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SEDIMENTATION of the TORRIDON1AN ROCKS of RAASAY SOALPAY - AND, ADJACENT Rslet4 INVERNESS—SHIRE

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SEDIMENTATION of the TORRIDON1AN ROCKS of RAASAY SOALPAY - AND, ADJACENT Rslet4 INVERNESS—SHIRE 1 SEDIMENTATION OF THE TORRIDON1AN ROCKS OF RAASAY SOALPAY - AND, ADJACENT rsLET4 INVERNESS—SHIRE. ' C. Sell.eyo B. Sc.. Thesis submitted for the Doctor of Philosophy degree of the University of London. Geology DepartMent' Imperial College of Science d Technology. September 1963 YVC,,i1-:1-I.CS. Looking •from na folaires the hill . of aadday. The '2:orridouitin rocks of ;ieesay can be seen inz fr,minn na to the .ea. oalpay lies to the and *ye to the . with the Cailins visible far to the 3 ABSTRACT The islands of Raasay and Scalpay lie between Skye and the mainland region of Wester Ross in Scotland. SOme 25 sq. kms. of these islands are composed of unmetamorphOsed Pre0ambrian sediments of the Torridonian formation. Illtpresentatives of both' the, Lower (Diabaig). 'and. Middle (Applecrois) groups of the Torridonian are present. TheXpper:(Aultbea) group is. absent. In this-thesis five main conclusionsare reached oonoerning the Torridoniin rooks of these islands. The-atratigraphy of the area-proposed,by the Geological SUrvey has been modified and considerably :expanded: It has been found easier to map three litho- logical facies rather than discrete stratigraphical groups.- These facies are defined According'to the rock types and sedimentary structures-present. They indicate a succession of three different sedimentary environments. A Basal facies of'sUbaerial screei and fanglomerates is succeeded, by, Grey facies rocks of lacustrine or shallow water marine origin. Thee() are in turn overlain by Red facies sediments laid down by braided rivers. Subfaoies end subenvironment6 are also described. An analysis of palaeocurrente indicates that, ai "previously thought, most -of the sediment came from 4 the Northwest. Local deviations from this direction near the baee of'the succeesion probably indicate control by the irregular topography of the Lewisian gneiss basement. Mineralogical evidence is presented which suggests that nearly all the arenaoeous sediment was derived from the Lewisian gneisii. A considerable amount of rudaceous material is of non—Lewisian origin. Fossilized quicksands, which are common over the whole Torridonian-region are described and their origins discussed in the light of laboratory experiments. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstradt , Table of Contehts Chapter I - INTRODUCTION (i) Introduction (ii) Llajor results of the study (iii) Methods.. of study (iv) Histoiy of previous research (v)GeogriPhy Chapter- II, - STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY (i)-Structure (ii) Stratigraphy 'Cliepter _III-- THE BASAL UNCON?ORMITY AND THE BASAL FACIES (i)-The•basal unconformity (ii)Descriptioh'of 'the Basal facies,. (iii) Discussien.of the Basal" facies' _Chapter IV - THE GREY FACIES (i) Introduction (ii) The Caolas Fladday beds (iii)-The Brothel beds ' Units_ II and III,, Soalpay (v):Otheroccurrehces of Grey facies sediments 6 Chapter V - THE RED FACIES (i)Introduction (ii)Description of lithologies (iii)Primary sedimentary structures Chapter VI - PETROGRAPHY (i)-Introduction (ii)Qualitative mineralogy (iii)Quantitative mineralogy (iv)Discussion of mineralogy (v)Granulometric analyses Chapter VII -•SECONDARY SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES (1) Introduction (ii)Deformational structures of inter- bedded sand and clay (iii)Deformational structures of sandstones (iv)Deformational structures of heavy mineral bands Chapter VIII - PALAEOCURRENTS (i)Introduction (ii)Basal facies (iii)Grey facies (iv)Red facies (v)Summary Chapter IV - DISCUSSION OP SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND THE RELATIONS OP THE TORRIDONIAN ROCKS OF THE AREA WITH THOSE OF THE REST OF THE FORM- ATION 7 (1) Introduction and historical survey (ii) Phase I (iii) Phase II (iv) Phase III (v) Summary of the history of the area (vi) Synthesis of the origin of the Torridonian formation APPENDIX I. Notes of terminology used APPENDIX II. Summary of lithological and sedimentary environments Acknowledgements Bibliography area studied. TORRIDONIAN ROCKS STIPPLED. I KM. FIG.1. LOCALITY MAPS OF THE AREA STUDIED_ 100 KMS• 9 ' CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION (i),Introduction ? The Torridonian formation crops out in a belt along the western. seaboard of Scotland for a distance 'of some 320 kilo. from Cape Wrath in the North to Islay in the South. It has an estimated maximum' thickness of some 5 kms. (P1iemister,1960„ p.44), and consists, for the most part, of,red'pebbiycoarse sandstones over- and underlain mainly by grey shales and grey sandstones. The.Torridonian rooks rest on the Lewisian gneitilses lvith'a.marked =conformity, and are themselves overlain unconfoimably by Cambrian and later rocks. To the East the formation is terminated abruptly by-a major tectonic distiontinuity, the Moine thrust, and to the West it passes'out'to sea or,has been eroded away to reveal, the gneise basement. The area studied for the p'reparation of this thesis lies_between.Skye and the mainland of bdotland and com- , prises the islands 'of South Rona, Fladday, Raasay and Scalpay (see Pig.:1).- Some 25sq.km. of Torridonian ,rook crop out on these, attaining a maximum estimated thickness of over 2 kms. Rocks of both the Lower (Diabaig) and Middle (Applecross) groups of the formation are presents . The Upper-(Aultbea) group is not represented. .." 10 On Raasay the unconformity with the Lewisian gneissea is well exposed•. On both Raasay and Scalpay. the Toiridoniwie locally overlain by Triassic rocks, and faulted against other Mesozoic sediments and Tertiary igneous.,roOks.-.It'isaleo, Out, by, a large number of Tertiary dykes and in the southern part of ScUlpay is intruded and. by .a northein extension of (ii),Maior results- of the..studY The evidente recorded in this thesis contributes to knowledge of the on five main topics. The Stratigraphical succession of the area proposed by theieological_ur4ey has been considerably modified and expanded. More'preoise data is provided to suggest that the Lower Piaiaig,seaiments arc,,of either lacustrine or shallow water marine ()Agin,- and that the succeeding Upper::DiabUig and Applecross deposits were laid down by braided rivers. An analysis Of current, directions has bein'Imide whith provides evidence that, except for local deposits adjacent to the basement, the bulk of the sediments were ' derived from the North and the West., MineralogiCal evidence is presented which suggests that nearly all the arenaceou& -sediments were derived 11 from the'Lewisian gneisses, although, earlier workers advocated a non-Lewisian origin. Pepsi:contemporaneous disturbances of the bedding hive been recorded by previous workers-,from a wide-range of lOcalitiesr but, until recently, they have not received detailed attention. The morphology of these structures, as seen- in the area, is described, and their origin and geological significance are discussed in - the light of. laboratory experiments.. (iii)Methods of study Field work was carried out in the summers of 1959- 1963. Geological maps of the area were made on a scale of 1:1,056 using 0.5.6":1 mile topographic maps in con- junction with aerial photographs (see Plate I). Laboratory work in the winters of 1961-62 and 1962-63 consisted mainly of qualitative analysis of the composition and texture of the sediments by study of thin sections. Detailed quantitative work was not carried out. Experiments were devised to test ideas on the origin of the secondary sedimentary structures. (iv)History of previous research The first account of the Torridonian formation was given by Macculloch (1a9) who toured the Western Isles in'1817. He visited Raasay (Vol.I. p.239-258), Fladday 12 (p.259-260) and Scalpay (p.426-435). On Raasay he recognized the unoonformity between the Lewisian gneiss and the 'primary red sandstone'. He described the sequence, seen at Brothel, of laterally impersistant breccias overlain by 'greywackes and sohists' and followed by red sandstone. He did not notice the uncon- formity between the Torridonian and Trias at the south end of the island, and so unfortunately thought that the 'primary red sandstone' passed without a break into the 'secondary sandstones'. -During the later part of the nineteenth century many papers were published on the geology of the North- west-Highlands of Scotland. They were mainly concerned with the relative age of the formations. A complete review of this literature was given by Peach,. Horne et alii in 1907 (p.11-32). Only the more important papers relating to the Torridonian will now be mentioned. Murchison and Sedgwiek (1829) correlated the 'red sand- stone occurring between Cape Wrath and Durness' with the Old Red Sandstone of Caithness. Salter (in Murohison 1856), on the basis of fossils from the Durness Liie- stone, which he believed to be Silurian, equated the Torridon Sandstone with the Cambrian of Wales. Murchison and A. Geikie (1861a) gave a brief account of a visit to Raasay, but added nothing new to Macculloch's work. The Pre0ambrian age of the Torridonian was demonstrated by 13 Lapworth (1888)' who described the Olenellus fauna from the base of the overlying Cambrian sequence. The fullest account of the Torridonian formation ',available to date is the Memoir on 'The Geological Structure of the North-west Highlands of Scotland', published'by the Geological Survey in,1907. This volume incorporated work by Peach, Horne, Gunn, Clough, Hinxman and • Teail3'giving • a detailed field. account (p.264-362) Of the Torridonian rocks from Cape Wrath to 2kye. The :petrography ie also deeeribed (p.278-290) and particular attention paid t'o the pebbles, of non-Lewisian rocks, which are a characteristic feature of-many of the -coarser ,sandstones (p.279.484). Because of the presence of these exotic pobble6 the authors believed,that the bulk of the Torridonian sediment was deriVed from a non-Lewisian -provenance (p.273-4). These workers divided the formation into three stratigraphic groups (p.274): - 'Aultbea Groups sandstones, flags, dark and black shales and calcareous bands passing down into chocolate and red sandstones, and grey micaceous flags with partings of grey and green shales. Applecross Group: chocolate and red arkoses with pebbles of quartzite, quartz-schist, felsite, jasper, etc., occasional chocolate and red shales.
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