relatively low deer is light, justifying costly or extremely labor- populations tended to keep damage prob- intensive techniques is difficult unless the lems at tolerable levels. After all, they tend value of the crop warrants the expense. On to enjoy the sight of deer as much, if not the other hand, methods best suited to light more than, anyone else. But deer popula- damage will not be effective if deer pressure tions have grown and they have adapted to on the specific planting is heavy. Regard- our presence. Furthermore, we are continu- less of the technique used, one should bear ing to manipulate the deer’s habitat to suit in mind that control measures tend to be our needs (i.e.,highways, shopping malls, most successful when implemented prior to housing developments, etc.). This can only or during the onset of problems. Behavior result in greater interaction and problems modification is easiest to achieve before a in the future. This brochure provides land- habit or dependency develops. A discussion owners with the various currently available of the various options follows.

Ted Strickland, Governor • Sean D. Logan, Director • David M. Graham, Chief Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H Control Methods in that they must be moved periodically to remain effective. Despite their noise, wildlife Scare Devices and Techniques will become accustomed to the disturbance, particularly if the disturbance is stationary. Probably the simplest and least expensive Frequency of equipment movement will method for deterring deer would involve the vary depending on local conditions - type of use of streamers, flags, aluminum pie pans, crop being protected, rotating or stationary or any other device or material that either cannon, availability of alternate habitat, etc. moves in the breeze or throws a reflection - and is best determined by monitoring the when illuminated by a natural or artificial crop for evidence of continued damage. light. When deer pressure is light and alternate foods and cover are readily available, A relatively new and interesting scare the motion or reflection that is produced may technique involves the use of one or more be sufficient to reduce damage to tolerable guard dogs confined within the area to be levels. However, deer quickly become ac- protected by an electric wire buried just be- customed to the disturbance that these de- low the surface of the ground. This “invisible vices produce. Unless one is willing to move fence” operates like systems used by many these devices every two or three days within homeowners desiring to keep the family the area to be protected, their effectiveness pet in their yard. When the dog, which is drops rapidly. Additionally, still, moonless wearing a receiver on its collar, approaches nights render this technique useless. One the wire, it first receives a warning sound. should consider this technique only if the Further movement towards the wire results period of damage is of short duration and in the dog receiving a mild but attention the value of the plants being protected is grabbing electrical shock. To be effective, minimal. the dog must remain within the confines of the area needing protection during the time Propane can- that protection is needed. This necessitates nons or explod- proper conditioning of the dog to the device. ers are another Costs for this protection will likely be higher option available to than for other scare devices, but because the property owners ex- dog is mobile it is able to more effectively periencing light to protect a larger area. Depending on the size moderate deer dam- of the area and the desirability of the crop age. While consider- being protected, more than one dog may ably more expen- be needed. Research evaluating a system sive than streamers manufactured and marketed by Off Limits® and reflectors, they Crop Protection Systems (1-800-923-PEST) are an affordable Propane cannon. appears promising. Contact the company for tool (approximately additional information. $350 and available through various mail or- der nursery, forestry, and agricultural supply Physical Barriers dealers) that will last for years when given proper care. Most operate on an adjustable Properly constructed physical barriers, or timer so that the frequency of discharge can fences, are intended to exclude deer from be varied, and some rotate so that the sound entering an area, thereby reducing damage to appears to move around or originate from negligible levels. The vast variations in fence different locations. Additionally, they operate design, which are limited only by one’s imagi- regardless of the weather and light conditions nation, greatly influence their effectiveness to more effectively scare deer and other wild- in achieving this objective. Current fence life from the area being protected. As with designs vary from as simple as a single strand streamers, however, they do require attention of electric wire to as elaborate as a woven, or livestock, wire fence eight feet or more tall. Obviously, fence design has a tremen- The three-wire two-dimensional fence (Fig. dous impact on installation and maintenance 1) involves the construction of two separate costs, as well as its life expectancy. fences, one 38 inches inside the other. As with the single wire fence, this and all suc- For individuals desiring long-term protec- cessive fences are electrified. Vertical posts tion of valuable crops such as a commercial are set 120 feet apart with wire spacers set orchard or nursery operation, the costs of an on 30-foot intervals between the posts. The eight-foot woven wire fence may be justified. outer fence consists of two wires, one set 15 Fence construction involves setting 10- to inches off the ground, the other 43 inches 12-foot poles into the ground so that eight from the ground. The inner fence has a single feet are above ground. Two courses of four- strand of wire set 30 inches from the ground. foot woven wire are then stapled to the poles The idea is that the depth of the two fences so that the effective height of the fence is will discourage deer from jumping the fence eight feet. Since this fence has considerable as they are too close for deer to easily jump weight, use of the longer poles on the corners each fence separately without making con- and interspersed along the sides is advised. tact with one of the fences, and far enough This fence is extremely effective in exclud- apart that the deer are not able to easily ing deer, however it is also quite expensive jump both at the same time. Like the single to construct and maintain. For this reason, strand with peanut butter enticements, this it should only be considered when the crop fence tends to be most successful in reduc- is valuable and deer pressure is high. ing deer damage when the deer pressure is On the other hand, the average homeown- low to moderate and the needed period of er trying to protect a small family garden or protection is short. orchard may be satisfied with the results of a Another design that has received consid- single strand of electric wire to which strips erable attention is the Penn State Five-Wire of aluminum foil covered with a thin layer Fence (Fig. 2). With this design, the area is of peanut butter have been attached. The enclosed by five separate strands of wire. strips are attached at approximately three- foot intervals. The peanut butter serves as an enticement to the deer and the foil is an excellent conductor of electricity. The end result is that the deer receives a noticeable jolt to the nose or tongue. Rarely does a deer need more than one or two experiences like that to discourage it from visiting the area. This barrier is not as effective as the woven wire fence because the barrier consists of one strand of wire, about 30 inches off 43” the ground. If the palatability of the crop 30” inside the wire is greater than the peanut butter, a deer has only to jump the fence, thereby reducing the fence’s effectiveness.

It is, however, much more affordable and 15” requires considerably less effort to install 38” and maintain. For those interested in fencing, but whose 120’ needs fall somewhere between an elaborate eight-foot fence and a simple, single electric Fig. 1. Wire spacings for the 3-wire 2- dimensional fence are shown relative to the ground. Wire spacers line, there are a variety of options available. every 30 feet help prevent wire sag. The first wire is attached to a vertical pole With the Slanted Deer Fence, the electric at a height of 10 inches from the ground. wires are attached to a slanted seven-foot rail Each successive wire is positioned 12 inches which in turn is attached to a vertical post above the previous one. Total height on this (Fig. 2). To construct this fence, vertical posts fence is 58 inches. In an effort to provide are placed no more than 60 feet apart. A rail additional security, some have added one is then attached to each post four feet from or more additional wires. All wires are then the ground so that the horizontal distance moved closer so that the overall height re- from the pole to the long end of the rail is mains the same. This is certainly acceptable, 56 inches. The high side of the rail should however reducing the number of electric be on the side furthest from the area being strands while maintaining the same overall protected. At this point, the structure has height, which is important, is not recom- the appearance of a right triangle with the mended as deer may be able to successfully rail serving as the hypotenuse. Wires are run squeeze through the larger openings. from rail to rail with the first wire placed 10 inches from the ground end of the hypotenuse. Successive wires are spaced along the hypotenuse at one-foot intervals. Penn State 5-Wire Deer Fence The last two fence designs described above and shown in Figure 2 have been 12” used quite successfully to exclude deer from airports, where deer on the runway are an aviation hazard, and commercial orchards. 12” Reported deer intrusions have been rare and have generally been the result of a power 12” failure or a gate having been left open. All fences require maintenance to ensure that they continue to function satisfactorily, how- 58” 12” ever annual maintenance costs after initial construction tend to be low and some have 10” rather long life expectancies. Additionally, the more elaborate fences work well even where deer pressure is high. 7-Wire Slanted Deer Fence Chemical Repellents 12” 12” Chemical repellents, which are as varied as fence designs, act on a deer’s senses of 12” smell and taste to reduce, rather than elimi- 12” nate, plant damage. Repellents range from 4’ 12” homemade remedies such as soap, tankage, or human hair to commercially available 12” preparations that impart a foul taste or odor 10” to the crop. Exercise care when applying any odor or taste repellent to edible plants as it 56” can render them unfit for human consump- tion if applied at the wrong time. Be certain Fig. 2. Wires for the Penn State 5-wire Deer Fence to follow manufacturer’s guidelines and (top) and the 7-wire Slanted Deer Fence (bottom) established procedures closely. That warn- are located 10 inches from the ground for the bottom wire and then at 12-inch increments. Verticle ing aside, repellents can be an economical posts are spaced 30 to 60 feet apart. and effective technique for achieving damage reduction, particularly if started before situations, the harvest of a relatively few deer, noticeable damage occurs. Chemical re-ap- in addition to the regular harvest, reduces plication is frequently needed during the the population to a level that allows for suf- growing season as any growth occurring after ficient deer for people to see and enjoy while treatment is not protected. Additionally, rain reducing crop depredation to tolerable levels, often removes the residual repellent from the particularly when other damage reduction plant, thereby leaving it unprotected. techniques are utilized. Where deer pressure is light, individuals When other techniques are ineffective may receive satisfactory results by hanging or impractical and the need to remove deer bags of human hair, particularly if fragrant is urgent, the Division has a program that additives such as cologne or after shave lo- permits the lethal removal of deer from the tion have been included, from trees or stakes problem area. After an examination of the around and within the area to be treated. situation, the wildlife officer may issue a Bags of tankage and bars of soap have also permit that allows for the out-of-season cull- been used with varying degrees of success. ing of a limited number of deer. Landowners Heavier deer pressure typically requires the experiencing crop damage should consult use of stronger medicine to achieve satisfac- with their county wildlife officer or contact tory results. The products shown in Table the nearest district office for assistance. 3 provide the reader with an idea of the products that are commercially available. It Ashtabula Lake is not intended as an endorsement of any Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa Wood Geauga Trumbull product to the exclusion of others on the Henry Cuyahoga Defiance Sandusky Erie Lorain Portage Paulding Huron Medina Summit market. Increased demand for products that Seneca Putnam Hancock reduce wildlife damage has resulted in a tre- # Mahoning Van Wert # 2 Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Stark Columbiana mendous growth in the number of products Allen 3 Hardin Mercer Carroll Auglaize Marion Holmes available. Home and garden centers, as well Morrow Tuscarawas Knox Jefferson Logan Shelby Union Coshocton as agricultural and supply businesses that Delaware Harrison Darke

Champaign Licking handle seed and fertilizer, frequently carry Miami Guernsey Muskingum Belmont Madison Franklin Clark 1 a wide assortment of chemical repellents. # Fairfield Preble Montgomery Perry Noble Monroe Greene Pickaway Sales representatives should be capable of Morgan # Fayette recommending a product that properly meets Hocking Washington Butler Warren Clinton Ross 5 Athens4 one’s needs. Vinton Hamilton Highland # Clermont Meigs Pike Jackson

Lethal Measures Brown Adams Gallia Scioto

The Division of Wildlife recognizes the Lawrence value of hunting as an important management tool and advocates its use wherever possible. Property owners, especially those Wildlife District One Wildlife District 4 1500 Dublin Road 360 East State Street in prime deer habitat, should anticipate the Columbus, Ohio 43215 Athens, Ohio 45701 possibility of damage and utilize hunting, (614) 644-3925 (740) 589-9930 where possible, as a preventative management technique that permits the wise and Wildlife District Two Wildlife District Five responsible use of the deer resource and 952 Lima Ave. 1076 Old Springfield Pike Findlay, Ohio 45840 Xenia, Ohio 45385 reduces the potential for future problems. (419) 424-5000 (937) 372-9261 To provide for an increased harvest in areas where deer are a problem, the Division pro- Wildlife District Three vides landowners with permits allowing for 912 Portage Lakes Drive the harvest of additional deer during any of Akron, Ohio 44319 (330) 644-2293 the regular deer seasons. In many problem Table 1. A Guide for Annuals, Biennials, Perennials, Groundcovers and Vines Damaged by Deer (courtesy of Cornell Cooperative Extension, Westchester County, New York).

PLANTS RARELY OR NEVER EATEN Botanical Name Common Name Botanical Name Common Name Annuals and Biennials Coreospsis spp...... Coreopsis Stachys byzantina ...... Lamb’s Ear Thelypteris noveboracensis ...... New York Fern Botanical Name Common Name Dennstaedtia punctilobula ...... Hay-scented Fern Tanacetum spp...... Tansy Ageratum houstonaianum ...... Ageratum Dianthus spp...... Sweet William, Pinks Verbascum spp...... Mullein Antirrhinum majus ...... Snapdragon Dicentra exima ...... Bleeding Heart Veronica latifolia ...... Hungarian Speedwell Begonia x semperflorenscultorum ..Begonia Dictamnus albus ...... Gas Plant Vinca major ...... Greater Periwinkle Cleome hasslerana ...... Cleome Echinacea purpurea ...... Purple Coneflower Viola labridorica ...... Labrador Violet Dahlia spp...... Dahlia Echinops spp...... Globe Thistle Yucca spp...... Yucca Datura spp...... Thorn Apple Erica spp...... Heath Digitalis spp...... Foxglove Eupatorium spp...... Joe-Pye Weed Perennial Groundcovers Gaillardia pulchella ...... Blanket Flower Euphorbia spp...... Spurge Botanical Name Common Name Heliotropium arborecens ...... Heliotrope Filipendula spp...... Queen-of-the-Prairie Aegopodium podagraria ...... Bishop’s Weed Hypoestes phyllostachya ...... Polka-Dot Plant Fritallaria imperialis ...... Crown Imperial Ajuga reptans ...... Buggleweed Ipomoea spp...... Morning Glory Geum spp...... Avens Asperula oderata ...... Sweet Woodruff Lobelia erinus ...... Edging Lobelia Gypsophila paniculata ...... Baby’s Breath Convallaria majalis ...... Lily-of-the-Valley Lobularia maritima ...... Sweet Alyssum Helleborus spp...... Hellebore Epimedium spp...... Barrenwort Mirabalis jalapa ...... Four-O-Clock Iberis sepervirens ...... Candytuft Lamium spp...... Dead Nettle Myosotis sylvatica ...... Forget-Me-Not Kirengeshoma palmata ...... Kirengeshoma Pachysandra terminalis ...... Japanese Pachysandra Ocimum basilicum ...... Sweet Basil Lavandula spp...... Lavender Vinca minor ...... Periwinkle Papaver spp...... Poppy Liatris spicata ...... Spike Gayfeather Pelargonium x hortorum ...... Zonal Geranium Lilium lancifolium ...... Tiger Lily Perennial Vines Petroselinum crispum ...... Parsley Limonium latifolium ...... Statice Botanical Name Common Name Salvia farinacea ...... Blue Salvia Linaria spp...... Toadflax Celastrus spp...... Bittersweet Senecio cineraria ...... Dusty Miller Linum perenne ...... Perennial Blue Flax Clematis spp...... Clematis Silybum spp...... Thistle Lupinus spp...... Lupine Lonicera spp...... Honeysuckle Wisteria spp...... Wisteria Tagetes spp...... Marigold Lythrum spp...... Loosestrife Verbena x hybrida ...... Verbena Matteuccia struthiopteris ...... Ostrich Fern PLANTS OCCASIONALLY EATEN Mentha pulegium ...... Pennyroyal Annuals and Biennials Herbaceous Perennials Mentha spp...... Mint Botanical Name Common Name Botanical Name Common Name Mitchella repens ...... Partridgeberry Achimenes spp...... Pansy Achillea spp...... Yarrow Monarda didyma ...... Beebalm Helianthus annuus ...... Sunflower Allium schoenoprasum ...... Chives Myosotis scorpiodes ...... Forget-Me-Not Allium spp...... Ornamental Onion Myrrhis odorata ...... Sweet Cicely Herbaceous Perennials & Perennial Allium tuerosum ...... Garlic Chives Narcissus spp...... Daffodil Vines Alyssum saxatile ...... Basket of Gold Nepeta spp...... Catmint Botanical Name Common Name Amsonia tabernaemontana ...... Amsonia Oenothera tetragona ...... Sundrops Endymion spp...... Wood Hyacinth Anemone spp...... Anemones Oenothera spp...... Evening Primrose Geranium maculatum...... Cranesbill Geranium Angelica archangelica ...... Angelica Onoclea sensibilis ...... Sensitive Fern Hedera helix...... English Ivy Aquilegia canadensis ...... Wild Columbine Origanum spp...... Oregano Iris spp...... Iris Arisaema triphyllum ...... Jack-in-the-Pulpit Osmunda cinnamomea ...... Cinnamon Fern Paeonia spp...... Peony Artemisia spp...... Wormwood Osmunda claytoniana ...... Interrupted Fern Rudbeckia spp...... Coneflower Sedum purpureum ‘Autumn Joy’.....Sedum Aruncus dioicus ...... Goatsbeard Osmunda regalis ...... Royal Fern Thalictrum spp...... Meadow Rue Asclepias tuberosa ...... Butterfly Weed Papaver orientale ...... Oriental Poppy Astilbe spp...... Astilbe Phalaris arundinacea ‘Picta’ ...... Ribbon Grass PLANTS OFTEN EATEN Baptisia spp...... False Indigo Platycodon grandiflorus ...... Balloon Flower Annuals and Biennials Bergenia spp...... Bergenia Polemonium caeruleum ...... Jacob’s Ladder Botanical Name Common Name Boltonia asteroides ...... Boltonia Polystichum acrostichoides ...... Christmas Fern Alcea rosea ...... Hollyhocks Buddleia davidii ...... Butterfly Bush Potentilla spp...... Cinquefoil Impatiens spp...... Impatiens Tithonia rotundifolia ...... Mexican Sunflower Calluna spp...... Heather Primula spp...... Primrose Campanula carpatica ...... Tussock Bellflower Pulmonaria spp...... Lungwort Herbaceous Perennials Centaurea spp...... Knapweed Ranunculus spp...... Buttercup Botanical Name Common Name Ceratostigma plumbaginoides ...... Plumbago Rheum spp...... Rhubarb Crocus spp...... Crocus Chelone spp...... Turtlehead Rosmarinus officinalis ...... Rosemary Hemerocallis spp...... Daylily Chrysanthemum coccineum ...... Painted Daisy Salvia spp...... Sage Hosta spp...... Hosta Lobelia cardinalis ...... Cardinal Flower Chrysanthemum x superbum ...... Shasta Daisy Saponaria spp...... Soapwort Phlox spp...... Phlox Chrysanthemum parthenium ...... Feverfew Scilla spp...... Scilla Rosa spp...... Rose Cimicifuga racemosa ...... Bugbane Solidago spp...... Goldenrod Tulipa spp...... Tulips Table 2. A Guide to Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Plants Damaged by Deer (courtesy of Cornell Cooperative Extension, Westchester County, New York). Plants Rarely Damaged Plants Occasionally Severely Damaged Plants Frequently Severely Damaged Botanical Name Common Name Botanical Name Common Name Botanical Name Common Name Berberis spp. ��Barberry Abies concolor ��White Fir Abies balsamea ��Balsam Fir Berberis vulgaris ��Common Barberry Acer griseum ��Paperbark Maple Abies fraseri ��Fraser Fir Betula papyrifera ��Paper Birch Acer rubrum ��Red Maple Acer platanoides ��Norway Maple Buxus sempervirens ��Common Boxwood Botanical Name Common Name Cercis canadensis ��Eastern Redbud Elaeagnus angustifolia ��Russian Olive Acer saccharinum ��Silver Maple Chamaecyparis thyoides ��Atlantic White Cedar Ilex opaca ��American Holly Acer saccharum ��Sugar Maple Clematis spp. ��Clematis Leucothoe fontanesiana ��Drooping Leucothoe Aesculus hippocastanum ��Common Horsechestnut Cornus mas ��Cornelian Dogwood Picea pungens ��Colorado Blue Spruce Amelanchier arborea ��Downy Serviceberry Euonymus alatus ��Winged Euonymus Pieris japonica ��Japanese Pieris Amelanchier laevis ��Allegheny Serviceberry Euonymus fortunei ��Winter Creeper Campsis radicans ��Trumpet Creeper Hedera helix ��English Ivy Plants Seldom Severely Damaged Chaenomeles speciosa ��Japanese Flowering Malus spp. ��Apples Quince Prunus spp. ��Cherries Botanical Name Common Name Cornus racemosa ��Panicled Dogwood Prunus spp. ��Plums Betula pendula ��European White Birch Cotinus coggygria ��Smokebush Rhododendron spp. ��Rhododendrons Celastrus scandens ��American Bittersweet Cotoneaster spp. ��Cotoneaster Rhododendron spp. ��Evergreen Azaleas Cornus sericea ��Red Osier Dogwood Cotoneaster apiculatus ��Cranberry Cotoneaster Rhododendron catawbiense ��Catawba Rhododendron Cornus florida ��Flowering Dogwood Cotoneaster horizontalis ��Rockspray Cotoneaster Rhododendron periclymenoides ��Pinxterbloom Azalea Cornus kousa ��Kousa Dogwood Cryptomeria japonica ��Japanese Cedar Rosa (x) hybrid ��Hybrid Tea Rose Crataegus laevigata ��English Hawthorn Forsythia (x) intermedia ��Border Forsythia Sorbus aucuparia ��European Mountain Ash Enkianthus campanulatus ��Redvein Enkianthus Hamamelis virginiana ��Common Witchhazel Taxus spp ��Yews Fagus sylvatica ��European Beech Hibiscus syriacus ��Rose of Sharon Taxus baccata ��English Yew Forsythia spp. ��Forsythia Hydrangea arborescens ��Smooth Hydrangea Taxus brevifolia ��Western or Pacific Yew Gleditsia triacanthos ��Honey Locust Hydrangea anomala petiolaris ��Climbing Hydrangea Taxus cuspidata ��Japanese Yew Ilex cornuta ��Chinese Holly Hydrangea paniculata ��Panicle Hydrangea Taxus (x) media ��English/Japanese Hybrid Ilex glabra ��Inkberry Ilex crenata ��Japanese Holly Yew Juniperus chinensis ��Chinese Junipers (blue) Ilex (x) meserveae ��China Girl/Boy Holly Thuja occidentalis ��American Arborvitae Juniperus chinensis ��Chinese Junipers (green) Juniperus virginiana ��Eastern Redcedar Thuja occidentalis ��Northern White Cedar Kalmia latifolia ��Mountain Laurel Larix decidua ��European Larch Kolkwitzia amabilis ��Beautybush Lonicera (x) heckrottii ��Goldflame Honeysuckle Picea abies ��Norway Spruce Ligustrum spp. ��Privet Picea glauca ��White Spruce Magnolia (x) soulangiana ��Saucer Magnolia Pinus nigra ��Austrian Pine Metasequoia glyptostroboides ��Dawn Redwood Pinus rigida ��Pitch Pine Parthenocissus quinquefolia ��Virginia Creeper Pinus mugo ��Mugo Pine Philadelphus coronarius ��Sweet Mock Orange Pinus resinosa ��Red Pine Pinus strobus ��Eastern White Pine Pinus sylvestris ��Scotch Pine Potentilla fruticosa ��Bush or Shrubbby Prunus serrulata ��Japanese Flowering Cinquefoil Cherry Prunus avium ��Sweet Cherry Salix matsudana tortuosa ��Corkscrew Willow Pseudotsuga menziesii ��Douglas Fir Sassafras albidum ��Common Sassafras Pyracantha coccinea ��Firethorn Syringa vulgaris ��Common Lilac Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ ��Bradford Callery Pear Wisteria floribunda ��Japanese Wisteria Pyrus communis ��Common Pear Quercus alba ��White Oak Quercus prinus ��Chestnut Oak Quercus rubra ��Northern Red Oak Rhododendron spp. ��Deciduous Azaleas Rhododendron carolinianum ��Carolina Rhododendron Rhododendron maximum ��Rosebay Rhododendron Rhus typhina ��Staghorn Sumac Rosa multiflora ��Multiflora Rose Botanical Name Common Name Rosa rugosa ��Rugosa Rose Salix spp. ��Willows Spiraea (x) brumalda ��Anthony Waterer Spiraea Spiraea prunifolia ��Bridalwreath Spiraea Syringa (x) persica ��Persian Lilac Syringa reticulata ��Japanese Tree Lilac Syringa villosa ��Late Lilac Tilia americana ��Basswood Tilia cordata Greenspire’ ��Greenspire Littleleaf Linden Tsuga canadensis ��Eastern Hemlock Tsuga caroliniana ��Carolina Hemlock Viburnum (x) juddii ��Judd Viburnum Viburnum rhytidophyllum ��Leatherleaf Viburnum Viburnum plicatum tomemtosum Doublefile Viburnum Viburnum carlesii ��Koreanspice Viburnum Weigela florida ��Oldfashion Weigela Table 3. Sources of repellents for most agricultural products. (Check labels for specific use directions.)

Product Manufacturer/ Mode of Active Application Restrictions Registered Distributor Action Ingredient Method Use Shot-Gun Deer and Bonide Products, Inc. Taste Thiram 11.0% Spray/brush For fruit trees, limit Ornamental shrubs, Rabbit Repellent® 2 Wurz Ave. application to trees, nursery stock, Yorkville, NY 13495 nonbearing or dormant and fruit trees. (315) 736-8231 stages. Bulb Saver® Bonide Products, Inc. Taste Thiram 11.0% Dip Do not use on edible Flower bulbs and 2 Wurz Ave. tubers and bulbs. tubers. Yorkville, NY 13495 (315) 736-8231 Plant Pro-Tec (Garlic) Plant Pro-Tec, Inc. Odor, and Garlic and chili Repellent units can None Requires no Units® P.O. Box 902 taste if pepper be attached to registration. Palo Cedro, CA 96073 repellent plants or fencing, or (800) 572-0055 unit is eaten placed in ground. Tree Guard® Norteck Taste Bitrex 0.2% Spray Non-food crops Deerbuster's Deer Trident Enterprises Taste Putrescent egg Spray Non-food crops Repellent Spray 5® 9735A Bethel Road solids 25% Frederick, MD 21702 White pepper 1.9% Garlic oil 1.9% Hot Sauce Animal Miller Chemical and Taste Capsaicin 2.5% Spray Do not use on food Ornamental trees Repellent® Fertilizer Corp. crops after fruit and shrubs, fruit P.O. Box 333 appearance. and nut trees, Hanover, PA 17331 nursery stock; deer, (717) 632-8921 rabbit, meadow and pine mice. Deer-A-Way® Big Intagra, Inc. Odor/taste Putrescent whole Spray ready-to- Apply to conifers and Conifer seedlings Game Repellent® 8906 Wentworth Ave. S. egg solids 37% apply powder ornamental trees only. (spray only); Minneapolis, MN 55420 dormant ornamental (612) 881-5535 shrubs (powder only). Hinder® Deer and Pace International Taste/odor Ammonia 1.5% Rabbit Repellent 1011 Western Ave. Mixed rosin and Suite 505 fatty acids 13.0% Seattle, WA 98104 (800) 247-8711 Dr. T's Deer Blocker® Nature Products Taste/odor Putrescent whole Approved for use on (Deer, Rabbit, and P.O. Box 682 eggs 6.25% food crops, bulbs, Squirrel Repellent) Pelham, GA 31799 Capsaicin 0.0045% and vegetable (800) 299-8485 Garlic 0.005% gardens. Deer-Off® Deer-Off Taste/odor Putrescent whole Approved for use on 1492 High Ridge Road eggs 6.25% edible crops, Stamford, CT 06903 Capsaicin and flowers, grass, (203) 968-8485 related capsaicinoids bulbs, shrubs, 0.0045% plants, seedlings, Garlic 0.005% and trees. Gustafson 42-S® Gustafson LLC Taste Thiram 42% Spray, brush, or dip Do not apply to fruit Fruit trees, shrubs, Repellent 1400 Preston Road trees or other edible ornamentals, Suite 400 fruit that will bear within nursery stock. Plano, TX 75093 one year of application. Magic Circle® Rabbit J.C. Erlich Chemical Co. Taste Thiram 20% Spray Do not use on plant For use on lawns, Repellent 500 Spring Ridge Road parts that are to be trees, flowers, and Reading, PA 19612 used for food. shrubs. Product will (610) 372-9700 not harm sensitive flowers, trees, and shrubs. Repel® and Farnam Companies, Inc. Taste Thiram Spray Do not use on edible Ornamentals, Rabbit/Deer Repellent® 301 West Osborn crops. flowers, dormant P.O. Box 34820 fruit trees. Phoenix, AZ 85067-4820 (602) 285-1660