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Feeding Ecology of Acrossocheilus Yunnanensis (Regan, 1904), a Dominant Fish in the Headwaters of the Chishui River, a Tributary of the Yangtze River

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Feeding Ecology of Acrossocheilus Yunnanensis (Regan, 1904), a Dominant Fish in the Headwaters of the Chishui River, a Tributary of the Yangtze River Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(5) 2688-2704 2020 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2020.122630 Feeding ecology of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (Regan, 1904), a dominant fish in the headwaters of the Chishui River, a tributary of the Yangtze River Zhang F.1,2,3; Liu F.1; Gao X.1*; Liu H.1; Zhang X.4; Wang X.5; Cao W.1* Received: October 2017 Accepted: April 2018 Abstract Feeding ecology of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis, a dominant fish in the headwaters of the Chishui River, a tributary of the upper Yangtze River, was studied using the analysis of gut contents. From March 2015 to January 2016, a total of 543 individuals were collected and analyzed. The results showed that A. yunnanensis was an omnivorous fish mainly feeding on chlorophytes, diatoms, and aquatic insects. The trophic level was 2.69±0.62 (mean±SD), signifying A. yunnanensis as a primary or secondary predator. Dietary shifts were found among different ontogenetic stages and seasons. Specifically, young individuals fed primarily on aquatic insects and diatoms, whereas older fish fed mainly on chlorophytes. In spring, the preferred food item was aquatic insects and in other seasons, chlorophytes became the predominant prey. Diet composition showed no differences among individuals of different sex and diel periods. The feeding intensity of A. yunnanensis was not affected by diel periods, suggesting this species feeds continuously. However, its feeding intensity was significantly influenced by seasons. Pairwise comparison found that the feeding intensity was higher in spring and autumn than that in summer and winter, with minimum food intake in winter and maximum in spring. Analysis on Amundsen graph and niche breadth index indicated that A. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:34 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 yunnanensis might pursue an opportunistic and moderately generalized feeding strategy, which could explain why it has become the dominant fish species in our study area. Keywords: Dietary, Ontogenetic shifts, Seasonal variations, Natural reserve, Conservation 1-The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China 2-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 3-College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan Province, China 4-Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada 5-China Three Gorges Projects Development Co., Ltd, Beijing 100038, China *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] (Gao, X.), [email protected] (Cao, W.) 2689 Zhang et al., Feeding ecology of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (Regan, 1904), a dominant fish in… Introduction contrast, the headwater ecosystem The study of fish feeding habits is structure and function, especially fish essential to understand their adaptation feeding habits and adaptation mechanisms to their environments and mechanisms, have received very little to the development of conservation and attention, hindering the development of management plans (Vinyard and O' suitable conservation plans. Brien, 1976). The feeding habit of a With a length of 437 km, the Chishui species is ususlly related to its River (27°20′-8°50′ N, 104°45′-06°51′ environmental characteristics (Zander, E) is the last undammed primary 1997). However, headwaters consist of tributary of the upper Yangtze River. It many unique and highly diverse harbors approximately 160 fish species, physico-chemical environments, which and many of these are endemic to the harbor many unique species that occur upper Yangtze River (Wu et al., 2010). nowhere else in the river ecosystem As the core region of "the national (Meyer et al., 2007). Shallow and natural reserve for rare and endemic flowing water, long average annual fishes of the upper Yangtze River", the sunlight hours, together with boulders Chishui River is still well protected and and cobbles in the substratum in the plays a very important role in headwaters (Jiang et al., 2016), which biodiversity conservation (Jiang et al., are conducive to photosynthesis and 2016). algal growth (Wang et al., 2016). Acrossocheilus yunnanensis Consequently, a huge biomass of (Cyprinidae: Barbinae) is a fish species periphytic algae is always found in endemic to China, that is exclusively headwaters (Yin et al., 2013). In distributed in the upper reaches of the addition, the large inputs of Yangtze and Pearl Rivers (Ding, 1994). allochthonous organic detritus from Generally, A. yunnanensis lives in the Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:34 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 surrounding forest zones (Vannote et al., headwaters (Ding, 1994). Due to dam 1980) and the high rates of primary construction, over exploitation, productivity in un-shaded headwaters invasion of alien species and other create an environments that is rich in human activities, the population of this food for primary consumers such as species has declined dramatically in aquatic insects (Meyer et al., 2007). many rivers over the past few decades Therefore, headwaters are abundant and has even completely disappeared with periphytic algae, organic detritus from some of its original habitats (Ye et and aquatic insects, which determine al., 2015). However, A. yunnanensis is the basic structure and function in the most dominant fish species in the headwater ecosystems. headwaters of the Chishui River (Wu et Since headwaters are usually unique al., 2010). In our investigations, this and important to the whole river species accounts for 34.5 % of the local ecosystem, they have received fisheries. Therefore, why this species extensive attentions and have been became a dominant species and how it established as protected areas. By has adapted to the environment in the Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(5) 2020 2690 headwaters of the Chishui River have autumn: September to October 2015, attracted attention. and winter: December 2015 to January The objectives of this study were to 2016). During each sampling, the fish (1) analyze the diet composition of A. were collected by electrofishing (180 yunnanensis qualitatively and volts AC, 5 A, and 50 Hz) and quantitatively; (2) examine the effects stationary gillnets (8 m long×1.2 m of ontogenetic, seasonal, diel and high, 5 cm mesh size) at 4-h intervals sexual variations on its feeding habits; during 24-h periods (2:00, 6:00, 10:00, (3) determine its diel and seasonal 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h). feeding intensity; (4) evaluate its niche In the field laboratory, the standard breadth and trophic level; and (5) length (SL, 1 mm) and body weight illustrate its feeding strategies. (BW, 0.1 g) were measured immediately after capture. The gut Materials and methods length (GL, 1 mm) was measured, and Sample collection and prey analysis the gut contents were fixed in a 4 % Fish samples were captured in the formaldehyde solution for further headwaters of the Chishui River (Fig. analysis. Samples with highly digested 1). The sampling was fixed within a 7 prey were excluded from the diet km-long area, and A. yunnanensis were analysis. Sex of each fish was landed quarterly from March 2015 to determined by examination of the January 2016 (spring: March to April gonads. 2015, summer: June to July 2015, Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:34 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 Figure 1: Map of the study region showing sampling area (dotted box) for Acrossocheilus yunnanensis in the Chishui River of China. 2691 Zhang et al., Feeding ecology of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (Regan, 1904), a dominant fish in… In the laboratory, the gut contents were and 6th age: VI (n=19). Hierarchical identified to the lowest possible taxon. cluster analysis and non-metric The utmost care was given to the multidimensional scaling (NMDS) identification of even small fragments based on the Bray-Curtis similarity to minimize the underestimation of index and the % W data were conducted small and soft prey. The food items to group the six age classes (Mitu and were examined using a dissecting Alam 2016). The % W index was microscope and a binocular microscope selected because it can overcome the and then counted and weighed to the problems that digestion poses for nearest 0.0001 g. enumerating prey items (White et al. 2004). Then, the similarity percentage Data analysis (SIMPER) routine was used to assess To assess whether the number of fish the contribution of each prey to the samples analyzed was sufficient to dissimilarity observed between groups. describe the diet with respect to total To evaluate possible seasonal dietary samples, seasons, size groups, and variation, the samples were analyzed sexes, cumulative prey curves (Ferry with respect to the season. Diel dietary and Cailliet 1996) were constructed variation was analyzed by sorting the using EstimateS 9.1.0 samples into six classes according to (http://purl.oclc.org/estimates). The sampling time, namely, 2:00, 6:00, slope of the linear regression (b) of the 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00. Finally, last five subsamples was utilized for to assess possible dietary differences this assessment, where b≤0.05 signified based on sex, the samples were divided sufficient samples for the dietary into an unidentified group (n=5), a description (Brown et al., 2012). female group (n=212), and a male The contribution of each prey to the group (n=163). Seasonal, diel, and Downloaded from jifro.ir at 11:34 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 diet was quantified using several sexual diet variations were tested by indices: the average percent abundance analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) of number and weight (% AN, % AW), through the Bray-Curtis similarity the percent prey-specific abundance by matrix based on % W data. number and weight (% PN, % PW), the The feeding intensity related to diel percent frequency of occurrence (% period and season was determined by FO), and the prey-specific index of the gut fullness index (GFI), which was relative importance (PSIRI).
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