Notes

1NTRODUCT10N

1. David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (London, 1969). 2. Leszek Kolakowski, Gt6wne nurty marksizmu: pmostanie-rouooj-rozklad, 3 vols (Paris, 1976); Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents 0/Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution, translated by P.S. Falla, 3 vols (Oxford, 1981). 3. Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge, 1975). 4. E.g. G.R.G. Mure, A Study of Hege!'s Logic (Oxford, 1950); W.T. Stace, ThePhilosophy 0/Hegel (New York, 1955) ; Manfred Baum, DieEntstehung der Hegelschen Dialektik (Bonn, 1986) . 5. Times Literary Supplement, 21 October 1984. 6. Robert C. Solomon, In the Spirit of Hegel (Oxford, 1983) . 7. 1bid., pp . 166 ff. 8. CharIes Taylor's standard account of Hegel's thought makes only the following short reference to the terms in connection with the discus• sion of the Concept: 'The universal is shown here to be in inner rela• tion to the particular (das Besondere). Sometimes, however, it is reIated to the individual (das Einzelne) ; and sornetimes to both; for Hegel uses this analysis of the universal in a host of contexts: like many Hegelian terms it expresses a therne with many variations.' CharIes Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge, 1975), p. 113. 9. Ryszard Panasiuk, Filozofia i pansuoo: Studium mysli polityczno-spofecznej !ewicy heglowskiej i miodego Marksa 1838-1843 (Warsaw, 1967). 10. Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein, Georg Lukäcs Werke, Vol. II, pp. 39, 165, 314, 320, 325, 337, 341, 345, 598, 607. 11. 1bid., p. 314. 12. Georg Lukäcs, 'Moses Hess und die Probleme der idealistischen Dia• lektik', Archivfür die Geschichte des Sozialismus und derArbeiterbewegung, Vol. XII, 1926. 13. 1bid., pp. 111 ff. 14. 1bid., pp. 107, 109. 15. KarlMarx FrederickEngels Werke (MEW) (BerIin, 1956- ), Vol. II, p. 147. 16. Moses Hess, Philosophische und sozialistische Schriften 1837-1850, Heraus• gegeben und eingeleitet von Auguste Cornu and Wolfgang Mönke (Berlin, 1961), pp. 75 ff. 17. 1bid., p. 223. 18. A. von Cieszkowski, Prolegomena zur Historiosophie (Berlin, 1838); J. Frauenstädt, Hallische jahrbücher für WISsenschaft und Kunst, 1839, pp. 476-88. 19. K. Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Reuolution in Nineteenth-Century German Thought, trans. David E. Green (London, 1965). 20. H. Stuke, Philosophie der Tat (Stuttgart, 1963) . 21. WJ. Brazill, The Young Hegelians (Yale University Press, 1970).

368 Notes to Introduction 369

22. D. McLellan, The Young Hegeliens and Karl Marx (London, 1969). 23. Auguste Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels: Leur vie et leur oeuvre, Vol. I (Paris, 1955), p. 242. 24. Moses Hess, Philosophische und sozialistische Schriften 1837-1850, pp. XVIII, XXI. 25. Ibid., p. 463. 26. Horst Stuke, Philosophie der Tat (Stuttgart, 1963), p. 85. 27. Panasiuk, p. 116. 28. David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, p. 11. 29. Ihid. , pp. 11-12. 30. G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen überdie PhilosophiederGeschichte, Herausgeben von Dr, Eduard Gans (Berlin, 1837). 31. Ibid., pp. 10-11. 32. D. Lukach, Molodoy Gegel' i problemy kapitalisticheskogo obshchestva (Moscow, 1987) , p. 3. 33. Lukäcs, Werke, Vol. VIII, p. 138. 34. G. Lukäcs, Derjunge Hegel: Über die Beziehungenvon Dialektik und Ökonomie, GeorgLukäcs Werke, Vol. VIII (Neuwied, 1967), p. 29. 35. Ibid., p. 138. 36. GeorgLuluics Werke, Vol. VIII, p. 9. 37. Die Zerstörung der Vernunft, GeorgLukäcs Werke, Vol. IX, p. 162. 38. H. Steffens, Christliche Religionsphilosophie (Berlin 1839), p. 140. 39. H. Steffens, Anthropologie, Vol. I (Breslau, 1822), pp. 15, 184-5. 40. Istvän Meszäros, Marx's Theory 0/Alienation (London, 1970), P: 14. 41. Georg Lukdcs Werke, Vol. VIII, p. 658. 42. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents 0/ Marxism, Vol. I1I (Oxford, 1981), p. 297. 43. Kolakowski, Gl6wne nurty marksizmu, Vol. 1, p. 75, original emphasis; Main Currents 0/Marxism, Vol. 1, p. 70. 44. Ghiwnenurtymarksizmu, Vol.l, p. 89; Main CurrentsofMarxism, Val. 1, p.85. 45. Gl6wne nurty marksizmu, Vol. 1, pp. 90, 145; Main Currents 0/Marxism, Vol. I, pp. 86, 144. 46. Gloume nurty marksizmu, Val. I, pp. 91-2; Main Currents 0/Marxism. Val. I, p. 88. 47. Gl6wne nurty marksizmu, Vol. I, p. 88; Main Currents 0/Marxism, Val. I, p.84. 48. Alain Besancon, The Intellectual Origins 0/ Leninism (Oxford, 1981), p.90. 49. Laurence S. Stepelevich, 'Between the Twilight of Theory and the Millennial Dawn: August von Cieszkowski and Moses Hess', in Laurence S. Stepelevich and David Lamb (eds), Hegel's Philosoph» 0/Action (At• lantic Highlands, NJ, 1982), p. 220. 50. Michael Löwy quoted in CJ. Arthur, Dialectics oj Labour: Marx and his Relation to Hegel (Oxford, 1986), p. 105. 5!. Nicholas Churchich, Marxism and Alienation (London, 1989), p. 181. 52. MEW, Vol. XXXII, p. 52. 53. Georg Lukacs Werke, Vol. II, pp. 18, 410. 54. A. Schmidt, Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Marx (Frankfurt am Main, 1962) , pp. 9, 57. 370 Notes to Chapter 1

55. Ibid., p. 20. 2 56. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA ) (Berlin, 1975- ), 1/2, p. 295. 57. See, for example, N. Geras, Man: and Human Nature: Refutation. 0/a Legend (London, 1983). 58. E.g. Roman Rosdolsky, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte desMarxschen 'Kapital', 2 vols (Frankfurt am Main, 1974); Ernest Mandel, The Formation 0/the Economic Thought0/Karl Marx (London, 1971); V.S. Vygodsky, K istorii sozdaniya 'Kapitale' (Moscow, 1970). 59. Wada Haruki, Marukusu, Engerusu to kakumei Roshia (Tokyo, 1975) . 60. T. Shanin (ed.), Late Man: and the Russian Road (London, 1984). 61. Richard Pipes, 'Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry', Slavic Review, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, September 1964. 62. Andrzej Walicki, The Controversy ouer Capitalism (Oxford, 1969). 63. Filozofia spoleana narodnictwa rosyjskiego: Y\»b6r pism, ed. Andrzej Walicki, 2 vols (Warsaw, 1965). 64. N.K. Karataev (ed.), Narodnicheskaya ekonomicheskaya literatura (Mo5• cow, 1958). 65. Filozofia spoleczna narodnictuia rosyjskiego, p. xxix; The Controversy ouer Capitalism, p. 36.

CHAPTER 1 THE ROMANTIC HERITAGE

1. Quoted in Hans-joachim Mähl, Die Idee des goldenen Zeitalters im Werk des Novalis (Heidelberg, 1965), p. 350. 2. J.G. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, ed. LH. Fichte, 8 vols (Berlin, 1845-46). Vo!. I, pp. 40-60. 3. Ibid . 4. 1. Kant, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. V (Berlin, 1908), p. 30. 5. Ibid. , p. 179. 6. J.G. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. I, pp. 332-3. 7. Schelling, Schellings sämmtliche Werke, ed. K.FA Schelling, 10 vols (Stutt• gart and Augsburg, 1856-61), Vo!. III, p. 628. 8. R. Haym, Die romantische Schule (Berlin, 1870), p. 352. 9. K. Rosenkranz, 'Ludwig Tieck und die romantische Schule', Hallische Jahrbücher, Nos. 155-163, 1838, pp . 1233-1302, esp. pp. 1291-2. ]0. Athenaeum1789-1800, Herausgeben von August Wilhelm Schlegel und Friedrich Schlegel, reprint (Stuttgart, 1960), P: 203. 11. H. Steffens, Was ich erlebte, Vol. IV (Breslau, 1841), pp. 122-3. 12. Hans Werner Arndt, 'Einführung', Christian Wolff, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. I (Hildesheim, 1965), p. 19. 13. Christian Wolff, 'Vernünftige Gedanken von den Kräften des rnenshch• liehen Verstandes und ihrem richtigen Gebrauche in Erkenntnis der Wahrheit', op. cit., p. 123. 14. G.SA Mellin, Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der kritishchen Philosophie, ve; I (Züllichau and Leipzig, 1797), p. 486. 15. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, A 320, B 377. 16. Ibid ., B 307. Notes to Chapter 1 371

17. Schelling, Werke, Vol. IV, pp. 353-4. 18. Werke, Vol. TII, p. 506. 19. lbid. 20. Kant, Kritik der reinen Yernunft; B 446. 21. Kant , Gesammelte Schriften, Val. V (Berlin, 1908), p. 421. 22. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 314. 23. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. I, pp. 412-13. 24. Friedrich Schiller, Werke, Nationalausgabe, eds L. Blumenthai and B. von Wiese (Weimar, 1943- ), Vol. XX, pp. 316-17. 25. First published in Die Horen in 1795. 26. Schiller, Werke, Vol. XX, p. 394. 27. Schelling, Werke, Vol. TII, p. 18. 28. Ibid., p. 19. 29. A. Cobban, In Search 0/Humanity: The Role0/theEnlightenment in Mod• r:rn History (London, 1960), p. 75. 30. J. Erhard, L 'idee deNatureen France dans la premiere motitiidu XVIII' siecie (Paris, 1963), p. 70. 31. For Steffens the whole history of the earth's development was 'the inner transformation from fluidity to rigidity, from water into me tal,. H. Steffens, Anthropologie (Breslau, 1822), p. 57; H. Stcffens, Beyträge zur innr:rn Naturgeschichte der Erde (Freiberg, 1801), p. 16. Schubert thought that the earth had evolved from an 'amorphous fluid state to an increasingly solid condition'. G.H . Schubert, Ansichten von der Nachtseite der Naturwissenschaft (Dresden, 1808), p. 105. 32. Schelling, Werke, Vol. I, p. 443. 33. P.C. Erb (ed.), Pietists: Selected Writings (London, 1983), pp. 35-6. 34. Ibid., p. 60. 35. Ibid., p. 37. 36. I. Kant, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. V, p. 429. 37. ].G. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 302. 38. Ibid., p. 306. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid., p. 323. 42. Ibid., p. 318. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid., p. 420. 45. Ibid., pp. 13-14. 46. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion (Berlin, 1799), P: 12. 47. Friedrich E.D. Schleicrmacher, Werke, eds Otto Braun and Johannes Bauer (Aalen, 1967), Val. IV, p. 437. 48. In English both Entäußerungand Entfremdungare habitually translated as 'Alienation '. This is in accordance with the idea put forward by Georg Lukäcs and accepted by modern writers that the two terms are simply German translations of the English word 'alienatiori'. See CJ Arthur, Dialectics 0/ Labour: Man: and his Relation to Hegel (Oxford, 1986), p. 147. This is clearly wrong, since it dissociates Entäußerung from außer, and from the contrast between Inner and Outer. 49. H. Steffens, Christliche Religionsphilosophie (Berlin, 1839), pp. 45-6. 372 Notes to Chapter 1

50. There is considerable dispute about whether the 'Systemprogramm' should be attributed to Schelling or Hege!. The main arguments for both sides are collected in Jamme, C. and Schneider, H. (eds), Mytho• logie der Vernunft: Hegets 'ältestes SY.ltemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus' (Frankfurt am Main, 1984). I am inclined to believe that Schelling was the author, because the ideas contained in the 'Systemprogramm' were characteristic of his intellectual biography. It was he who origi• nated the conception that the State was an Idea. Thus, even if Hegel did compose the 'Systemprogramm', he could only have been elabo• rating on a conception which belonged to Schelling. 51. F.wJ. Schelling, Briefe und Dokuments, Vol. I, 1775-1809, ed. Horst Fuhr• mans (Bonn, 1962), pp. 69-70; c.Jamme and H. Schneider, Mythologie derVernunft: Hegels 'ältestes Systemprogramm des deutschen. Idealismus' (Frank• furt am Main, 1984), pp. 11-12. 52. Schelling, Werke, Vol. V, p. 232. 53. Ibid ., pp. 260-1. 54. Ibid ., p. 258. 55. G.S. Ford, Stein and theEra of Reform in Prussia, 1807-1815 (Gloucester, Mass., 1965), p. 203. 56. Ibid., p. 20. 57. A. Müller, Schriften zur Staatsphilosophie, ed. Rudolf Kohler (Munieh, 1923), p. 85. 58. Ibid. , pp. 94, 105-6. 59. A. Müller, Elemente der Staatskunst, ed.Jakob Baxa (jena, 1922), Vol. I, p.155. 60. Ibid., p. 160. 61. Ibid., p. 265. 62. A. Müller, Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, ed. Jakob Baxa (Jena, 1921), pp. 104-5. 63. Ibid. , p. 267. 64. Ibid., p. 351. 65. Ibid ., p. 405. 66. Ibid. 67. Ibid., p. 35. 68. Müller, Elemente der Staatskunst (jena, 1922), Vol. II, p. 27. 69. Müller, Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, p. 90. 70. Ibid ., p. 87. 71. Ibid., p. 89. 72. Ibid. 73. Hamann, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. H, p. 197; R.G. Smith, JG. Hamann 1730-1788: A Study in Christian Existence (London, 1960), p. 70. 74. R. Haym, Herder nach seinem Leben und seinen Werken (Berlin, 1880) , Vol. I, pp. 139-40. 75. .J.G.Herder, Samtliehe Werke, Vol. I, ed. B. Suphan (Berlin, 1877), p. 153. 76. F.WJ. Schelling, 'Uber Mythen, Sagen und Philosopheme der ältesten Welt', Schelling, Werke, Vo!. I, pp. 33-4. 77. F. Creuzer, Symbolik und Mythologie, Vol. I (Leipzig and Darmstadt, 1843), pp. 563-4. Notes to Chapter 2 373

78. F. von Savigny, Vom Berufunsrer Zeitfür Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (Heidelberg, 1814), pp. 9-10. 79. Ibid ., pp. 10-11. 80. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VII, pp. 175-7. 81. Ibid., pp. 179-84. 82. Ibid ., pp. 188, 210. 83. Ibid., pp. 195-6. 84. Fichte, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. II, p. 265. 85. Ibid., p. 271. 86. Ibid., p. 272. 87. H. Levin, Die Heidelberger Romantik (Munieh, 1922), p. 92. 88. R. Saitschick,joseph GörYes und dieabendländische Kultur (Breisgau, 1953), pp. 26, 101-2. 89. ]. Baxa (ed.), Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse (Munich, Paderborn, Vienna, 1966), Vol. II, p. 277. 90. ]. Görres, 'Teutschland und die Revolution', Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. IV (Munich, 1856), pp. 150-1; G. Mann , The History of Germany since 1789 (Penguin, 1974), pp. 106-8. 91. 'Wachstum in Historie',]. Görres. Gesammelte Schriften (Cologne, 1926), Vol. III, p. 379. 92. Ibid., p. 405. 93. Görres, 'Teutschland und die Revolution', p. 209. 94. Ibid., p. 215. 95. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Selected Works (Moscow, 1969), Vol. 1, p. 36. 96. Görres. 'Teutschland und die Revolution', pp. 206-9, 97. Görres, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. III, pp. 374-402. 98. Görres, Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. IV, pp. 217-18. 99. F. Baader, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. V, p. 290. 100. F. Baader, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 15. 101. F.B.Artz, Reaction andRevolutionin Europe 1814-1832 (NewYork, 1934), pp. 7-11. 102. Ibid., p. 142. 103. Saitschick, op. cit., pp. 39, 44. 104. Baxa, op. eit., Vol. II, pp. 735, 789.

CHAPTER 2 HEGEL

1. G.W.F. Hege!, Phänomenologie des Geistes, Gesammelte Werke, eds Friedrich Hogemann and Walter jaeschke (Hamburg, 1981- ), Vol. IX, pp. 31• 2. 2. Ibid., p. 10. 3. Ibid., p. 27. 4, Ibid., p. 48. 5. Hege!, Wissenschaft der Logik, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XII, pp. 16-17. 6. Ibid., p. 19. 7. Hege!, Philosophie des Rechts, Sämtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 14. 8. Ibid., p. 22. 374 Notes to Chapter 2

9. Wissenschaft der Logik, p. 175. 10. Ibid., p. 247. 11. Ibid ., p. 250. 12. Ibid. , p. 249; Phänomenologie, p. 41. 13. Wissenschaft der Logik, p. 252. 14. Phänomenologie, pp. 19-22. 15. Encyclopädie, § 209; Wissenschaft der Logik (2nd edn, 1832), Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XXI, p. 332. 16. Gesammelte H-erke, Vol. XI, pp. 215-20. 17. Naturphilosophie, Werke, ed. P. Marheineke et al., Vol. IX, Part 1, p. 28. 18. Ibid., pp. 20-1; GegeI', EntsiklopediyafilosoJskikh nauk, Vol. II, Filosofiya prirody (Moscow, 1975), pp. 627-8; D.R. WiswalI, A Comparison of Se• lected Poetic and Scientific Works oJAlbert von Haller (Berne, 1981), pp. 163-8. 19. Wissenschaft der Logik, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XII, p. 11. 20. Ibid., pp. 18-19. 21. Hege!, Encyclopädie, § 249. 22. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems (Königs- berg, 1840), p. 101. 23. Hege!, Encyclopädie, § 539. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid., § 433. 27. K. Rosenkranz, Hegels Leben (Berlin, 1844), p. 86. 28. Hege! , Philosophie des Rechts, Sämtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 159. 29. Ibid., § 183. 30. Ibid., § 256. 31. Ibid. , § 245. 32. Ibid. , § 236. 33. Ibid., § 260. 34. Ibid., § 273. 35. Ibid., § 272. See also § 31. 36. Ibid., § 301. 37. Ibid. , § 302. 38. Ibid., p. 13. 39. Ibid., p. 17. 40. Encyclopädie, § 552. 41. M. Riede! (ed.). Materialen zu Hegels Rechuphilosophie; Vol. I (Frankfurt am Main, 1975), p. 64. 42. Philosophie des Rechts, p. 7. 43. Ibid., § 346. 44. Ibid., § 352. 45. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems, p. 156. 46. August Cieszkowski, Prolegomena zur Historiosophie, Berlin , 1838. It was reviewed in Hallischejahrbücher (1839), No. 60. 47. Ibid. 48. Hege!, Philosophie derGeschichte Werke, ed . P. Marheineke et al., pp. 19• 20. 49. Ibid., p. 41. Notes to Chapter 3 375

50. Ibid., p. 21. 51. Ibid., p. 41. 52. Ibid., p. 26. 53. Ibid. , p. 28. 54. Ibid., p. 21. 55. Ibid., p. 446. 56. W. Kaufmann, Hegel: AReinterpretation (Notre Dame , Indiana, 1978), p.232. 57. Carl Miehelet, Geschichte der letzten Systeme in Deutschland von Kant bis Hege~ Vol. I (Berlin, 1838), p. 60. 58. A.L. Blaekwell, Schleiermacher'sEarly Philosophy of Life (Furrnan Univer- sity, Greenville, 1982), pp. 199, 226. 59. Encyclopädie, § 552. 60. Encyclopädie, p. 24. 61. Hege!, Sämtliche Werke, Vol. VI, p. 8. 62. R. Haym, Hegel und seine Zeit: Vorlesungen über Entstehung, Wesen und Werth der Hegel'schen Philosophie (Berlin, 1857), pp. 359-89. 63. K. Rosenkranz, Von Magdeburg bisKönigsberg (Berlin, 1873), pp. 134-5.

CHAPTER 3 THE YOUNG HEGELlANS

1. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems (Königsberg, 1840), pp. XI-XII. 2. Th. Eehterrneyer, 'Die Universität Halle', HallischeJahrbücher für deutsche Wissenschaft und Kunst, 1838, pp . 666-71. 3. Ibid., pp. 675-6. 4. F. Liehtenberger, History of German Theology in the Nineteenth Century, trans. W. Hastie (Edinburgh, 1889), p. 214. 5. Echtermeyer, op. cit., p. 672. 6. Ibid., p. 676; R. Panasiuk, FilozoJia i panstua (Warsaw, 1967), p. 25. 7. G.W.H. Hegel, Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, ed. J Hoffmeister (Leipzig, 1949), p. 24. 8. JF. Sandberger, David Friedrich Strauß als theologischer Hegelianer (Göttingen, 1972), p. 55. 9. Rosenkranz, op. eit., pp. 348-50, VIII; Panasiuk, op. cit., pp. 27-8. 10. JE. Toews, Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805• 1841 (Cambridge, 1980), p. 243. 11. Panasiuk, op. eit., p. 29. 12. 'Doktor Strauss charakterisirt von Fr.Vischer', HalliseheJahrbücher, 1838, p. 1096. 13. lbid., p. 1095. 14. Ibid., pp. 1104-7. 15. D.F. Strauss, Das Leben jesu, kritisch bearbeitet, Vol. I (Tübingen, 1835), pp . 71-2. 16. Ibid., p. 19. 17. D.F. Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, Vol. II (Tübingcn, 1836), pp. 734-5. 18. Vischer, op. cit., pp. 1099-100. 19. Ibid., pp. 1100-1. 376 Notes to Chapter 3

20. Ibid., p. 1102. 21. Lichtenberger, op. cit., p. 383. 22. B. Bauer, Kritik derevangelischen Geschichte derSynoptiker, Vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1841), p. XIV. 23. Ibid., p. 71. 24. Ibid. , pp. XV, 71. 25. Ibid. , p. XX. 26. J. Schaller, Derhistorische Christus und die Philosophie. Kritik derGrundidee des Werkes : Das Lebenjesu von Dr D.F.Strauß (Leipzig, 1838). Review by W. Vatke , Hallischejahrbücher, 1838, pp. 2271-6. 27. L. Feuerbach, Sämtliche Werke, cds F. Jodl and W. Bolin, Vol. VI, p. 78. 28. Ibid., p. 41. 29. Ibid ., p. 297 . 30. Ibid., pp. 309, 320. 31. F. Schnabel, Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten [ahrhundert, Vol. IV (Freiberg, 1937), pp . 133-42. 32. Hallischejahrbücher, 1838, p. 1. 33. Ibid. 34. Amold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter aus den[ahren 1825-1880, cd , Paul Nerrlich, Vol. 1 (Berlin, 1886), pp. 179, 187,233; H. Rosenberg, 'Arnold Ruge und die "Hallischen jahrbücher'", Archiv für Kultur• geschichte, Val. XX, No. 3, 1930, pp. 284-5. 35. K. Rosenkranz, Review of G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Philosophie derGeschichte, Herausgeben von Dr, Eduard Gans, Berlin, 1837, Hallische [ahrbiicher, 1838, pp. 132-156; Emil von Meysenbug, 'Die Philosophie der Geschichte in ihrer gegenwärtigen Ausbildung. Eine positive Kritik dieser Disciplin', Hallischejahrbücher, 1839, pp. 2414-47. 36. J. Schaller, Review of GW.F. Hege! Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie. Herausgeben von Dr. K.L. Michelet. 3 Bde . Berlin, 1833• 36, Hallischejahrbücher, 1838, p. 662. 37. K. Rosenkranz, Von Magdeburg bis Känigsberg (Berlin, 1873), p. 186. 38. K. Rosenkranz, 'Ludwig Tieck und die romantische Schule', Hallische [ahrbiicher, 1838, p. 1299 . 39. K. Rosenkranz, Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegel'schen Systems (Königs• berg, 1840), p. 9. 40. P.F. Stuhr, Review of]. Görres, Athanasius, Regensburg, 1838, Hallische [ahrbiicher, 1838, p. 483. 41. A. Ruge, 'Sendschreiben an]. Görres von Heinrich Leo', Hallische [ahrbiicher, 1838, pp. 1169-204. 42. A. Ruge, Preussen und die Reaktion: Zur Geschichte unserer Zeit (Leipzig, 1838). 43. Ibid ., p. 144. 44. Ibid., pp. 32, 34, 41. 45. Amold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, p. 73; Panasiuk, op. eit., p. 44; Rosenberg, op . eit., p. 287. 46. H. Leo, Die Hegelingen: Actenstücke und Belege zu der s.g. Denunziation der ewigen Wahrheit (Halle, 1839), pp. 2-3. 47. Arnold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, p. 167. 48. A. Ruge, 'Der Pietismus und die Jesuiten', Hallischejahsbiicher, No. 31 (5 February) - No. 36 (11 February), 1839, pp. 241-288. Notes to Chapter 3 377

49. A. Ruge and Tb. Ecbtermeyer, 'Der Protestantismus und die Romantik. Zur Verständigung über die Zeit und ihre Gegensätze. Ein Manifest', Hallischejahrbücher, No. 246 (14 Oetober), 1839, p. 1961. 50. Hallische jahrbücher, 1839, p. 2152. 51. Hallischefahrbiicher, 1839, pp. 1963-4, 1968. 52. Hallische jahrbücher, 1840, p. 446. 53. Ibid., p. 511. 54. Rosenberg, op. cit., p. 304. 55. F. Köppen, 'Zur Feier der Thronbesteigung Friedrich H', Hallische jahrbücher, 1840, pp. 1169-97. 56. C.F. Köppen, Friedrich der Grosse und seine Widersacher: Eine[ubelschrift (Leipzig, 1840). 57. Ibid ., p. 2. 58. F. Schlegel, Kritische Ausgabe, Val. VI, pp. 252-3. 59. Köppen, op. cit., p. 41. 2 60. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA ) (Berlin, 1975- ), 1/1, p. 47. 61. Ibid., p. 53. 62. Ibid., pp. 55-6. 63. GW.F. Hege!, Geschichte derPhilosophie, Werke, Vol. XIII, p. 99. 64. On 31 May 1858 Marx wrote to Ferdinand Lassalle in eonnection with the latter's book on Heraclitis:'... about eigbteen years ago I attempted a similar work on ... Epieurus - namely the portrayal of a eomplete system from fragments, a system whieb I am convinced ... was .. .• only irnplicitly (an sich) present in his work, not conseiously as a sys• tem.' Karl Marx Frederick Engels Werke (MEW) (Berlin, 1956- ), Val. XXIX, p. 561. 65. Köppen, op. cit., pp . 171-2. 66. G. Mayer, 'Die Anfinge des politischen Radikalismus im vormärzliehen Preussen', Zeitschrift für Politik, No. 6 (1913), pp. 12-14. 67. Amold Ruges Briefuiechsel und Tagebuchblauer. p. 154. 68. Mayer, op. cit., p. 14. 69. J.E. Toews, Hegelianism, p. 88. 70. Panasiuk, op. cit., pp. 142-3. 71. Ibid., p. 143. 72. F. Mehring, Karl Marx: The Story of his Life, trans. Edward Fitzgerald (Ann Arbor, 1973), pp. 35-6. 73. Marx to Ruge , 27 April 1842, MEGA2 IIl/1, p. 26. 74. This was not of course anthropology in the modern sense . It included Steffens's ideas on the formation of the earth, the Natural seiences, and Soeiety based on Individuality. The publisbed version of his lec• tures is H. Steffens, Anthropologie, 2 vols (Breslau, 1822) . 75. S. Prawer, KarlMarx and Warld Literature (Oxford, 1978), pp . 3, 9; Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Collected Works, Vol. I, p. 703. 76. Panasiuk, op. cit., p. 109. 77. 'Kar! Streckfuß und das Preußenthum. Von einem Würtemberger', Hallische jahrbücher, 1839, pp. 2100-1. 78. lbid., p. 2093. 79. Ibid., p. 2100. 80. Ibid. 378 Notes to Chapter 3

81. Arnold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, p. 177. 82. A. Ruge, 'Zur Kritik des gegenwärtigen Staats- und Völkerrechts', Hallisehe jahrbücher, 1840, pp. 1211. 83. Ibid., p. 1204. 84. A. Ruge, 'Friedrich von Florencourt und die Kategorieen der poli- tischen Praxis', Hallische jahrbücher, 1840, p. 2254. 85. Deutsche jahrbücher, 1841, p. 5. 86. MEGN I/I, pp . 89-90. 87. MEGA2 III/1, pp. 58-9. 88. L. Feuerbach, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. II, p. 222. 89. L. Feuerbach, 'Kritik der Hegel'schen Philosophie', Hallischejahrbücher, 1839, pp. 1724-6. 90. L. Feuerbach, Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. II, p. 304. 91. Ibid., p. 239. 92. Ibid ., p. 280. 93. Ibid., p. 288. 94. Ibid., p. 233. 95. Marx to Ruge, 13 March 1843, MEGA2 III/1, p. 45. 96. A. Ruge, 'Die Hegeische Rechtsphilosophie und die Politik unsrer Zeit', Deutsche jahrbücher, 1842, p. 762. 97. A. Ruge, 'Die wahre Romantik und der falsche Protestantismus, ein Gegenmanifest', Deutsche jahrbücher, 1842, P: 677. 98. A. Ruge, 'Der christliche Staat. Gegen den Wirtemberger über das Preußenthum', Deutschejahrbücher, 1842, pp. 1065-6. 99. Ibid., p. 1067. 100. Ibid., pp. 1067-8. 101. Ibid. , p. 1068. 102. Ibid, pp. 1070-2. 103. B. Bauer, 'Der christliche Staat und unsere Zeit', Hallische jahrbücher, 1841, pp. 537-58. 104. MEGA2 III/1, pp. 22, 24. 105. MEW, Vol. I, p. 216. 106. Ibid., pp. 212-13, 217. 107. 1bid., pp. 222, 248-9. 108. Ibid., p. 285. 109. Ibid., p. 250. 110. Ibid., p. 266. llI. Ibid ., pp. 233-4. 112. Ibid., pp. 355-6. 113. Ibid., p. 370. 1I4. Ibid., p. 390. 115. Ibid., p. 391. 116. Ibid., p. 508. 117. Ibid., p. 515. 118. Ibid., p. 513. 1I 9. Ibid ., p. 515. 120. Ibid., p. 505. 121. Panasiuk, op. cit., pp. 198-9. 122. E. Bauer, DerStreitderKritik mit Kirche und Staat (Berne. 1844), p. 214. Notes to Chapter 4 379

123. Ibid., p. 204. 124. Ibid., p. 264. 125. Ibid., p. 268. 126. MEW, Vol. 11, p. 126. 127. Ibid., p. 138. 128. MEW, Vol. IlI, pp. 5-6.

CHAPTER 4 MARX

2 1. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA ), (Berlin, 1975- ) 1/2, p. 376. 2. Ibid., p. 374. 2 3. MEGA , 1/2, p. 322. 4. Ibid., p. 389. 5. MEGN, I/2, p. 396. 6. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Werke (MEW), Vol. 11, p. 138. 7. Ibid., p. 296. 8. MEW, Vol. 11, p. 132. 2 9. MEGA , 1/2, pp. 275. 10. Ibid., p. 267. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., p. 377. 13. Ibid ., p. 254. 14. Ibid. , p. 296. 15. Ibid. 16. The ward 'only' here is important, It implies that although Feuerbach was wrong to conceive human essence entirely in terms as species• being, this element was nevertheless present. 17. MEW, Vol. IlI, p. 6. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid., p. 7. 20. Ibid. , pp. 5-6. 21. Ibid. , p. 27. 22. Ibid ., p. 402. 23. Ibid., p. 26. 24. Ibid. The metaphor of the camera obscura is used by Ruge and Echtermeyer, who speak of 'the camera obscura of the Romantic view• point'. (Hallische jahrbücher, 1839, No. 270, p. 2157.) 25. Ibid., p. 21. 26. Ibid ., pp. 29-30. 27. Ibid., pp. 32-3. 28. Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Collected Works (MECW), Vol. VI, p. 165. 29. Ibid., p. 27. 30. Marx to Lassalle, 12 November 1858, MEW, Vol. XXIX, p. 566. 31. Marx to Lassalle, 22 February 1858, ibid., p. 550. 32. Ibid., p. 551. 33. Ibid., p. 550. 380 Notes to Chapter 4

34. F.T. Vischer, Aesthetik oder WissenscluLjt des Schönen, 3 vols (Reutlingen, Leipzi~ and Stuttgart, 1846-1854). 35. MEGA II/l.l, pp. 151-2. 36. MEGA2 II/l.l, pp. 320-1. 37. MEGA2 II/3.6, p. 2269. 38. MEGN II/l.l, p. 187. 39. Ibid., p. 199. 40. MEGA2 II/3.4, p. 1505. 41. MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 42. 42. MEGA2 II/3.4, p. 1302. 43. MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 89. 44. K. Marx, Zur Kritik dRY Politischen Oekonomie (Berlin, 1859), p. 7; MEGA2 II/2, p. 107. 45. Here and e1sewhere in his writings prior to 1872 Marx regarded the terms 'value' and 'exchange value' as synonymous. He made this ex• plicit in the second draft of his 'Critique of Political Economy'. There he explained: 'If we employ the word ualue without further designa• tion, it is always to be understood as exchange ualue' (MEGA2 II/3.1, p. 9) . In the first edition of Capital there is a note to this effect: 'Hereafter when we use the word "value" without any further qualifi• cation, what is meant is always exchange value' (Das Kapital; Hamburg, 1867, p. 4; MEGA2 II/5, p. 19). In the second edition of Capital Vol. I (1872) Marx attached a somewhat different meaning to the terrn 'value '. He indicated that his earlier statements to the effect that a commodity was a combination of use value and exchange value were not strictly true, since exchange value was the relationship of one commodity to another, and could not exist in isolation. Consequently, what each separate commodity consisted in was a combination of use value (which could exist by itself) and 'value' - 'the Appearance form of the commodity distinct from its Natural form' (MEGA211/6, p. 92). 46. MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 76. My emphasis j .w. 47. Ibid., p. 81. 48. Ibid. , p. 147. 49. Ibid., p. 38. 50. Ibid., pp. 134 ff. 51. ~EGA2 II/2, p. 164. 52. ~EGA2 II/l.l, p. 176; II/2, pp. 67-8. 53. ~EGA2 II/2, p. 64. 54. MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 178. 55. Ibid. , p. 414. 56. Ibid. 57. MEGN II/1.2, p. 415. 58. In Schelling's system each pair of relative opposites along with the higher unity in which they found their identity formed a triad whose members were termed 'powers' or Potenzen. The primary set of Potenzen was that comprising Reflection, Subsumption and Reason. By this triad, Schelling incorporated in his system the concept to which the Specu• lative method owed its existence. Schelling defined Subsumption as the opposite of Reflection: '[ust as the first Potenz. is the presentation Notes to Chapter 4 381

of Essence in Form, so we designate the one which illuminates Form and presents it as Essence as the second Potenz. This one is character• ised by the presentation of Form in Essence by the taking up of the finite into the infinite, and which, in contrast to the first Potenz, we shall call Subsumption' (Schelling, WerkeVol. IV, p. 420). Since Marx regards human Social Nature as the thing to which all else is ulti• mately Subsumed, and the driving force of human history, he - like Schelling - sees Subsumption as the counter to Reflection. 59. Ibid., p. 168. See also MEGN II/2, p. 60. 60. MEGA2 II/l.l, p. 91. 61. MEGN H/1.2, p. 438. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid., pp. 320-1. 64. Ibid., p. 323. 65. MEGA2 H/1.2, p. 624. 66. Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Politischen OekonomieErstes Heft, Berlin, 1859. 67. MEGN H/3.1, pp. 167-8. 68. K. Marx, Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie, p. V; MEGA2 II/2, p. 100. 69. Zur Kritik, p. V; MEGA2 H/2, p. 101. 70. Zur Kritik, p. VI; MEGN H/2, p. 101. 71. MEW, Val. 111, pp. 24-5. 72. Marx to Engels, 14 June 1853, MEW, Vol. XXVIII, p. 267. 73. MEGA2 II/l.l, pp. 380-1. 74. MEGA2 n/i.i, p. 40. 75. MEGA2 II/3.6, p. 2269. 76. MEGN II/1.2, p. 379. 77. Ibid., p. 406. 78. Ibid. , pp. 397-8. 79. MEGN H/2, p. 101. 80. Zur Kritik, p. 10; MEGN H/2, p. Il3. 81. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI (Leipzig, 1880), pp. Il9-20. 82. A. von Haxthausen, Ueber die Agrarverfassung in Norddeutschland und deren Conflicte in der gegenwärtigen Zeit (Berlin, 1829), pp. 50-1. 83. Ibid. , p. 188. 84. A. von Haxthausen, Studien über die inneren Zustände, das Volksleben und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Russlands, Vol. I (Hannover, 1847), p. XII. 85. Ibid. , p. 83; Studien , Vol. H (Hannover, 1847), pp. 554-5. 86. Haxthausen, Studien , Vol. III (Hannover, 1852), p. 3. 87. A.I. Gertsen, Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. H, p. 288. 88. A.I. Gertsen, Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. VII, pp. 274-5. 89. Ibid ., pp. 301-2. 90. MEW Vol. XXIX, p. 360. 91. MEGA2 II/5, p. 625. 92. Marx to Engels, 9 December 1861, MEW Vol. XXX, p. 207. 93. MEGA2 H/3.1, pp. 48, 56. 94. Ibid., p. 77. 95. Ibid, pp. 162-90. 96. MEGA2 II/3.6, p. 2144. 382 Notes to Chapter 4

97. MEGN 11/3.1, p. 286. 98. Ibid., p. 233. 99. MEGA2 11/3.1, p. 286. 100. MEGN 11/3.6, p. 2142. 101. Ibid., p. 2144. 102. MEGA2 11/3.6, p. 2173. 103. Ibid., p. 2180. 104. MEGA2 11/3.5, p. 1862. 105. MEGN 11/3.4, p. 1499. 106. MEGN 11/3.6, p. 2299. 107. Marx to Kugelmann, 28 December 1862, MEW, Vol. XXX, p. 639. 108. Marx to Engels, 29 May 1863, MEW, Vol. XXX, p. 350. 109. MEGA2 11/3.5, pp. 1861-2. 110. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F Engel'sa, Vol. 11 (VII), pp . XIII-XIV. 111. Ibid., p. 466. 112. Ibid., p. 182. 113. Ibid., p. 178. 114. Ibid., p. 184. 115. Ibid., p. 170. 116. V. Vygodsky, L. Mis'kevich, M. Ternovsky, A. Chepurenko, '0 period• izatsii raboty K. Marksa nad "Kapitalom" v 1863-1867 gg.', Voprosy ekonomiki, 1981, No. 8, p. 142; Ocherki po istorii "Kapitala" K. Marksa (Moscow, 1983), p. 102. 117. Marx to Kugelmann, 13 October 1866, MEW, Vol. XXXI, p. 534. 118. MEW, Vol. XXV, p. 33. 119. MEGN 11/3.5, p. 186. 120. Ocherki, pp. 151-2. 121. MEGA2 11/4.2, p. 225; V. Vygodsky, L. Mis'kevich, M. Ternovsky, A. Chepurenko, '0 periodizatsii raboty K. Marksa nad "Kapitalom" v 1863• 1867 gg.', p. 104. 122. A.Yu. Chepurenko, 'Iz istorii vtoroy knigi "Kapitala" Marksa', Ocherki, pp. 206-48. 123. MEGA2 11/4.1, p. 178. 124. Ibid ., p. 178. 125. Ibid., p. 205. 126. Ibid., p. 208. 127. Ibid., p. 163. 128. Ibid., p. 353. 129. Ibid., pp. 172-3. 130. Ibid., pp. 190, 208. 131. Engels to Marx, 16June 1867, MEW, Vol. XXXI, p. 303. 132. Marx to Engels, 22 June 1867, MEW, Vol. XXXI, p. 306. 133. Das Kapital (Hamburg, 1867), pp. VII-VIII; MEGA2 11/5, pp. 11-12. 134. See MEGN 11/5, pp. 136, 140, 160. 135. Ibid., p. 136. 136. Ibid ., p. 132. 137. Ibid., p. 435. 138. Ibid., p. 143. 139. Ibid., pp. 461-2 . Notes to Chapter 5 383

140. Ibid., p. 575. 141. MEGA2 1I/4.1, p. 412. 142. MEGA2 1I/5, p. 609. 143. Ibid., pp. 609-10. 144. Ibid., p. 12. 145. Marx to Engels, 2 April 1858, MEW, Vol. XXIX, p. 315. 146. V.G. Veber, lstariograficheskie problemy (Moscow, 1974), pp. 37-41. 147. MEGN 11/1.2, pp. 387-8. 148. A. Dopsch, The Economic and Social Foundations 0/European Civilisation (London, 1937), p. 13. 149. Ibid.; Veber, op. cit., p. 45. 150. G. Maurer, Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark-, Hof, Dorf, und Stadt• Verfassung und der öffentlichen Gewalt (Munieh, 1854), p. 3. 151. At the time this letter was written the works by Maurer which Marx had read were Einleitung zur Geschichte derMark-, Hof, Dorf, und Stadt• Verfassung und deröffentlichen Gewalt (Munieh, 1854) and Geschichte der Markenverfassung in Deutschland, 2 vols (Erlangen, 1865-66). See H. Harstick, Karl Man: überFormen vorkapitalistischer Produktion (Frankfurt! New York, 1977), p. 246. 152. Their tillage is separate and apart. 153. They do not layout their villages with the buildings connected and joined together, as is our custom; each surrounds his dwelling with a clear strip of land. 154. In clans and kinship groups, which settled together. 155. MEGA2 11/7 contains a full textual comparison of the second German edition and the French translation of Capital. 156. K. Marx, Le Capital; traduction de MJ. Roy, entierernent revisee par I'auteur (Paris, 1872-5), p. 220; MEGA2 1If7, p. 855. 157. Le Capital, p. 315. 158. MEGA2 1I/5, p. 576. 159. Le Capital, p. 315; MEGA2 11/7, p. 634. 160. Ibid. 161. K. Marx, Das Kapital; 2nd edn (Hamburg, 1872) , p. 822; MEGN 11/6, p. 709.

CHAPTER 5 MARX AND THE RUSSIANS

1. B.N. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskva sorokouykh godov (Moscow, 1929), p. 172. 2. 'Pis'rno k izdatelyu', Golosa iz Rossii, Vol. I (London, 1856) (Reprint Moscow, 1974), p. 23. 3. RN. Chicherin, '0 krepostnom sostoyanii', Golosa iz Rossii, Val. 1I (London, 1856), p. 177. 4. Ibid ., p. 180. 5. Ihid ., p. 144; NA Tsagolov, Ocherki russlwy ekonomicheskoy mysliperioda padeniya krepostnogo prava (Moscow, 1956), pp. 282-4. 6, 'Ob osvohozhdenii krest 'yan v Rossii', Golosa iz Rossii, Vol. V (London, 1858), p. 49; Tsagolov, op. eit., pp. 220, 225. 384 Notes to Chapter 5

7. Quoted in Tsagolov, ap. cit., p. 226. 8. Ibirl., p. 226. 9. A. Skrebitsky, Kresi'[anskoe delo v tsarstuooanie Imperatora Aleksandra H, Val. I (Bann, 1862), pp. 1-11. 10. Ibirl. 11. Ibid., pp. IlI-IX. 12. B.N. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskovsky universitet (Moscow, 1929), p. 12. 13. 'Peasant Proprietors', Quarterly Review, Val. 151, No. 302, 1881, p. 441. 14. Ibid., p. 439. 15. Ibid., p. 437. 16. VA Aleksandrov, Sel'skaya obshchina v Rossii (XVII-nachalo XIX v.), (Moscow, 1976), p. 3. 17. B.N. Chicherin, 'Obzor istoricheskogo razvitiya sel'skoy obshchiny v Rossii', Opyty po istorii russkogo prava (Moscow, 1858), p. 4. 18. B.N. Chicherin, Vospominaniya: Moskva sorokovykh godov, pp. 262-3. 19. Chicherin, 'Obzor .. .', p. 24. 20. VA Kitaev, Ot jrondy k okhranitel'stvu: Iz istorii russkoy liberal'noy mysli 50-60 kh godov XIX veka (Moscow, 1972), p. 78. 21. Ibid., p. 78. 22. Chicherin, Vospominaniya : Moskoa sorokovykh godov, pp . 264-5. 23. YU.F. Samarin, Sochineniya, Vol. II (Moscow, 1878), p. 171. 24. Samarin, Sochineniya, Vol. III (Moscow, 1885), p. 454. 25. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. V, p. 362. 26. Chemyshevsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. IX, p. 155. 27. Ibid., p. 87. 28. Ibid. , p. 403. 29. Ibid ., p. 403. 30. Arkhiv K. Matksa i F. Engel'sa, Val. XI, p. 178. 31. Ibid ., pp . 181-94. 32. K. Marks, F. Engel's i revolyutsionnaya Rossiya [hereafter MERR) (Mos• cow, 1967), pp. 158-9. 33. B. Nikolaevsky, 'Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa', ArkhivK. MarksaiF. Engel'sa, Vol. IV (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929), p. 391. 34. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Izbrannye sochineniya, Vol. II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1937), p. LXIII. 35. Ibid., p. XX. 36. Ibid., p. XV. Marx's emphasis. 37. Ibid., p. XXXIV. Marx's emphasis. 38. Ibid., p. XLVIII. 39. Das Kapital, 2 edn (Hamburg, 1872), pp. 816-17. 40. GermanAleksandrovich Lopatin (1845-1918) (Petrograd, 1922), p. 71. 41. MERR, p. 281. 42. Ibid., p. 278. 43. Pis'maKarlaMarksai Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolasu-onu, trans. GA Lopatin (St Petersburg, 1908), p. 1. 44. MERR, p. 158. 45. Ts.1. Grin, Pereoodchik i izdatel' 'Kapitala' (Moscow, 1985), pp . 66-9. 46. OA Saykin, Pervy russkyperevodchik 'Kapitaiß' (Moscow, 1983), pp. 14• 20. Notes to Chapter 5 385

47. Marx to Engels, 5 July 1870, Karl Marx Fredenck Engels Werke (MEW), Vol. XXXII, p. 520. 48. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Coltected Works (MECW), Vol. 44, p. 386. 49. V.F. Antonov, Russky drug Marksa (German Aleksandrovich Lopatin) (Moscow, 1962), p. 37. 50. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. II. 51. MERR, p. 233. 52. Ibid., p. 240. 53. Details ofSieber's life can be found in L.M. Kleynbort, Nikolay lvanovich Ziber (Petrograd, 1923). 54. N.I. Sieber, Teoriya tsennosti i kapitalaD. Rikardo v svyazis pozdneyshimi dopolneniyami i raz'yasneniyami. Ojryt kritiklrekonomicheskogo issledovaniya (Kiev, 1871), pp. 10-11. 55. Ibid., p. 13; Adam Smith, The Wealth ofNations, Everyman, Vol. I, p. 13. 56. Sieber, op. cit., p. 3. 57. Ibid., p. 52. 58. Ibid., p. 261. 59. Ibid., pp. 169-70. 60. Das Kapital, 2 edn (Hamburg, 1872), pp. 818-19. 61. MERR, pp. 278-9. 62. Das Kapital, 2 edn (Hamburg, 1872), p. 818. 63. MEW, Vol. 19, p. 358. 64. MERR, p. 311. 65. N.I. Sieber, DavidRikardo i KarlMarksv ikh obshchestocnno-ekonomicheskikli issledovaniyakh (Moscow, 1937), p. II. 66. Letopisi marksizma, 1927, No. IV, p. 61. 67. Yu. Zhukovsky, 'Karl Marks i ego kniga 0 kapitale', Vestnik Evropy, Vol. V, 1877, pp. 67-72. 68. Ibid. , pp. 75-7. 69. Ibid ., p. 103. 70. Ibid., pp. 103-4. 71. N.!. Sieber, lzbrannyeekonomic1l.eskieproizvedeniya, Vol. I (Moscow, 1959), p.562. 72. Ibid., p. 564. 73. Ibid., p. 568. 74. Ibid. , pp. 583-4. 75. Marx to Danielson, 15 November 1878, Letters of Marx and Engels. Presented by N.F. Danielson. The British Library, Department of Manu• scripts: MECW, Val. 45, p. 343; Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Niholayu-onu, p. 16; MERR, p. 352. 76. N.K. Mikhailovsky, 'Karl Marks pered sudom g. Yu. Zhukovskoga', Otechestvennye zapiski, No. X, 1877, pp. 322-4. 77. Ibid ., pp. 325-6. 78. Ibid., p. 326. _ 79. 'Leure sur le Developpernent Econornique de la Russie ', Le mouuement socialiste, Val. VII, No. 93, 1992, p. 970; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 199. 80. 'Lettre sur le Developpernent Economique de la Russie', p. 971; MECW, Vol. 24, p . 199. 81. 'Lettre sur le Developpement Economique de la Russie', p. 971; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 200. 386 Notes to Chapter 5

82. Ibid., pp. 200-1; 'Lettre sur le Developpernent Economique de la Russie', pp. 971-2. 83. OchIJYki po istorii 'Kapitala'K. Marksa (Moscow, 1983), pp. 336-7; Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. 113. 84. Danielson to NA Kablukov in Moscow, 4June 1888, Ocherki po istorii 'Kapitala ' K. Marksa, p. 366. 85. Pis'ma Karla Matksa i Fridrikh Engel'sa k Nikolay-onu, p. 114. 86. Ts.I. Grin, op. eit., p. 132. 87. MERR, p. 339. 88. N.K. Mikhaylovsky, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. VII (St Petersburg, 1909), p. 327. 89. Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa (Moseow, 1979). p. XVII; Karl MarksFridrikh Engel's Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. L, pp. 375-81. 90. MERR, p. 339. 91. Marx to Danielson 22 Mareh 1873, Letters of Marx and Engels, British Library Department of Manuscripts. 92. Copy in International Institute of Soeial History, Amsterdam (IISG). 93. Nikolaevsky, op. cit., p. 403. 94. Ibid., pp. 407-10; Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh K. Marksa i F. Engelsa, pp. 34-5. 95. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 163. 96. K.D. Kavelin, 'Obshehinnoe vladenie'. Offprint from Nedelya, Nos. 3-7, 1876. Marx's copy in IISG, p. 4 (Marx's emphasis). 97. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XI, pp. 18-20. 98. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 5. 99 . A. von Haxthausen, Die ländliche Verfassung Russlands (Leipzig, 1866) . 100. A.I. Skrebitsky, Kresi'yanskoe delo v tsarstvovanie Aleksandra II, 4 vols (Bonn, 1862-8). 101. R. Stupperieh,jurij Samarmund dieAnfängedI!Y Bauetbefreiung in Russland, 2nd edn (Wiesbaden, 1969), pp. 41-2, 102. 102. Skrebitsky, op . cit., Vol. I, p. A; Haxthausen, Die ländliche Verfassung Rußlands (Leipzig, 1866), P: VI; R.P. Konyushaya, Karl Marks i revolyutsionnaya Rossiya (Moscow, 1985), p. 103. 103. Arkhiv K. Marksa i f~ Engel'sa, Vol. XII (Moseow, 1952), p. 3. 104. Skrebitsky, op. cit., pp. LXXXVIII, XCVIII. 105. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 4. 106. MERR, p. 25. 107. Ibid. 108. N. Flerovsky, Polozhenie rabochego klassa v Rossii (St Petersburg, 1869), p.45. 109. Ibid., p. 46. 11O. Ibid., p. 48. 111. Ibid., pp. 82-4. 112. Ibid., p. 79. 113. Ibid., p. 303. 114. Ibid., p. 58. 115. Marx to Engels, 12 February 1870, MEW, Vol. XXXII, p. 443. 116. Russkie knigi v bibliotekakh. K. Maiksa i F. Engel'sa, p. 29. 117. MERR, p. 324. Notes to Chapter 5 387

118. Arkhiv K. Marksn i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XVI, p. 8. 119. Ibid., p. 45. 120. Ibid. 121. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 15. 122. Ibid., pp . 140-1. 123. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XI, p. 54. 124. Ibid., p. 113. 125. Ibid., p. 107. 126. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, p. 81. 127. Ibid., p. 80. 128. Briefe über 'Das Kapital', p. 256; MERR, p. 437. 129. Nikolay-on (N.F. Daniel'son), 'Ocherki nashego poreformennogo obshchestvennogo khozyaystva', Slovo, October 1880, p. 79. 130. Ibid., p. 80. 131. Ibid., p. 85. 132. Ibid., p. 96. 133. Ibid., p. 103. 134. Arkhiv K. Marks i F. Engel'sa, Vol. XII, pp. 23-5. 135. Ibid., pp. 25-8. 136. Konyushaya, Karl Marks i revolyutsionnaya Rossiya, pp. 156, 177, 180, 215, 234, 240, 242, 243-4. 137. N.K. Karataev (ed.), Narodnicheskaya ekonomicheskaya literatura (Mos• cow, 1958), pp. 475-81. 138. Ibid., p. 472. 139. N.!. Sieber, Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya, Vol. 2 (Moscow, 1959), p.673. 140. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Moya zhizri', Istoriya i istoriki. Istoriograficheskyezhegodnik 1973 (Moscow, 1975), p. 277. 141. Ocherk istorii raspadeniya obshchinnogo zemlevladeniya v kantoneVaadt(Lon• don, 1876); Umriss einer Geschichte der Zerstückelung der Feldgemeinschaft im Kanton Waadt (Zurich, 1877). 142. Ocherk istorii raspadeniya obshchinnogo zemlevladeniya v kanunie Vaadt, p. !. 143. i. Ivanovsky, M.M. Kovalevsky (Petrograd, 1916), p. 7; BA Kaloev M.M. Kovalevsky i ego issledovaniya gorskikh narodov Kavkaza (Moscow, 1979) , p. 10. 144. M.M. Kovalevsky, Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, prichiny, khod i posledstviya ego razlozheniya (Moscow, 1879). 145. M.M. Kova1evsky, 'Moe nauchnoe i literaturnoe skital'ehestvo', Russkaya mysi', No. 1, 1895, p. 71. 146. A.P. Kazakov, Teoriya progressa v russkoy sotsiologii kontsa XIX ueka (Moscow, 1979), p. 100. 147. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Dve zhizni', Vestnik Evropy, No. 7, 1909, p. 19. 148. Karl Marks Fridrikh Engel's Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. L, pp. 379-80. 149. Ivanovsky, op. eit., p. 12. 150. B.N. Chieherin, Vospominaniya, pp. 69-71; Kaloev, op. cit., p. 14. 151. Maksim Kovalevsky 1851-1916. Sbomik statey (Petrograd, 1918), p. 17. 152. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 409; I\1.M. Kovalevsky, 'Dve zhizni', Vestnik Evropy, No. 7, 1909, p. 11. 388 Notes to Chapter 5

153. Kovalevsky, Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, p. IlI . 154. 1bid., pp. VI-VII. 155. Ibid ., pp. 29-30. 156. Ibid., pp. 27-32. 157. Ibid., p. 34. 158. Ibid., p. 27. 159. Ibid., p. 75. 160. Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, pp. 85-7. 161. Ibid ., p. 81.

162. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Le passage historique de la propriete eolleetive ä la propriete individuelle', Annales de l'Institut International de Sociologie, Vol. II, Paris, 1896, p. 181. 163. Obshchinnoe zemleoladenie, pp . 129, 132. 164. Ibid., p. 149. 165. Ibid., p. 153. 166. Ibid ., p. 153. 167. See his Sovremenny obychay i drevniy zakon, Vol. I (Moseow, 1886), p. 32; Ekonomichesky rost Evropy do uozniknoueniya kapitalisticheskogo khozyaystva, Vol. I (Moseow 1898), pp. 384-6. 168. H .-P. Harstiek, Karl Marx über Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion: Vergleichende Studien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums 1879-80 (Frank• furt/New York, 1977), p. 76. 2 169. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA ) 1/2, p. 230. 170. International Institute of Soeial History, Amsterdam, Marx-Engels• Nachlass B 134, p. 21; Harstiek, op. eit., p. 150. 171. Adam Müller, Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, ed.Jakob Baxa (jena 1921) , pp. 104-5, 122. 172. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 136. 173. Harstiek, op . cit., p. 69. 174. D. Rjazanow, 'Vera Zasulic und Karl Marx' , Marx-Engels Archiv, Vol. I (Frankfurt am Main, 1926), p. 324. 175. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 21. 176. Ibid., pp. 163-6. 177. Ibid., pp. 193-4. 178. Ibid., p. 184. 179. Harstiek, op . cit., p. 88. 180. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 196. 181. Ibid., p. 225. 182. Harstiek, op . cit., p. 107. 183. Kovalevsky to Lavrov, July 1844, Russkie sovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel'se, p. 206. 184. L. Bazylow, Ostatnie lata Rosji carskiej: Rzqdy Stolypina (Warsaw, 1972), pp . 219, 284. 185. Kovalevsky, op. cit., p. 4. 186. Rjazanow, 'Vera Zasulic und Karl Marx', p. 322. 187. K. Marx, Ethnological Notebooks, ed. L. Krader (Assen, 1975) , p. 139. Marx's emphasis. 188. N.I. Sieber, lzbrannyeekonomicheskieproiwedeniya, Vol. 2 (Moscow, 1959), p.206. Notes to Chapter 6 389

189. Russkiesovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel'se, p. 78. 190. MECW, Vol. 46, p. 64. 191. M.M. Kovalevsky, Sovremennye sotsiologi (St Petersburg, 1905), p. 308. 192. Rjazanov, 'Vera Zasulic und Kar! Marx', pp. 34 1-2; MECW, Vol. 46, p. 72- 193. Rjazanov, pp. 320, 336; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 350, 366. 194. Rjazanov, pp. 320, 326; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 350, 353-4. 195. Rjazanov, pp. 332, 336, 320; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 363, 366, 350. 196. Rjazanov, pp. 332, 336; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 363, 366. 197. Rjazanov, pp. 321, 333, 337; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 351, 363,367. 198. Rjazanov, p. 321; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 351. 199. Harstiek, op. eit., p. 47. 200. Rjazanov, op. eit., p. 333; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 363. 201. Rjazanov, p. 322; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 351. 202. Rjazanov, pp. 322, 338; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 352, 367. 203. Rjazanov, p. 320; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 359. 204. ~azanov, p. 335; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 365. 205. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Warks, Vol. I (Moscow, 1969), pp. 498-9. 206. Rjazanov, op. cit., p. 327; MECW, VOI. 24, pp. 354-5. 207. Rjazanov, p. 328; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 357. 208. Rjazanov, p. 327; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 354-5. 209. Rjazanov, pp. 328-9; MECW. Vol. 24, p. 364. 210. Rjazanov, p. 330; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 360. 211. Rjazanov, p. 329; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 360. 212. Rjazanov, p. 319; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 349. 213. Rjazanov, pp. 332, 335; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 362, 365. 214. Rjazanov, p. 323; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 352-3. 215. Rjazanov, p. 333; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 363. 216. Rjazanov, p. 324; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 353.

CHAPTER 6 ENGELS

I. P. Lafargue, 'Persönliche Errinnerungen an Friedrich Engels', Dieneue Zeit, Vol. XXIII/2, p. 560. See also Engels's letter to FA Sorge of 29 June 1883, KarlMarx Frederick Engels Werke (MEW), Vol. XXXVI, p. 46. 2. Pis'maKarla MatksaiFridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, trans. GA Lopatin (St Petersburg, 1908), p. V. 3. Karl Marx Fredenck Engels Collected Warks, Vol. 47, p. 88. 4. Russkie sovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel'se, p. 206. 5. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. V. 6. Ochetki po istorii 'Kapitala' K. Marksa (Moscow, 1983), p. 363. 7. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. V. 8. MEW, Vol. XXV, p. 14. 9. Engels to Bebel, 30 August 1883, MEW, Vol. XXXVI, p. 56. 10. Friederich Engels, DerUrsprung derFamilie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats, Vierte Auflage (Stuttgart, 1892), p. VII. 390 Notes to Chapter 6

11. H.-P. Harstick, Karl Marx über Formen vorkapitalistischer Produktion: VergleichendeStudien zur Geschichte des Grundeigentums 1879-80 (Frank• furt/New York, 1977), p. XLVIII. 12. Ibid. 13. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Selected Works, Vol. 1, pp. 108-9. 14. MEW, Vol. XIII, p. 469. 15. Ibid., p. 511. 16. Marx interpreted Darwin in his own terms: 'It is notable that Darwin recognises among the beasts and plants his own English society with its divisions of labour, competition, opening of new markets, "inven• tions" and Malthusian "struggle for existence". This is Hobbes's bellum omnium contra omnes, and it reminds one of Hegel in his Phenomenol• og;y, where civil society appears as a "spiritual anima! kingdom", while the anima! kingdom appears to Darwin as civil society .. .' Marx to Engels, 18 June 1862, Briefe über 'Das Kapital', p. 105. 17. F. Engels, Herrn Eugen Diihring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft, 2nd edn (Zürich, 1886), pp. 9-10. 18. Ibid., p. 6. 19. Anti-Dühring, p. 133. 20. F. Engels, Dialektik der Natur, MEGA2 1/26, p. 175. 21. Anti-Dühring, p. 11. 22. F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie (Stuttgart, 1888), p. 17. 23. Ibid., p. 43. 24. Ibid., p. 11. 25. Ibid., p. 12. 26. Ibid., p. 25. 27. P.N. Tkachev, Sochineniya, Vol. II (Moscow, 1976), pp. 18-23. 28. Filozojia spoJeczna narodnictwa rosyjskiego: Wyb6r pism, ed. A. Walicki, Vol. II (Warsaw, 1965) , pp. 496-500. 29. MERR, p. 65; MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 42-3. 30. MERR, p. 70; MECW, Vol. 24, p. 48. 31. Ibid. , MERR, p. 70. 32. LN. Kurbatova, Nachalo rasprostraneniya marksizma v Rossii (Moscow, 1983), p. 35. 33. MEW, Vol. XIX, p. 296. 34. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. 114; Ts.l. Grin, Perevodchik i izdatel' 'Kapitala' (Moscow, 1985), p. 133. 35. MERR, pp. 500, 504. 36. Ibid., p. 765. 37. Vestnik Narodnoy Voli, No. 5, 1886, p. 214. 38. Pis'ma Karla Marksa i Fridrikha Engel'sa k Nikolayu-onu, p. XIII . 39. Ibid., p. VI. 40. Danielson to Engels, March 1892, MERR, p. 601. 41. MEW, Vol. XXIV, p. 318. 42. Danielson to Engels 7 July 1892, MERR, p. 619; Karataev, op. cit., p.569. 43. Engels to Danielson, 15 March 1892, Briefe über 'Kapital', p. 339; ~ERR, p.600. Notes to Chapter 7 391

44. Engels to Danielson, 22 September 1892, Briefe über 'Das Kapital', p. 354, original in English; MERR, p. 625. 45. Engels to Danielson, 24 February 1893, MERR, p. 645.

CHAPTER 7 PLEKHANOV

1. G.V. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, ed . D. Ryazanov, 24 vols (Moscow, 1923• 27), Vol. III, p. 129. 2. P.N. Tkaehev, Sochineniya, Vol. I (Moseow, 1975), p. 100. 3. E. Serebryakov, 'Obshehestvo "Zemlya i Volya"', Materialy dlya Istorii Russkogo Sotsial'no-Revolyutsionnago dvizheniya, Vol. XI (Geneva, 1894), p.26. 4. S.H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father 0/Russian Marxism (Stanford, 1963), p. 50; Franz Mehring, KarlMarx: TheStory 0/His Life, trans. E. Fitzgerald (Michigan, 1962), p. 404. 5. Engels to T. Cuno, 24 January 1872, Karl Marx Frederick Engels Coll.ected Works, Vol. 44, pp. 306-7; Michael Bakunin, Statismand Anarchy (Carn• bridge, 1990), esp. pp. 198-217. 6. V. Bogueharsky, Aktivnoe narodnichestvo semidesyatykh godov (Moscow, 1912), p. 85. 7. Zemlya i Volya, 25 Oetober 1878, Revolyutsionnaya zhurnalistika semi• desyatykh godov XIX veka (Rostov-on-Don, n.d.) , p. 70. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., p. 72. 10. K. Sivkov, 'Deystvitel'nye raznoglasiya mezhdu gruppoy "Osvobozh• deniye truda" i partiey "narodnaya volya"', L. Deutsch (ed .), Gruppa 'Osoobozhdenie Truda', Vol. V (Moscow, 1926), pp. 23-4. 11. Serebryakov, op. cit., p. 9; Ix programmnykh statey 'Chernogo Peredela' (Geneva, 1903), p. 3; O.V. Aptekman, 'Cherny Peredel', Pamyatniki agitatisionnoy literatury, Vol. I (Moscow-Petrograd, 1923) , p. 99. 12. Revolyutsionnaya zhurnalistika, p. 147. 13. N.I. Sieber, David Rikardoi KarlMarksv ikh obshchestoenno-ekonomicheskikh issledouaniyakh. (St Petersburg, 1897), p. 395. 14. Ibid., p. 396. 15. Revolyutsionnaya zhumalistika, p. 150. 16. G.v. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 82. 17. Ibid. , p. 87. 18. Revolyutsionnaya zhurnalistika, p. 74. 19. Quoted in M.G. Sedov, Geroichesky period revolyutsionnogo narodnichestva (Moscow, 1966), p. 71. 20. MERR, pp. 353-4. 21. G.V. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, pp. 114, 116. 22. Literaturn sotsial'no-revolyutsionnoy partii 'Narodnoy voli' (1905) , p. 7. 23. Ibid., pp. 78-9. 24. Ibid ., p. 80. 25. Ibid., p. 337. 26. Ibid., p. 338. 27. Ibid. , p. 338. 392 Notes to Chapter 7

28. Ibid., p. 338; Karl Marx Frederick Engels Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 223. 29. VA Tvardovskaya, 'GY Plekhanov i "Narodnaya volya" (K probleme krizisa narodnicheskogo mirovozzreniya)', V.A. Laverychev (ed.), Gruppa 'Osuobozhdenie truda' i obshchestvenno-politicheskaya bor'ba v Rossii (Moscow, 1984), p. 101. 30. Tvardovskaya, op. cit., p. 95. 31. W. Geierhos. Vera Zasulii und die russische revolutionäre Bewegung (Munich-Vienna, 1977), p. 135. 32. MERR, p. 457. 33. Geierhios, op. cit., p. 248. 34. Literature sotsial'no-revolyutsionnoy partii 'Narodnoy voli', p. 558. 35. MERR, p. 504. 36. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 151. 37. Manifest kommunisticheskoy partii Karla Marksa i Fr. Engel'sa (Geneva, 1882), p. 48. 38. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 151. 39. It is significant that Plekhanov did not accept Zasulich's translation of the crueial final sentence in the foreword. Zasulich had accurately translated it as: 'If the Russian revolution becomes the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West, so that the two complement each other, the present Russian communal (obshchinnoe for Gemein-) owner• ship of land may serve as the starting-point for a communist develop• ment' (Literatum sotsial'no-revolyutsionnoy partii 'Narodnoy voli', p. 558). Plekhanov's rendering was: 'If the Russian revolution becomes the signal for a workers' revolution in the West, so that the one supple• ments the other, the present Russian ownership of land may serve as the starting-point for a communist development' (Manifest kommuni• sticheskoy partii Karla Marksa i Fr. Engel'sa (Gen eva, 1882), p. VIII). Plekhanov had omitted the important word 'comrnunal' or 'common'. 40. Russkie sovremenniki 0 K. Markse i F. Engel/se, pp. 193-4. 41. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Val. 11 , p. 48. 42. Ibid., p. 27. 43. Ibid., p. 39. 44. Ibid., p. 71. 45. Ibid ., p. 48. 46. Ibid., pp. 52-3. 47. Ibid., p. 41. 48. L. Tikhomirov, 'Chto nam zhdat' at revolvutsii>', Vestnik Narodnoy Voli, No. 2, 1884, p. 228. 49. Ibid., p. 235. 50. Ibid ., p. 240. 51. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. II, p. 306. 52. 1bid., p. 234. 53. Ibid., p. 41. 54. Ibid., p. 152. 55. Vestnik Narodnoy Voli, 1886, No. 5. p. 40. 56. Plekhanav, Sochineniya, Val. III, p. 3. 57. Ibid., p. 82. 58. G. Plekhanov, Novy zashchitnik samoderzhaoiya (Geneva, 1889), p. 3. Notes to Chapter 7 393

59. Ibid., p. 10. 60. Hege!, Wissenschaft der Logik, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XI, p. 219. 61. Hege! i!lustrates this passage by the example of aState which collapses when the number of its citizens exceeded a certain number. The example given to illustrate the term the 'Cunning of the Concept' is aState which collapses when its territory exceeds a certain area. Gesammelte Werke, Vol. XXI, p. 332. 62. See Gegel' i filosofiya v Rossii (Moscow, 1974), p. 235. 63. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 34. 64. Ibid., p. 36. 65. Ibid., p. 40. 66. Ibid. 67. Ibid., p. 44. 68. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 262. 69. Ibid., pp. 51-2. 70. Ibid., p. 50. 71. Ibid., p. 47. 72. MERR, pp. 648-9. 73. K. Kautsky, 'Der französische Materialismus des 18. Jahrhunderts von Kar! Marx', Die Neue Zeit, Jahrgang III, p. 385. 74. F. Engel 's, Lyudvig Feyerbakh, trans. G. Plekhanov (Geneva , 1892), p. 90; Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VIII, p. 376. 75. N.K. Mikhaylovsky, Sochineniya, Vol. I, p. 379. 76. Ibid. , p. 439. 77. Ibid., p. 329. 78. Ibid., p. 32. 79. Ibid., p. 35. 80. Ibid. , p. 150. 81. Ibid., pp. 170, 183, 426. 82. P.L. Lavrov, Filosofiya i sotsiologiya, Vol. I (Moscow, 1965), pp . 43-461. 83. Ibid., pp. 575-634, esp. pp. 592, 619, 631. 84. P.L. Lavrov, Filosofiya i sotsiologiya, Vol. 11, p. 46. 85. Filozofia spdeczna narodnictwa rosyjskiego: Wyb6r pism,ed. Andrzej Walicki, Vol. I (Warsaw, 1965), pp . 170-2. 86. P.L. Lavrov, Filosofiya i sotsiologiya, Vol. 11, p. 122. 87. Filosofsko-lieraturnoe nasledie G. V. Plekhanova, Vol. 11 (Moscow, 1973), p. 147. 88. A. Voden, 'Na zare "legal'nogo marksizrna": (lz vospominaniy)', Letopisi marksizma, No. 4, 1927, pp. 94-5. 89. Ibid., p. 91. 90. Ibid., p. 93. 91. Ibid., pp. 91-2. 92. MERR, p. 722. 93. A. Voden, 'Na zare "legal'nogo marksizma": (lz vospominaniy) ', Letopisi marksizma, No. 4, 1927, p. 113. 94. Ibid., p. 115. 95. Ibid., p. 121. 96. Engels to Plekhanov, 26 February 1895, Briefe über'Das Kapital', p. 369; MERR, p. 722. Original in French, 394 Notes to Chapter 7

97. FridTikh Engel's 0 Rossii, 1) Otvet P.N. Tkachevu (1875) 2) Posleslovie k nemu, Perevod s nemetskogo V. Zasulich (Geneva, 1894); Kurbatova, op. cit., p. 64. 98. Fridrikh Engel's 0 Rossii, pp. III-IV; Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. IX, pp. 30-1. 99. Mikhaylovsky, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 327. 100. Ibid ., p. 729. 101. Ibid ., pp. 323-4. 102. Ibid., p. 765. 103. M.M. Kovalevsky, 'Dve zhizni', Vestnik Evropy, No. 7, 1909, p. 10. 104. Mikhaylovsky, op. cit., p. 327. 105. Ibid., pp. 772, 896, 759-60. 106. Ibid., p. 771. 107. Ibid., p. 734. 108. Ibid., p. 735. 109. Ibid., p. 736. 110. Ibid., p. 731. 111. Ibid ., pp. 727, 773. 112. Ibid., pp . 765, 897-8. 113. Ibid., pp. 675, 677-8. 114. Ibid., p. 672. 115. Ibid., p. 683. 116. Kurbatova, op. cit., p. 133. 117. Literatumoe nasledie G.V. Plekhanova, Val. IV, p. 3. 118. Ibid. , pp. 29-32 . 119. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 245. 120. Ibid., p. 156. 121. Ibid., p. 95. 122. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VI, pp. 75, 109, 114. 123. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 186. 124. Ibid., p. 140. 125. Ibid., p. 160. 126. See K. Timeryazev , 'Darwin and Marx', in D. Ryazanoff, KarZ Marx: Man, Thinker and Revolutionist (London, 1927), pp. 163-75. 127. Plekhanov, Sochineniya, Vol. VII, p. 197. 128. Ibid., p. 208. 129. Ibid., p. 163. 130. Ibid., p. 160. 131. MEW, Vol. XXIII, p. 192. There is a corresponding passage in the first draft of the 'Critique of Political Economy' which reads as folIows: 'In the act af reproduction itself not only are the objective conditions changed e.g. the village becomes a town, the wilderness a cIeared field etc., but the producers change too, in that they bring out new quali• ties from within themselves, develop through production new powers and ideas , new modes of intercourse, new needs and new language' (MEGA2 II/1.2, p. 398) . Here it is clearer that the qualities in people brought out by the changes in production had been there in the first place. 132. Ibid ., pp . 263-4. Notes to Chapter 8 395

133. Ibid., p. 298; N.!. Sieber, Sobranie sochineniy, Vol. 11 (St Petersburg, 1900), p. 718. 134. Plekhanov, op. cit., pp. 298-9; Sieber, op. cit., p. 718. 135. Plekhanov, op. cit., p. 299. 136. P. Orlovsky [V.V.Vorovsky], K istorii marksizma v Rossii(Moscow, 1919), pp. 15-16; A.L. Ruel', 'Ziber kak ekonomist', in N.!. Sieber, David Rikardo i Karl Marks v ikh obshchestvenno-ekonomicheskikh issledovaniyakh (Moscow, 1937), p. UI; N.A. Tsagolov, 'Vydayushchiysya russky ekono• mist N.!. Ziber', N.I. Sieber, Izbrannye ekonomicheskie proizvedeniya; Vol. I (Moscow, 1959), p. 21.

CHAPTER 8 STRUVE

1. R. Pipes, Struue: Liberal on theLeft, 1870-1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p.76. 2. Ibid., p. 59. 3. P. von Struve, 'Zur Beurtheilung der kapitalistischen Entwickelung Russlands', Sozialpolitisches Centralblatt, No. I, 1893, pp. 2-3; Pipes, op. cit., pp. 91-2. In fact, by the First World War, Russia's agrarian popu• lation was still above 80% It was only in the 1950s that the urban population of the Soviet Union rose above the 40% mark. See Russky kalendar' na 1916 g. (Petrograd, 1916), p. 84; D. Lane, Politics and Society in the USSR, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1978), p. 592. 4. See Struve, 'Zur Beurtheilung . . .', p. 1. 5. P. Struve, Kriticheskie zametki ob ekonomicheskoy razvitiiRossii (St Petersburg, 1894), p. 2. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid ., p. 166. 8. Ibid ., p. 132. 9. V.I. Lenin, Polnoe so/n'anie sochineniy, Vol. I, p. 82. 10. P. Struve , Kritecheskie zametki, p. 44. 11. Ibid., p. 45. 12. Ibid., p. 42. 13. Ibid., p. 180. 14. See, for example, P. Nikolaev, Aktiunyprogress i ekonomichesky materializm (Moscow, 1892) , p. 129; ~.v. Nechkina, Russkaya istoriya v osveshchenii ekonomicheskogo materializma (Kazarr', 1922), p. 26. 15. Ibid., p. 46. 16. N. Valentinov (Volsky) , Encounters with Lenin (London, 1968), p. 226. 17. A.V. Lunacharsky, Vospominaniya i vpechatleniya (Moscow, 1968), p. 26. 18. Tekushchiy moment (Moscow, 1906), p. 3. 19. Literaturnoe nasledie G.v. Plekhanooa, Vol. IV, p. 288. 20. Lenin, Polnoe so/n'anie sochineniy, Vol. I, p. 609. 21. Ibid ., p. 149. 22. Ibid., p. 165. 23. Ibid., p. 195. 24. Ibid., p. 198. 25. Ibid., p. 283. 396 Notes to Chapter 8

26. Ibid., p. 28l. 27. Ibid., pp. 203-4. 28. M.1. Brusnev, 'Pervye revolyutsionnye shagi L. Krasina' , LeonidBorisovich Krasin('Nikitich '). Gody podpol'ya. Sbornik vospominaniy, statey i dokumentoo (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), p. 69. 29. V. Zasulich, Ocherki istorii Mezhdunarodnago Obshchestoa Rabochikh. (Geneva, 1889), pp. 7-9. 30. The principle of workers' self-sufficiency and their independence of the intelligentsia was elaborated in the work of the Russian socialist philosopher Alexander Bogdanov. See J.D. White, 'From Marx to Bogdanov', Co-Existence, October 1978, pp. 187-206. Select Bibliography

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Absolute Bagehot , Walter 259 in Fichte 30, 34 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich 9, in Hege! 71, 76-7, 79, 87, 92-3, 227, 260, 290, 296, 298, 311, 337 115, 124, 131-2 Bancroft, Huben 284 in Schelling 30, 34, 36, 40, 43, 50, Base and Superstructure 173, 201, 182 297-8, 312, 323-5, 340, 345, 347, Abstraction 32-4, 57, 59, 106-7, 119, 361 129, 142-8, 151-3, 155-6, 160, Bauer, Bruno 5, 6, 9, 13, 21. 26, 102, 163-4, 166-8, 181-2, 193-5, 197, 109, 110-11. 114, 126, 134-5, 137, 199, 203, 207. 288, 324. 360, 352, 140-3 355 Bauer, Edgar 140-3 in Feuerbach 130-2, 139 Baur, Ferdinand Christiart 109 in Hege1 71. 73, 74. 81, 87, 96. 129 Bebel , August 283 in Marx 123-4 Becoming 40, 74, 78, 93, 129 in Schelling 34. 35, 40, 58, 72, 74, Being 40, 72-4, 78-9, 81, 93, 118, 79 132, 320-1 Actuality 73, 76, 79, 85-6, 89-90, 92, Belinsky, Vissarion Grigor'evich 341 95-7,321-2 Belyaev, Ivan Dmitrivich 218 Adequacy Bervi, VasilyVasil'evich 247-9 in Hegel 72, 75, 78, 94, 95, Black Repartition 304, 306-8, 310-11, in Marx 150, 168, 185 314. 316 Agassiz,jean 284 Böhme, jakob 106 Akselrod, Pavel Borisovieh 307-8 Boisguillebert, Pierre 249 Alexander I 63 Botkin, V.P. 341 Alexander II 212,214-15, 223. 246, Brazill, William 8, 9 303 Brentano, Clemens 62. 115, 120 Algeria 270 Brusnev, M.1. 356 Alienation (die Entfrnlldllng) 14. 16, Bursrhensrhnften 62-3, 101, 113, 116 134.371 in Feuerbach 130-2 Caesar, julins 206 in Marx 124, 146-7, 154, 155, 160, Capital 23-4, 159-60, 162, 167-72, 168, 176, 187, 190, 199, 267, 182, 184, 186-9, 191, 194-5, 199, 359-60 202-3, 222, 225, 228, 232, 237, in Steffens 14, 49 251, 278, 346 Altenstein, Kar! von 117, 125 constant and variable 171-2, 182, Anderson, james 187 184, 189 Anti-Iriihring 286, 312, 320, 338-40, Cflpitfl[ 23-4, 152, 158-9, 161, 172, 348-9.364 180, 189-91 , 193, 196-204, Appearance 14. 37,82.88. 123, 197, 207-11. 225, 227-9. 232-5. 380 237-43. 249, 258-61, 274. Aristotle 13, 97 n9-84. 289, 293-4, 300-1, 307, Arnim, Achim von 62, 115, 120 309,313,330,333,336-7,339-40, Asiatic Society 174-5, 183. 267 342-3, 345, 348, 351-2, 362, Atomism 41, 42, 65, 122, 124, 142 364-5, 380 Categories 3, 19. 23, 67 Baader, Franz Xaver 65, 106 of philosophy 3. 19, 23, 50, 56-7, Babeuf, Gracchus 7 68, 71, 74-5, 79-80, 92, 94, 114, Bachofen, johann jacob 272, 284 129-30, 133, 135

408 Index 409

Categories - continued Condillac, Etienne 142 of political economy 139, 145-7, Congress of Vienna 35, 62, 63, 66 150, 154-6, 158, 160, 163, 166, Contingency 16, 73, 78, 120 171, 175, 181-2, 196, 198-9, Contribution to the Critique oj Political 207, 232, 235, 285, 358-60 Econ011lY 166, 172-3, 176-7, Catholicism 44, 48-9, 66-7, 87-8, 180-1, 186, 188, 191, 197, 1O0, 112-13, 116-17, 119-20, 125, 199-200, 232, 275, 284, 287, 289, 127, 133, 136 297,342,352,361,364 Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Gavrilovich Cornu, August 8-9 211, 220-6, 228, 230, 240, 246, Cornwallis, Char!es 268 272, 318, 335, 345, 354, 363 Corporations 86-7 Chicherin, Boris Nikolaevich 212-13, Creuzer, Friedrich 59, 120, 124 215, 217-19, 238, 244-5, 262, 265 Critique of Political Economy, A 23-5, Christian State 61, 133-5, 137, 141 51, 189-90, 153, 155, 158-60, 186, Christianity 60, 64, 83, 97, 99, 104, 358-9, 362, 364 106, 110-11, 133-4 First draft of 162, 163, 170-2, 175, Christology 57, 117, 119 190, 194, 196, 204, 279, 394 Chuprov, Aleksandr lvanovich 262, Second draft of 170, 172, 180-8, 281-2, 292 190, 196, 199-200 Cieszkowski, August 5-11, 13, 15, 18, Third draft of 188 21,93 Critique ofjudgement 29 Circulation of capital 166-8, 170, Critique 0/Practical Reason 29 172, 176, 181, 187-8, 190, 192, Critique 0/Pure Reason 29, 32, 37 194-5, 199, 202, 232, 247, 251, Crystallization 42, 359-60 253, 255-7, 278-80, 294, 339, in Marx 171, 187, 199, 253 361-2, 364-5 in Schelling 42 Civil Society 51 Cunning of Reason/of the Concept in Hege! 46, 65-6, 83-6, 88-9, 94, 77, 89, 96, 141 97, 100, 127, 136-8 Cuvier, Georges 206 in Marx 146-8, 162, 165-7, 169, 184, 196, 199, 360, 390 D'Alembert, Jean 42 Clairvoyante 0/Preoorst 104 Danielson, Nikolay Frantsevich 224, Commodity 149, 159-60, 162-7, 226-9, 233-4, 238, 242-5, 247, 169-72, 181-2, 183-4, 186, 249-50, 253-7, 262, 271, 273, 281, 189-90, 192-200, 232, 255, 294, 292-6,305,317,334-6,345,350, 359,380 365 fetishism 197, 199 Darwin, Charles 41, 285, 288, 328, Communism 142,147-9,316,360,392 331, 346, 349, 350, 390 Communist Manifeste 284, 292, 295, Daub, Kar! 104 308-10, 313, 335-6, 352, 357, Deich, Lev 307 364-5,392 Delyanov, lvan Davydovich 262 Competition 139-40, 171-2, 192 Democritus 123 Comte, Auguste 259, 300, 328, 330 Descartes, Rene 30 Concept (der Begriff) x, 4, 32, 35, 37, Despotism 53, 63-6, 97, 174-5, 267, 42, 50-2, 57-60, 70, 107, 111, 114, 279,314 120, 123-4, 128-36, 146, 153, 160, Deutsche jahrbücher 114, 126, 130, 133, 168-70, 172, 187,285,321-2,359 135, 150, 187 in Feuerbach 132 Deutsdu-Fmnuisische jahrbücher 137, in Hegel 4, 35-6, 70-84, 87-8, 139, 145 90-1, 93-6, 99 Dialectic 74-5,82,96, 106, 135, 150-1, in Kant 33, 37 153, 155, 198, 210, 236, 251, 285-6, in Müller 52-5 289, 312-13, 321-2, 347-9, 355 in Schelling 34-5, 40, 50-1,58-9 Dialectical Materialism 13, 26-7, in Wolff 32, 33 324-6, 343-4, 365-6 410 Index

Diderot, Denis 42 Ferguson, Adam 51, 165 Dilthey, Wilhelm 121 Feudalism 51, 53, 55, 62, 64-5, 83, Dmitr'ev, F. 252 97, 149-50, 174, 183, 186,207, Droste-Vischering, Clemens August von 259, 266-8, 301, 340, 361 112, 116, 127 Feuerbach. Ludwig 7, 13, 19, 21, 102, Dühring, Kar! Eugen 286, 300, 326 104-5,109-11, 114, 117, 128, 130-4, 136, 139, 143, 145-6, 148, Echtermeyer, Theodor 102-3, 112-13, 151-2, 207, 220, 285-8, 324, 359, 115-16, 118-22, 126, 128, 379 362,379 Eckhardt, Master 17 Theses on 151, 326 Economic materialism 340, 343, 351, Fichte , Johann Gottlieb 3, 5-9, 11, 13, 353, 355 15-18, 21, 28-31, 33-4, 38-40, Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich 45-6, 57, 60-1, 79, 81, 83, 89-90, 125, 178 97, 115, 131 Encyclopedia 31, 41, 82, 90, 98-9, Figner, Vera Nikolaevna 308 104, 115, 353 Flerovsky, N" seeunder Bervi, V,V, Engels, Friedrich ix, 4, 23, 137, Fourier, Char!es 142 139-40, 142-3, 146-7, 150, 153, Francke, Auguste Hermann 43 159, 174, 179, 181, 189, 192-3, Frauenstädt, Julius 10 196, 198, 203, 205, 227, 242, Frederick the Great 52, 120, 122-5 248-9, 272-5, 281-95, 297-8, 300, Freedom 7, 37-40, 40, 43, 53, 57, 61, 303, 308-10, 312-13, 316, 320, 65, 79, 81, 87, 92, 95-6, II0, 324-7, 332, 334-40, 342-3, 345-6, 112-13, 118-19, 129, 134, 141, 348-9, 353-5, 358, 363-4, 366 169, 173, 323, 325, 330 Enlightenment 51, 108, 116, 120, French Revolution 35, 51, 53, 62-6, 122-5, 150-1, 174, 204-5, 321, 83,94, 116, 125, 129, 205 381 Friedrich Wilhe1m 1II 125 Epicurus 42, 122-4, 377 Friedrich Wilhelm IV 125, 126-7 Erdmann. Johann Eduard 103, 105 Fries, ]acob 99 Eriugena, Johannes Scotus 17 Essence 36, 49, 110, 133, 139 Gabler, Georg Andreas 105 in Feuerbach 111, 130-1, Callitzin, Princess 120 in Hegel 69, 72-3, 78-82, 95, 97 Gans, Eduard 93, 114, 125 in Marx 123, 137-8, 145-8, 150, Gassendi , Pierre 42, 124 156, 160, 177, 195, 224 Gmnan ldeology, The 64, 143, 151, Essmce 0/Christiamts 110 153-5, 160, 174,284,335 Estate 51, 64-5, 87-8, 149, 218, 279 Gesenius, Wilhelm 103 Evangelische Kirchenzeitung 103, 105, 117 Gneist, Rudolf von 259 Exchange Value, see untierValue, Goethe, Johann WoIfgang 79 Exchange Görres, Johann Joseph 13, 17, 21, 44, External 49, 51-2, 69, 113, 117, 119, 57,62-7,88,97, 100, 112, 115-17, 224 120, 128, 156, 174 in HegeI 75, 78, 80, 85, 92, 95 Cöschel, Kar! Friedrich 105 in Marx 148, 185 Granovsky, T.N . 217 in Schelling 51 Grimm, Brothers 62, 177, 205-6 in Schleiermacher 48 Grundrisse, see under Critique of Political in Steffens 14 Economy, First draft ExternaIization (die Entäusserung) 14, Guerrier, V, 245, 262 16, 49, 346, 359, 360, 371 in Feuerbach 131-2, 140 Haller, Albrecht von 79 in Hegel 49 Hallische [ahrbiuher 4, 7, 8, 10-11, 13, in Marx 123, 145-7, 160, 165, 168, 18,21, 102, 107, 111-17, 122, 171, 199,287 126-7, 129, 135, 150, 157, 187 in Steffens 49 Hamann, Johann Georg 57-8 Index 411

Hanssen, Georg 205 Individuality (das Einzelne) 4, 14, 132, Hardenberg, Karl August von 51, 178, 360, 368 62-3, 100, 116 in Hegel 4, 73-6, 78, 81,87, 98 Harstick, Hans-Peter 283 in Marx 123-4, 136, 138, 149, 151, Hartmann, Lev Nikolaevich 308 160-1, 166, 192, 199, 207 Haxthausen, August von 177-8, 180, in Schleiermacher 46-8 208, 217, 246, 259, 284 in Steffens 49 Haym, Rudolf 121 Inner (das Innere) xi, 6, 7, 16, 44, Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 2-9, 48-9, 108, 111, 117-18, 185, 11-13, 15-23, 26, 31-2, 34, 39, 321-3 46, 48-51, 57, 66-92, 101-21, in Hegel 69, 78, 82, 96 124-38, 141, 145-8, 150, 153, in Schleiermacher 48 155-6, 160-1, 168, 174, 197-8, Inte lleemal Intuition 33-4, 43, 70, 207, 210, 220-1, 235, 261, 284-6, Intuition 57, 59, 72, 109, 323 313, 319-26, 330, 338, 340-1, in Hegc1 78 343-5, 349, 358-60, 365-6, 372, in Kant 33 393 in Schelling 35, 40 Heine, Heinrich 137 Irrationalism 12, 14, 21, 67-8, 104, Helvetius, Claude-Adrien 142, 343 109, 116, 125, 130 Hengstenberg, Ernst 103, 105, 112, Ivanyukov , Ivan Ivanovich 262 117, 120, 125 Henning, Leopold von 114 Judaism 137, 167 Herder, Johann Gottfried 58, 62 Judgement 35, 75-6, 131 Herwegh, Georg 137 Jung-Stilling, Heinrich 120 Herzen, Aleksandr 1vanovich 9, 10, 179-80, 208, 212, 239, 240, 248, Kablukov, Nikolay Alekseevich 272-3 260, 318, 335-6, 363 Kant, Immanuel x, 3, 17, 20-2, 28-9, Hess, Moses 5-10, 13, 15-16, 18, 21, 31-2, 37-9, 44-5, 47, 50, 57-9, 61, 126, 137 72, 78-9, 83, 115, 151, 324, 353, Hinrichs, Hermann 103, 114 359 Historical materialism 283, 353, 365 Kapp, Christian 93 History 5, 8, 56-7, 59, 61, 63, 82-3, Karataev, N,K. 26 91-8, 114, 129-30, 132, 141-2, Karlsbad Decrees 63, 100 177, 285, 287, 312, 323-5, 331, Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich 221 340, 346, 348 Kaufmann, Illarion Ignat 'evich 211 History 0/Philosoph» (Hegel) 94, 98, Kautsky, Karl 325-6, 333-4, 340 114, 124, 142 Kavelin, Konstantin Dmitrievich 212, Hobbes, Thomas 231, 390 219, 245, 252-3, 278 Ho!bach, Paul Heinrich 42, 343 Kepler, Johann 65 Hotho, Heinrich Custav 114 Kerner, Justinus 67, 99, 104, 106, 120 Holy Family, The 124, 142-3, 326, Khomyakov, Aleksey Stepanovich 179 333-4, 344-5 Kibalchich, Nikolay lvanovich 306-9, Hryniewicki, Ignacy 307 311-13 Humanity 61,81,96, 139-40, 146, Kireevsky, I.V, 179 149-50, 223, 225, 332, 340, 360 Kolakowski, Leszek 2, 16-18 Hutton, James 42 Köppen, Kar! Friedrich 122-4 Koshe1ev, Aleksandr Ivanovich 179, Idea 33-4, 50-5, 57, 128-9 252, 278 in Hege! 70, 74-5, 78-9, 81, 83-5, Kotzebue, August von 63, 101 88,96 Kovalevsky, I.M. 303 in Kant 33 Kovalevsky, Maksim Maksimovich 238, in Schelling 70 243, 246, 258-65, 268-73, 276-8, Idealism 131, 287-8, 323, 343-4 280-1, 283-4, 302, 338, 354, 363, 1ndia 264-70, 277 365 412 Index

Krasin, Leonid Borisovieh 351 Marheineke, Philipp 104-5, 114 Kravchinsky, S.M. (Stepniak) 299, 303 Marx, Jenny 249 Kugelmann, Ludwig 188, 249 Marx, Kar! ix, x, 1-6, 11-16, 18-25, 36, 38, 42, 51, 64, 66, 122-4, 126, Labour 155, 163, 167, 171, 173, 130, 132-3, 135-44, 145-73, 176, 181-3, 185, 189-90, 193, 197, 179-83, 189-201,204-7,211,220, 199-200, 202, 222, 225, 231-2, 293 222, 224-30, 232-49, 251, 253-58, abstract 146, 155, 163, 181, 199 260-2, 264, 267, 270-1, 273-82, division of 45-6, 61, 85, 162, 285, 287, 288-93, 295; 297-302, 183-4, 189, 195, 200, 236-7, 307-13,318,322-4,326-7, 239, 329-30, 332 332-42, 344, 346-9, 352-3, 355. power 200, 232, 234, 294 357-8,360-1,363-7,381,390 Lafargue, Laura 283 Materialism 41, 122, 124, 142-3, 148, Lafargue, Paul 227 283-5, 287-8, 323-4, 326, 343-4, Land and Liberty 298-9, 302-5, 311, 353, 355 356 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von 204-6, Lanskoy, S.S. 215 259, 267, 274, 383 Lassalle, Ferdinand 289, 377 Mendelsohn, Moses 210 Laube, Heinrich 114 Meszäros, Isztvan 14 Lavrov, Petr Lavrovich 228, 253, 281, Metaphysics 236, 285-6, 300, 324, 343 289, 292, 296-8, 308-10, 327-8, Metternich, Prince von 67 330-3, 344, 350, 365 Mexico 270 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 115 Meysenbug, Emil von 114 Lenin, Vladimir ll'ich 5, 25-6, 351, Mezentsev, N,V. 303 354-7 Miehelet, Karl Ludwig 99-100 Leo, Heinrich 112, 114, 116-17, 120 Middle Ages 53, 63-4, 97, 116, 120, Laveleye, Emile de 272 122, 137, 174, 205, 237, 266, 274 Liberation of Labour 310-14, 316 Mikhaylovsky, Nikolay Konstantinovieh Liberation of the serfs 238-41, 243, 274, 327, 328-33, in Prussia 51, 267 337-45, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, in Russia 223, 235, 246, 250, 253, 364-5 282, 348 Mill,John Stuart 158, 221-3, 225-6, Locke, John 142 229, 231, 345 Logie 72, 74-6, 78-9, 81, 84, 87-9, Miller, V.F. 262 93-4, 114, 129-30, 133, 135 Milton, John 186 Lopatin, German Aleksandrovieh 224 Mind 17, 23, 43, 49-50, 78-9, 81, Löwith, Karl 8 83-4,90-7, 110, 118, 131-2, Lubboek,John 271 287-8, 323-4 Ludlllig Feuetbadi and the End 0/Classical Mir 213, 217-20, 223, 225, 230, German Philosophy 286-8, 324, 244-5, 252, 257-8, 265, 274-5, 326-7, 343, 364 278-9, 290-1, 309, 313, 318, 330, Lukäcs, Georg 5-9, 11-13, 15-18, 336-7, 363, 365 21-2 Mitskevich, S.l. 353-4, 356 Lunaeharsky, Anatoly Vasil'evieh 353 Moghul Empire 265-6, 268 Luther, Martin 113 Money 54, 56, 63-4, 139, 147, 155, Lyubavin, Nikolay Nikolaevich 224, 161-5, 167, 170, 182, 189, 191, 227 194-6, 199, 228, 232 Monist View 0/History. The Deoelopment 0/ MacCulloch, John Ramsay 187 the 342-5, 347-9, 353-4 McLellan, David 2, 8-11 Mönke, Wolfgang 9 McLennan, John Ferguson 260, 272 Mörike. Eduard Friedrich 67, 106 Maine, Sir Henry Sumner 259-61, Möser, Justus 204 263, 269-72, 277 Morgan, Lewis 260, 263, 271-2, 275, Malthus, Thomas 222, 225, 328, 390 280, 283-4 Index 413

Morley,John 259 Particularity (das Besondere) x, xi, 4, Morozov,:-l.A. 308 19-23, 29-30, 32, 38, 47-8, 50, 57, Müller, Adam 12, 15, 17, 21, 51-7, 62, lIl, 115, 119, 132, 136, 138, 139, 65-7, 70, 83-5, 88-9 358 Mythology 58-9, 106-7, 117, 124 in Hegel 4, 73-6, 78-9, 81, 85, 87-9, 92, 95, 98, 368 Napoleon 35, 51,62, 66, 98, 116, 223 in Marx 147, 149, 155, 160-4, 166, Narodism xi, 5, 6, 25-6, 299-300, 182, 192-3, 197-8, 207-8 304, 311-12, 318-19, 326-7, 334, Paulus, H.E.G. 90, 94, 106 341-2,345,350-1,354,356-7, Peasant commune, see under Mir 365-6 People's Will 304-14, 316-19 , 334 Nature xi, 14, 22-4, 28, 35-43, 47, Perovskaya, Sof'ya L'vovna 307 50, 107, 119, 140, 235-7,264,320, Peter the Great 218, 250 323-4, 327-33 , 341, 345-50, 360, Petty, Sir William 203-4 365, 380 Phear, Sir John Budd 271 in Engels 140, 285-301 Phenornenology oJMint!, The 68, 71, 82, in Feuerbach IIO, 130-3 98, 134-5, 152, 157, 390 in Fichte 38-9, 60-1 Philos&jJhy 0/History 93-5, 97-8, 108, in Hege! 69, 77-83, 85, 88, 90-7 II2, II4, 118-19, 122, 129, 322 in Kant 37-8 Philos&jJhy 0/Nature 93, 98, 108 in Marx 123, 136, 145-8, 150-1, Philos&jJhy oJReligion 98 153-5, 160, 162-5, 170-1, 173, Philosoph» oJRight 84, 88-91, 93-5, 175-7,180,182,186,195,198, 100, 115, 133, 135-8 201-4, 207-8, 218, 381 Pietism 28, 43-4, 64, 98, 103, II2-13, in Schelling 40-3, 58-9 117,120,128 in Schiller 39-40 Physiocrats 195 Nazimov, Vladimir Ivanovich 214-15 Pipes, Richard 25-6 Negreskul, M.F. 224, 227 P1ato 59, 97 New Testament 106, 134, 141, 288 P1ekhanov, Georgiy Valentinovich 5-6, Newton, Isaac 65 11,25,27,291,296,298-327,333-4, Nicholas I 178 336-7, 341-50, 353-6, 365, 392 Nicholas of Cusa 17 Plotinus 17 Novalis 12, 17, 21, 3D-I, 67, 89, II5, Polyakov, Nikolay Petrovich 227 II9, 122, 128, 360 Popullsm see Narodism Potenz 360-2 Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph 28 in Marx 169, 172-3, 177,348 Olufsen, Dane 204 in Schelling 36,43, 380-1 Origin oJthe Family, Private Property and Poverty oJPhilos&jJhy, The 154- 5 the State 283-4, 289, 354, 364 Praxis 5, 6, 13, 17, 24, 27, 38, 129, Otechestvennye zapiski 236, 240, 242-4, 132, 151-2 253, 274, 291-2, 309, 327, 335-6, Priesthood 127, 136 338, 342, 348, 352, 355, 364 Private property 53-4, 140, 146, 149, Our Differmces 312, 316, 318-19,334, 202, 221-2, 270 350, 354, 356 Production 55, 153-4, 225, 237, 276, Outer, the (das Äussere) xi, 6, 7, 16, 340, 347, 352 48-9,78,96, 108, 111, 117-18 in Marx 156-7,170,173,176-7, Owen, Robert 142 184-6, 188, 190, 192-6, 202, 208 in Schelling 40-1 Palgrave, Francis 266 Protestantism 48-9, 90, 97, 104, Panasiuk, Ryszard 4, 9, 18 112-13, 116, IIS, 127 Paris Commune 307 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph 7, 206, 326 Paris Manusctipts oJ 1844 I, 11, 12, 14, Prussia 51, 62, 66, 89, IOD, 102, 15, 24, 139-40, 145-51, 153, 155, III-13, 116, 122, 125-8, 130, 179, 158-9. 163-4, 267, 360 223-4, 267 414 Index

Prutz, Roben 114 Samarin, Yury Fedorovich 179, 219. Pudovikov, P.E. 253 252. 278 Pugachev, Emilyan 296 Sand. Karl 63 Savigny, Friedrich Kar! von 59-60, Radowitz,Joseph Maria von 125 125-6, 177 Rationalism 35. 66 Say,Jean-Baptiste 84 Razin, Stenka 296 Schaller, Johann 103, 105, 110, Reason 31, 33, 37-9, 43, 45. 50-1. 114-15 56-7.59-60,70, 72-3.75-7,79. Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 3, 83-4, 86, 89-91, 93-7, 100, 112, 14-15, 30-1, 34-6, 39-43. 49-51, 118-20. 129-33, 136, 380 58-9,67,69-72,74-5,78-81, Reflection 7, 35-6, 134, 140, 144, 157, 83-4, 90, 94, 98, 106, 115, 119, 285-6, 323-4, 360, 380 125, 128. 130, 132, 146-7, 153-4, in Feuerbach 111, 131-2 156, 161, 169. 182, 195. 198-9. in Hegel 70, 71. 77, 82, 85, 88-9 220-1, 231, 285. 345, 359-61. 372, in Marx 147-8, 152. 187 380-1 in Schelling 35, 40-1 Schiller, Friedrich 39-40, 45-7, 50, in Schiller 40, 46 91,330 Reformation 63-4, 113, 116, 118-19, Schlegel, August Wilhelm von 30, 67, 122, 129 115, 120. 126 Reproduction of capital 168, 176, 181, Schlegel, Friedrich von 12, 17, 21, 187-8, 195, 241, 339 30-1, 67, 115, 120, 122, 128 Restoration 35, 99, 100, 102, 105, 125, Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst 344 12, 16, 21, 44, 46-9, 66, 70, 74. Rheinische Zeitung 126 89-90, 99, 106, 115, 360 Ricardo, David 84, 158, 187, 203-4. Schmidt, Alfred 24 229-34, 236 Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich 42, 371 Richter, Friedrich 104-5, 117 Schwab, Gustav 67 Rodbertus:Jagetzow, Johann Kar! 300 Schwarz.J. 205 Roman Catholicism, see under Seiettee of Logie, Tfu (Hegel) 72, 75. Catholicism 87-9, 93, 96-7. 124. 131. 135-6. Rome 209, 242, 266-7 166. 170, 320. 322. 358-9 Romantics 12-13. 17, 21-3. 31-1, Scruton, Roger 2-3 62-3,66,68-70,71,89,99-101, Self, the (das Ich) 28-30, 33-4, 38-9, 106, 113. 115-22, 126, 128-9, 83, 111, 131, 323 132-3, 149-50. 152. 164, 174, Self-Consciousness 69, 74, 78. 82, 177, 179, 187, 205, 207, 279, 84-5, 90, 92, 96, 109-11, 134-5, 358-9 141-2. 168, 288 Rosenkranz, Kar1 21, 81, 84,93-4, Senior , William Nassau 187 101-3, 105, 114-15, 121, 128 Sensibility 33, 58-9 Rosenzweig. Franz 49 Serebryakov, E. 297 Rössler, Constantin 234-6 Serno-Solov'evich, A.A. 224 Rostovtsev, Yakov Ivanovich 246 Shanin, T. 24 Rousseau, Jean:Jacques 30 Sieber, Nikolay Ivanovich 211, 229-38. Ruge, Amold 10.21, 101-3. 112-22, 243, 258. 272-3, 283-4, 286, 294, 125-30, 132-3, 135-6. 139, 141, 300-1.310, 313. 337-9, 341, 150, 152, 359, 379 348-50. 355, 365 Russia 177-80,207,211-13,216-17, Skrebitsky, Aleksandr 11 'ich 246-7 220, 223-4, 238-9, 241, 244, Slavophiles 179,214.217,219,318. 247-8, 253, 256, 258-60, 274, 336-7, 341, 351 277-81, 302, 305-7, 309-10, Smith, Adam 54-5, 94, 158, 187, 222, 313-14, 316-19, 322, 330, 334, 229, 230, 233, 268 336-7, 339, 341-2, 344-5, 348-50, Socialism 126, 138, 142, 147, 162, 178, 355. 363, 365 180, 205, 212, 221, 237, 239, 272, Index 415

SociaIism - amtinued Struve, Petr Bemgardovich 250, 351, 275. 278-9. 286. 291. 296. 300-3. 353-4.356 309. 311. 315-16, 318, 330, 336, Stuke, Horst 9 344 Subjectivism 6. 13, 26. 326-9, 331, Socialism and the PolüicalStrugg!e 333. 335. 343-5. 348, 355 310-11, 313, 316, 318, 325, 334, Subsumption 32, 36. 236, 275, 360. 344.347 362. 367 Society xi, 22-3. 39, 43. 44-9. 51-2. in Marx 169-70, 172, 177. 181-2, 54-7, 60-1.64-6. 81, 83-6, 184-6, 189-91, 196, 199-201, 89-91. 95, lll, 115. 131, 225, 203 230-1. 237. 285-7. 290. 328. 330, in Schelling 36, 380-1 333. 346, 360, 381 Surplus Value 163, 171, 181, 185-6, in Fichte 39,45, 60-1 189. 191. 199-200, 228. 234-5 in Marx 135-8. 146-56. 160-5, Syllogism 57, 75, 131, 166 170-1, 173-80. 184. 192, System 28-31. 36. 70, 77, 81, 83, 94. 197-203, 207-8 116. 140, 152. 158, 161. 162. 164. in Schelling 49-50 168, 184, 194, 195, 208. 222, 288. in Schiller 46 289, 322, 323, 346, 360 seealso Civi1 Society Solomon, Robert 3-4 Tacitus 206 Soloviev, A.K. 303 Taylor, Charles 2, 368 Soloviev, Sergey Mikhailovich 219 Thing-in-itself 33 Speculation 7. 49, lOS, 108. 115. Tholuck, Friedrich 103, 105, 112, 117, 124, 149, 153, 157, 285-6. 323-4, 120 361 Tieck, Ludwig 30, 31. 67, 106. 115. in Hege! 69-70, 74, 88, 89-90, 91, 120, 121 95 Tikhomirov, Lev AIeksandrovich in Marx 148. 152 305-6, 310, 313-17, 319-20 in Schelling 35-6, 50 Time and Space 57, 78, 129, 132, 170. Spcncer, Herbert 259 193, 195 Spener Philipp Jakob 43-4. 117 Tkachev, Petr Nikitich 289-91. 297-8. Spinoza, Benedictus de 6 300, 306, 312-13, 316, 335-7. 343. Stahl, Friedrich julius 125 353 State 140-2, 218, 278-9. 302-6. Trepov, F.F. 302 313-18, 366. 393 in Bruno Bauer 135-6 Uhland, Ludwig 67, 106. 120 in Fichte 60-1 Understanding (der Verstand) 33-4. in Hege! 81-2. 85-92. 94-5. 98 37-8, 41-2, 50-1. 58-9, 107-8. in Marx 135-8. 158-9, 162, 173 131, 178. 323 in Müller 52- 6 in Hegel 70-2, 75, 83-6, 88-9, 94, in Ruge 127-30, 132-4 in Kant 33 in Schiller 45-6, 50 in Schelling 41.50-1,58-9 Stefanovich , Ya.V. 307 Universality (das Allgemane) x, xi, Steffens, Heinrich 14, 31, 42, 48-9. 19-23, 32, 37-8, 44-5, 47-9, 54. 70 57, 63-4, 103, 109-11. 119. 124, Stein, Kar! 51, 62-3, 66, 100, 116 126, 128, 130-2, 134, 220-1, Steuart, James 84, 187 237-8, 241-3, 258, 293, 297. 312, Stirner, Max 5, 13 323, 331, 336-7, 339. 341, 349, Stolberg , Friedrich Leopold 120 355.358 Stolypin, Petr Arkad 'evich 271 in Fichte 30 Strauss, David Friedrich 10, 18, 21,57. in Hegel 4. 19, 73-6, 78. 98, 101. 105-10, 112, 114, 117, 81-2, 84-90,92, 96, 98-9. 121, 126, 288 368 Strcckfuss, Karl 127-8 in Kaut 29 416 Index

Universality - continued Vorovsky, V.v. 349 in Marx 19, 136-8, 143, 149, 151, Vyrubov, G.N. 259 155, 161, 163-4, 166, 169-70, 172,178,180,182,184,190, Wada, Haruki 24-5 192-3, 197-9, 203, 207-10 Wagner, Adolf 233, 259 Ilsad'ba 214-16, 264 Walicki, Andrzej 25-6 Utin, N.!. 227 Wars of Liberation 62, 100, 129, 134 Wegscheider, ]ulius 103, 105 Valentinov, N. 353 Werner, Zacharias 42 Valorization 168, 182, 195, 199-200 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 2 Value 54-6, 139, 155, 161, 163-7, Wolff, Christian 32-3 169-71, 173, 182-3,189, 197-8, World Market 56, 158-60, 170, 191, 200, 207, 222, 229, 231-2 , 234-6, 195, 279, 359, 361 380 Exchange 54, 155, 163-7, 169-71, Yanzhul, 1.1. 260, 262 173, 182, 197, 199, 200, 380 Young Hegelians 4-11, 13, 18, 21-3, Use 54, 163-4,173, 182, 197, 32, 35-6, 38, 57, 79, 101, 102-44, 380 145-6, 152, 177, 287-8, 322, 326, Surplus 163, 171, 181, 185-6, 189, 334, 358-9, 362 191, 199-200, 228, 234-5 Yuzov-Kablits, 1. 341, 350 Valuev, PA 252 Vasil'chikov, A.I. 245 Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna 258, 268, 271, Vestnik Narodnoy Vali 310, 314, 319 273, 275, 279, 291-2, 297, 302, Vischer, Friedrich Theodor 21, 106-8, 307-10, 313, 336, 357, 364, 392 114, 121, 158 Zemlya i Volya, seeunder Land and Voden, A. 334-5, 337, 343, 345 Liberty Volost' 217, 279 Zhelyabov, Andrey lvanovich 307 Vorontsov, Vasily Pavlovich 256-8, Zhukovsky, Yuly Galaktionovich 235-8, 293-4,317,334,341-2,350 243, 258, 295, 297, 337-8, 340, 364