DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Diversity Studies of Trifolium Species from the Extremes of the UK

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Genetic diversity studies of Trifolium species from the extremes of the UK by SERENE HARGREAVES A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Birmingham September 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Crop wild relatives have been identified as ecologically and economically important plant genetic resources but are often a neglected resource. The recognition of the need for their specific conservation and their value for future use has been strengthened by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, both of which have been ratified by the UK. This thesis provides a detailed view of the ecological, geographic and genetic background to three crop wild relative species, Trifolium dubium, T. pratense and T. repens, of which the latter two are amongst some of the most economically important legume species in the UK. Assessments of ecogeography, amplified fragment polymorphism and single nucleotide polymorphism markers were employed to investigate the distribution of variation in these species across the UK, including outlying island sites. Based on this information it was possible to look for isolation by distance in populations in UK; identify areas containing unique variation; assess the conservation importance of island sites surrounding the UK and speculate on the causes of the observed patterns of diversity. Conservation recommendations were based on the cumulative data from this research to identify how the recommendations change with an increased focus on genetic diversity. These results provide insights into the use of different types of background information when setting conservation plans in widespread species, contributing to the development of conservation strategies for widespread species in general. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to start by expressing my gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Brian Ford- Lloyd and Dr. Nigel Maxted for their suggestions, support and for the opportunities they have given me throughout my project. I would like to thank the staff at IGER who made me welcome during my stay and who helped me learn the ropes in the lab and in the field; Mike Abberton, Sue Dalton, Charlotte Deakin, Galina Latypova, Kirsten Skøt, Leif Skøt and Ian Thomas. In particular I would like to acknowledge Kirsten Skøt for kindly allowing me to learn in her spotless genomics lab, and to Leif Skøt for helpful discussions and for providing T. pratense EST sequences. Many thanks are due to all my colleagues in S208 and W204 for their friendship, good advice and encouragement, especially Joana Magos Brehm, Cristina Sousa Correia, Marianne Mitchell and Fay Hughes for guiding me through the start of my PhD and Andrea Harper, Jennifer Preston and Claire Teeling for helpful discussions and support throughout the rest. Most importantly I would like to thank my family for their encouragement and for their faith in me throughout this project and David Jacoby for his help with the collecting mission to the Isles of Scilly and with his patience and constant support. Finally, I would also like to acknowledge the BBSRC and the BSBI who supplied the financial support for this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. General Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 What is diversity and why conserve it? ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Biodiversity crisis and UK commitments ................................................................... 1 1.3 Genetic resources and crop wild relatives .................................................................. 2 1.4 Background to the current study ................................................................................. 4 1.5 A general introduction to genetic diversity studies .................................................... 6 1.5.1 SSRs ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.5.2 Focus on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) ........................... 8 1.5.3 Focus on SNPs .................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Quantifying genetic differences................................................................................ 31 1.7 Gene flow and genetic diversity ............................................................................... 32 1.7.1 The consequence of introgression in conservation ............................................. 32 1.7.2 Measurements of gene flow ................................................................................ 33 1.7.3 Landscape genetic analysis and its implications for population genetics .......... 35 1.8 Mainland versus island populations ......................................................................... 39 1.8.1 Previous studies of diversity in mainland versus island populations ................. 40 1.9 Thesis outline ............................................................................................................ 41 Chapter 2. An ecogeographic background to three Trifolium species in the UK................. 43 2.1 Ecogeography as a tool for conservation analyses ................................................... 43 2.2 Aims of ecogeographic survey ................................................................................. 43 2.3 Target taxa ................................................................................................................ 44 2.4 Trifolium genetics ..................................................................................................... 45 2.4.1 Trifolium repens genetic diversity ...................................................................... 46 2.4.2 Trifolium pratense genetic diversity ................................................................... 48 2.5 Trifolium dubium Sibth. ............................................................................................ 51 2.6 Trifolium pratense L. ................................................................................................ 56 2.7 Trifolium repens L. ................................................................................................... 61 2.8 Target Island Site - Isles of Scilly ............................................................................ 66 2.8.1 Environmental history ........................................................................................ 67 2.8.2 Conservation ....................................................................................................... 69 2.8.3 Presence of species ............................................................................................. 70 2.9 Target Island Site - Outer Hebrides .......................................................................... 71 2.9.1 Environmental history ........................................................................................ 73 2.9.2 Conservation ....................................................................................................... 74 2.9.3 Presence of species ............................................................................................. 75 2.10 Target Island Site - Shetland Isles ............................................................................ 76 2.10.1 Environmental history ........................................................................................ 78 2.10.2 Conservation ....................................................................................................... 79 2.10.3 Presence of target species ................................................................................... 80 2.11 Target Island Site - Skye, Inner Hebrides................................................................. 81 2.11.1 Environmental history ........................................................................................ 83 2.11.2 Conservation ....................................................................................................... 85 2.11.3 Presence of species ............................................................................................. 85 2.12 Target Island Site - St Kilda, Outer Hebrides ........................................................... 86 2.12.1 Environmental history ........................................................................................ 88 2.12.2 Conservation ....................................................................................................... 90 2.12.3 Presence of target species ................................................................................... 91 2.13 Current threat status .................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Trifolium Repens Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Trifolium Repens. Available

    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Trifolium Repens Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Trifolium Repens. Available

    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Trifolium repens Trifolium repens System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Common name ladino clover (English), dutch clover (English), white clover (English), trébol blanco (Spanish), trevo-branco (Portuguese), white dutch clover (English), ladino white clover (English), Weißklee (German), trèfle blanc (French), trèfle rampant (French) Synonym Trifolium repens , L. var. nigricans G. Don Trifolium repens , L. var. repens Amoria repens , (L.) C. Presl Trifolium biasolettii , Steud. & Hochst. Trifolium macrorrhizum , Boiss. Trifolium occidentale , Coombe Trifolium repens , var. rubescens hort. Trifolium repens , var. biasolettii Trifolium repens , var. giganteum Trifolium repens , var. latum Trifolium repens , var. macrorrhizum Trifolium repens , var. pallescens Trifolium repens , var. atropurpureum hort. Similar species Summary Trifolium repens is a perennial legume that originated in Europe/East Asia and has become one of the most widely distributed legumes in the world. It has naturalized in most of North America, Central and South America, Australia and New Zealand. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Trifolium repens has a prostrate, stoloniferous growth habit with leaves that are composed of three leaflets, which sometimes have a crescent-shaped mark on the upper surface. Leaves and roots develop along the stolon at the nodes. The flower heads, each consisting of 40 to 100 florets which are white in colour, are borne on long stalks from the leaf axils (USDA-NRCS, 2010b). Lifecycle Stages Trifolium repens is a perennial legume (Caradus, 1994). Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Trifolium repens. Pag. 1 Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1608 [Accessed 02 October 2021] FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Trifolium repens Uses Trifolium repens is reported to be contain both poison and healing abilities.
  • The Relation Between Road Crack Vegetation and Plant Biodiversity in Urban Landscape

    The Relation Between Road Crack Vegetation and Plant Biodiversity in Urban Landscape

    Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2014, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Sl. No. 12), pp. 885-891 Geotech., Const. Mat. & Env., ISSN:2186-2982(P), 2186-2990(O), Japan THE RELATION BETWEEN ROAD CRACK VEGETATION AND PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN URBAN LANDSCAPE Taizo Uchida1, JunHuan Xue1,2, Daisuke Hayasaka3, Teruo Arase4, William T. Haller5 and Lyn A. Gettys5 1Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan; 2Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, China; 3Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Japan; 4Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan; 5Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida, USA ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to collect basic information on vegetation in road crack, especially in curbside crack of road, for evaluating plant biodiversity in urban landscape. A curbside crack in this study was defined as a linear space (under 20 mm in width) between the asphalt pavement and curbstone. The species composition of plants invading curbside cracks was surveyed in 38 plots along the serial National Route, over a total length of 36.5 km, in Fukuoka City in southern Japan. In total, 113 species including native plants (83 species, 73.5%), perennial herbs (57 species, 50.4%) and woody plants (13 species, 11.5%) were recorded in curbside cracks. Buried seeds were also obtained from soil in curbside cracks, which means the cracks would possess a potential as seed bank. Incidentally, no significant differences were found in the vegetation characteristics of curbside cracks among land-use types (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, P > 0.05). From these results, curbside cracks would be likely to play an important role in offering habitat for plants in urban area.
  • Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4

    Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4

    Plant Pathology Circular No. 395 Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. ____________________________________________________________________________________July/August 1999 Division of Plant Industry Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4 INTRODUCTION: Peanut stunt virus (PSV) has been reported to cause disease in a number of economically important plants worldwide. In the southeastern United States, PSV is widespread in forage legumes and is considered a major constraint to productivity and stand longevity (McLaughlin et al. 1992). It is one of the principal viruses associated with clover decline in the southeast (McLaughlin and Boykin 1988). In 2002, this virus (Fig. 1) was reported in the forage legume rhizoma or perennial peanut, Arachis glabrata Benth. (Blount et al. 2002). Perennial peanut was brought into Florida from Bra- zil in 1936. In general, the perennial peanut is well adapted to the light sandy soils of the southern Gulf Coast region of the U.S. It is drought-tolerant, grows well on low-fertility soils and is relatively free from disease or insect pest problems. The rela- tively impressive forage yields of some accessions makes the perennial peanut a promising warm-sea- son perennial forage legume for the southern Gulf Coast. Due to its high-quality forage, locally grown perennial peanut hay increasingly competes for the million plus dollar hay market currently satisfied by imported alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). There are ap- proximately 25,000 acres of perennial peanut in Ala- bama, Georgia and Florida combined. About 1000 acres are planted as living mulch in citrus groves. Fig. 1. A field of ‘Florigraze’ showing the yellowing symptoms of Peanut Popular forage cultivars include ‘Arbrook’ and Stunt Virus.
  • 1 Introduction

    1 Introduction

    National Strategy for the Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives of Spain María Luisa Rubio Teso, José M. Iriondo, Mauricio Parra & Elena Torres PGR Secure: Novel characterization of crop wild relative and landrace resources as a basis for improved crop breeding The research reported here was made possible with funding from the EU Seventh Framework Programme. PGR Secure is a collaborative project funded under the EU Seventh Framework Programme, THEME KBBE.2010.1.1-03, ‘Characterization of biodiversity resources for wild crop relatives to improve crops by breeding’, Grant Agreement no. 266394. The information published in this report reflects the views of PGR Secure partner, URJC. The European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Cristina Ronquillo Ferrero and Aarón Nebreda Trejo who collaborated in the process of data gathering and data analysis for the generation of this strategy. We are also grateful to Lori De Hond for her help with proof reading and linguistic assistance. Front Cover Picture: Lupinus angustifolius L., by Rubén Milla 2 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 2 Prioritization of Crop Wild Relatives in Spain ................................................................ 6 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Methods .................................................................................................................
  • Expeditions Summer 1973

    Expeditions Summer 1973

    SCHOOLS HEBRIDEAN SOCIETY SOUTH RONA EXPEDITIONS SUMMER 1973 COLONSAY THE SCHOOLS HEBRIDEAN SOCIETY W as Born after an expedition to the island of Rhum organised by ten undergraduates and schoolboys in 1959. Has since 1960 successfully organised more than 40 expeditions to more than 20 different sites in the Hebrides and, lately, Shetlands. Is in 1973, mounting the expeditions shown on the opposite page and providing the opportunity for boys of all ages to experience an unusual and challenging situation. Believes that the beauty and remoteness of the Hebridean setting contributes toward the value derived from expeditions by the members. Provides the opportunity for boys to learn the techniques of climbing, walking and canoeing under the instruction of specialist officers. Encourages project work, depending upon the nature of the island—the study of ornithology usually features in every expedition. Provides tents, cooking and eating utensils, boats, canoes and climbing equipment— but each expedition builds its own furniture! Ensures that safety rules arc strictly adhered to it is always possible to obtain a doctor, even on the remotest islands. Limits the size of its expeditions to between twenty and thirty boys, with a Leader, a Camp Administrator and between six and nine officers. Welcomes all boys who are prepared to regard their expedition as something more than a "holiday” and work hard for its success. Proprietor: THE SCHOOLS HEBRIDEAN COMPANY LIMITED (Registered as a charity) COLONSAY EXPEDITION GROUP L 1973 (Age 12¾-14 years) In the southern part of the Inner Hebrides, Colonsay is a small island with a remarkably varied terrain which has proved eminently suitable for previous junior expeditions.
  • Trifolium Repens L.

    Trifolium Repens L.

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Applied and Environmental Soil Science Volume 2012, Article ID 743413, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/743413 Research Article Fate in Soil of Flavonoids Released from White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) Sandra C. K. Carlsen, Hans A. Pedersen, Niels H. Spliid, and Inge S. Fomsgaard Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark Correspondence should be addressed to Inge S. Fomsgaard, [email protected] Received 15 June 2011; Accepted 23 September 2011 Academic Editor: D. L. Jones Copyright © 2012 Sandra C. K. Carlsen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. White clover is frequently used as a leguminous cover crop, serving as green manure, and is also included with grasses in cattle feed mixtures. Numerous biological effects reported for clover cultivation have been attributed to the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Thus far the presence in soil of bioactive secondary metabolites from clover has received limited attention. In this paper we examine for the first time the release of flavonoids both from field-grown white clover and from soil-incorporated white clover plants of flavonoids, as analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The dominant flavonoid aglycones were formononetin, medicarpin, and kaempferol. Soil-incorporated white clover plants generated high concentrations of the glycosides kaempferol-Rha-Xyl-Gal and quercetin-Xyl-Gal. Substantial amounts of kaempferol persisted in the soil for days while the other compounds were degraded faster. These compounds should be considered in future studies of soil fatigue, allelopathic activity, and possible environmental risks from extended clover cultivation.
  • Phenotypic Evaluation of Trifolium Repens X Trifolium Uniflorum F₁

    Phenotypic Evaluation of Trifolium Repens X Trifolium Uniflorum F₁

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Phenotypic evaluation of Trifolium repens × Trifolium uniflorum F1 interspecific hybrids as predictors of BC1 hybrid progeny A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Plant Breeding at Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand Michelle Anne Ebbett 2017 1 i Abstract Interspecific hybrids between white clover (Trifolium repens) and its close relatives are being created to address the lack of variation within white clover for traits relating to persistence and drought tolerance. This study addresses two concepts related to developing hybrid breeding strategies using Trifolium repens x Trifolium uniflorum hybrids. A first sandframe experiment investigated whether some of the first generation hybrid plants (F1) with common parents were better than others as future parents. A second experiment assessed whether the performance of the first back cross (BC1) progenies could be predicted from the parental F1 phenotypes. The foliage, fertility, roots and dry weight production of four families of F1 hybrids were evaluated following a period of growth in sand. From each family, the F1 hybrids with the highest and lowest dry weight production were selected and back crossed to two contrasting white clover cultivars. The resulting BC1 hybrid phenotypes were evaluated to ascertain whether any F1 hybrids were markedly better as future parents in hybrid breeding programmes, and whether the F1 phenotype could be used to predict that of the BC1 progeny.
  • Atlas of the Flora of New England: Fabaceae

    Atlas of the Flora of New England: Fabaceae

    Angelo, R. and D.E. Boufford. 2013. Atlas of the flora of New England: Fabaceae. Phytoneuron 2013-2: 1–15 + map pages 1– 21. Published 9 January 2013. ISSN 2153 733X ATLAS OF THE FLORA OF NEW ENGLAND: FABACEAE RAY ANGELO1 and DAVID E. BOUFFORD2 Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-2020 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Dot maps are provided to depict the distribution at the county level of the taxa of Magnoliophyta: Fabaceae growing outside of cultivation in the six New England states of the northeastern United States. The maps treat 172 taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids, but not forms) based primarily on specimens in the major herbaria of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, with most data derived from the holdings of the New England Botanical Club Herbarium (NEBC). Brief synonymy (to account for names used in standard manuals and floras for the area and on herbarium specimens), habitat, chromosome information, and common names are also provided. KEY WORDS: flora, New England, atlas, distribution, Fabaceae This article is the eleventh in a series (Angelo & Boufford 1996, 1998, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) that presents the distributions of the vascular flora of New England in the form of dot distribution maps at the county level (Figure 1). Seven more articles are planned. The atlas is posted on the internet at http://neatlas.org, where it will be updated as new information becomes available. This project encompasses all vascular plants (lycophytes, pteridophytes and spermatophytes) at the rank of species, subspecies, and variety growing independent of cultivation in the six New England states.
  • The Biology of Trifolium Repens L. (White Clover)

    The Biology of Trifolium Repens L. (White Clover)

    The Biology of Trifolium repens L. (White Clover) Photo: Mary-Anne Lattimore, NSW Agriculture, Yanco Version 2: October 2008 This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the Australian environment. For information on the Australian Government Office of the Gene Technology Regulator visit <http://www.ogtr.gov.au> The Biology of Trifolium repens L. (white clover) Office of the Gene Technology Regulator TABLE OF CONTENTS PREAMBLE ...........................................................................................................................................1 SECTION 1 TAXONOMY .............................................................................................................1 SECTION 2 ORIGIN AND CULTIVATION ...............................................................................3 2.1 CENTRE OF DIVERSITY AND DOMESTICATION .................................................................................. 3 2.2 COMMERCIAL USES ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 CULTIVATION IN AUSTRALIA .......................................................................................................... 4 2.3.1 Commercial propagation ..................................................................................................5 2.3.2 Scale of cultivation ...........................................................................................................5
  • Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List

    Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List

    UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC
  • Provisii)Nal Atlas of the Mammals

    Provisii)Nal Atlas of the Mammals

    I I T PROVISII)NALATLAS I I OFTHE T MAMMALS I OFTHE BRITISH ISLES I I I Edited for the MammalSociety by I Henry R.ARNOLD I I NaturalEnvironment Research Council, The Instituteof TerrestrialEcology, t MonksWood Experimental Station, AbbotsRipton, I Huntingdon, T I 1978 I f,3.00 rsBN 0-9042A2-19-a I Producedby the Biological RecordsCentre, Institute of Te.rBstrialEcology under contract to the Nature ConservancyCouncil Copyright tsBN0.004282.19€ I INTRODUCTION In 1965the MammalSociety began the collectionof mammaldistribution records on a 10 km. squarebasis. The recordingscheme was co-ord inated by Dr G B Corbetat the British Museumof I Nitural History. In 1971a setof provisionaldistribution maps was published in MammalRetuiew (Corbet1971)io providea statementof distributionas then knownand to stimulatefurther recording I by showingiust how muchremained to be done. The dataused to producethe 1971maps have been transferred to MonksWood and will be entered into the BiologicalRecords Centre national data bank. The presentset of mapshas been prepared as a secondprogress report and a furtherstimulus to recording.The mapsare stillvery muchprovisional, I particularlythose of the smallermammals. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I My primedebt is to Dr G B Corbet,who laid the foundationsfor this setof mapswith the work he did on the fifst ten yearsof the Survey, lam alsograteful tothe many recorders,both within andwithoutthe MammalSociety, who have continued to sendin records. I havealso receivedinvaluable assistance from the organisersof specialsurveys and the I Group referees:-Dr S Harris(Harvest Mice), Dr P Chanin(Otters), Miss E Hurrell(Dormice), M Clarke(Deer), R W Vaughan(Seals), E D Clementsand MissFarquharson (Badgers), and Dr R E Stebbings(Bats).
  • The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation

    The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation

    M DC, — _ CO ^. E CO iliSNrNVINOSHilWS' S3ldVyan~LIBRARlES*"SMITHS0N!AN~lNSTITUTl0N N' oCO z to Z (/>*Z COZ ^RIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTlON NOIiniIiSNI_NVINOSHllWS S3ldVaan_L: iiiSNi'^NviNOSHiiNS S3iavyan libraries Smithsonian institution N( — > Z r- 2 r" Z 2to LI ^R I ES^'SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTlON'"NOIini!iSNI~NVINOSHilVMS' S3 I b VM 8 11 w </» z z z n g ^^ liiiSNi NviNOSHims S3iyvyan libraries Smithsonian institution N' 2><^ =: to =: t/J t/i </> Z _J Z -I ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIiniliSNI NVINOSHilWS SSIdVyan L — — </> — to >'. ± CO uiiSNi NViNosHiiws S3iyvaan libraries Smithsonian institution n CO <fi Z "ZL ~,f. 2 .V ^ oCO 0r Vo^^c>/ - -^^r- - 2 ^ > ^^^^— i ^ > CO z to * z to * z ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNl NVINOSHllWS S3iaVdan L to 2 ^ '^ ^ z "^ O v.- - NiOmst^liS^> Q Z * -J Z I ID DAD I re CH^ITUCnMIAM IMOTtTIITinM / c. — t" — (/) \ Z fj. Nl NVINOSHIIINS S3 I M Vd I 8 H L B R AR I ES, SMITHSONlAN~INSTITUTION NOIlfl :S^SMITHS0NIAN_ INSTITUTION N0liniliSNI__NIVIN0SHillMs'^S3 I 8 VM 8 nf LI B R, ^Jl"!NVINOSHimS^S3iavyan"'LIBRARIES^SMITHS0NIAN~'lNSTITUTI0N^NOIin L '~^' ^ [I ^ d 2 OJ .^ . ° /<SS^ CD /<dSi^ 2 .^^^. ro /l^2l^!^ 2 /<^ > ^'^^ ^ ..... ^ - m x^^osvAVix ^' m S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION — NOIlfliliSNrNVINOSHimS^SS iyvyan~LIBR/ S "^ ^ ^ c/> z 2 O _ Xto Iz JI_NVIN0SH1I1/MS^S3 I a Vd a n^LI B RAR I ES'^SMITHSONIAN JNSTITUTION "^NOlin Z -I 2 _j 2 _j S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIinillSNI NVINOSHilWS S3iyVaan LI BR/ 2: r- — 2 r- z NVINOSHiltNS ^1 S3 I MVy I 8 n~L B R AR I Es'^SMITHSONIAN'iNSTITUTIOn'^ NOlin ^^^>^ CO z w • z i ^^ > ^ s smithsonian_institution NoiiniiiSNi to NviNosHiiws'^ss I dVH a n^Li br; <n / .* -5^ \^A DO « ^\t PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND Journal of Variation Edited by P.A.