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Marx E Engels Como Leitores De Lewis Morgan Lucas Parreira Álvares

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Marx E Engels Como Leitores De Lewis Morgan Lucas Parreira Álvares UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO E JUSTIÇA Flechas e Martelos: Marx e Engels como leitores de Lewis Morgan Lucas Parreira Álvares BELO HORIZONTE 2019 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO E JUSTIÇA Flechas e Martelos: Marx e Engels como leitores de Lewis Morgan Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada como requisito parcial para conclusão do curso de Mestrado em Direito e Justiça do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Direito e Ciências do Estado da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais na Linha de Pesquisa 3 – História, Poder e Liberdade; Área de estudo 3.10: “Modernidade e resistência: direito, política e justiça à luz do marxismo e de outras abordagens críticas”. Orientador: Dr. Vitor Bartoletti Sartori Lucas Parreira Álvares BELO HORIZONTE 2019 2 “Dom Quixote já pagou caro por acreditar que a cavalaria andante era compatível com todas as formas de sociedade”. (Karl Marx, em O Capital) 3 Agradecimentos Agradeço inicialmente à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo financiamento concedido que me permitiu desenvolver o presente trabalho. Agradeço a meus pais: Kátia e Henrique, pelo amparo de sempre; meus irmãos: Felipe, Mateus e Anita, pelo carinho que nunca me faltou – embora com esses eu provavelmente esteja em dívida. Aos amigos da Pós-Graduação: Danton, Perdigão, Murilo, Marília, Rossi, Nayara, Igor, Palu, Giovanna, Pedro, Raquel, entre tantos outros. Aos amigos da vida: Ingrid, Lucas, João, Paulão, Carol, Gabi, Thaisa, Almeida, Pio, entre outros. Aos amigos de Ciências Sociais: Ana, Ludmila, Sofia, Henrique, Rafaela, Victoria, entre outros. Aos membros da Práxis Comunal: Matheus, Carlos, Aníbal, Fernanda e Antônio. Agradeço aos membros – titulares e suplentes – que aceitaram compor a banca de mestrado: Ester Vaisman, Carlos Magno Guimarães, Leonardo Gomes de Deus, Marden Barbosa e Gustavo Seferian. Sou muito grato em receber de vocês as críticas necessárias ao meu trabalho. Agradeço especialmente a meu amigo e orientador Vitor Bartoletti Sartori por me ensinar a ser um pesquisador. Se esse trabalho possui algum mérito, devo ao Vitor. Se possui deficiências, assumo inteiramente a responsabilidade. Agradeço a todos aqueles com quem dialoguei nesses últimos anos e que, de alguma forma, contribuíram para a produção desse trabalho: Matheus Almeida, Gustavo Velloso, Rodrigo C. Andrade, Maria Cecília Turatti, Piero Leirner, Felipe Musetti, Marcello Musto, Mauro W. B. Almeida, Marcos Lanna, Silvia M. S. de Carvalho, Silvia Regina Paes, Allan Hillani, Matheus Heleno, Gustavo Machado, Leônidas Dias de Faria, Sérgio Fernández, Juliana Mesomo, Christophe Darmangeat, Alex Moraes entre outros. Por fim, agradeço os quase quinhentos alunos que tive entre 2017 e 2019. Compartilhar experiências com vocês fez de mim uma pessoa melhor do que eu era. 4 Resumo A dissertação “Flechas e Martelos: Marx e Engels como leitores de Lewis Morgan” é uma investigação baseada numa análise imanentes que tem como objetivo apreender os nexos de três obras que compõem a “trama” que motivou esse trabalho: a clássica Ancient Society, do americano Lewis Morgan, que consagrou seu nome como um dos mais importantes antropólogos do século XIX; os assim chamados Cadernos Etnológicos de Karl Marx, que formam um conjunto de rascunhos que esse autor desenvolveu nos anos finais da sua vida, dentre eles, da supracitada obra de Morgan; e A origem da família, da propriedade privada e do Estado, de Friedrich Engels, obra que esse autor desenvolveu tanto a partir dos rascunhos de Marx quanto cotejando a obra original de Morgan. Marx faleceu pouco tempo após ter rascunhado a obra de Morgan. Sua morte teria interrompido, segundo Engels, os planos do autor de expor as descobertas e novidades introduzidas por Morgan acerca das mais antigas formas sociais que precederam o modo de produção capitalista. Assim, a publicação de A origem por Engels teria sido, segundo seu autor, “a execução de um testamento”. Com a publicação desses Cadernos de Marx em 1972, ou seja, quase 100 anos depois da trama que articulou esses três autores (entre 1877 e 1884), finalmente temos elementos para comparar as especificidades entre as leituras que Marx e Engels fizeram de Lewis Morgan, identificando eventuais semelhanças e ressaltando as visíveis diferenças. Em grandes traços, esse empreendimento foi o que motivou a produção dessa dissertação. Palavras-Chave: Marxismo; Marxologia, Etnologia, Cadernos Etnológicos, Antropologia; 5 Abstract The dissertation “Arrows and Hammers: Marx and Engels as Readers of Lewis Morgan” is an investigation based on an immanent analysis that aims to apprehend the nexus of three works that compose the “plot” that motivated this work: the classic Ancient Society, the American Lewis Morgan, who consecrated his name as one of the most important anthropologists of the nineteenth century; the so-called Karl Marx Ethnological Notebooks, which form a set of drafts that the author developed in the final years of his life, among them, of the aforementioned work of Morgan; and Friedrich Engels's Origin of the Family, Private Property, and State, a work that he developed both from Marx's drafts and from the original work of Morgan. Marx died shortly after having drafted Morgan's work. His death would have interrupted, according to Engels, the author's plans to expose the discoveries and novelties introduced by Morgan about the earliest social forms that preceded the capitalist mode of production. Thus, the publication of The Origin by Engels would have been, according to its author, "the execution of a will". With the publication of these Marx Papers in 1972, that is, almost 100 years after the plot that articulated these three authors (between 1877 and 1884), we finally have elements to compare the specificities between the readings that Marx and Engels made of Lewis Morgan, identifying possible similarities and highlighting the visible differences. In broad strokes, this enterprise was what motivated the production of this dissertation. Keywords: Marxism; Marxology; Ethnology; Ethnological Notebooks; Anthropology. 6 Álvares, Lucas Parreira A473f Flechas e martelos: Marx e Engels como leitores de Lewis Morgan / Lucas Parreira Álvares. – 2019. Orientador: Vitor Bartoletti Sartori. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Direito. 1. Direito – Teses 2. Socialismo – Teses 3. Antropologia – Teses 4. Etnologia – Teses 5. Morgan, Lewis Henry, 1818-1881 6. Marx, Karl, 1818-1883 7. Engels, Friedrich, 1820- 1895 I. Título CDU 301:335.51 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela bibliotecária Meire Luciane Lorena Queiroz CRB 6/2233. 7 A dissertação intitulada Flechas e Martelos: Marx e Engels como leitores de Lewis Morgan, de autoria de Lucas Parreira Álvares, foi considerada ________________ com a nota ______ pela banca examinadora composta pelos seguintes professores: _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Vitor Bartoletti Sartori (Orientador/UFMG) _________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Ester Vaisman (UFMG) _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Magno Guimarães (UFMG) _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Leonardo Gomes de Deus (UFMG) Belo Horizonte, ____ de _____________ de _______ 8 Flechas e Martelos: Marx e Engels como leitores de Lewis Morgan Sumário 1. Palavras preliminares .................................................................................................. 11 2. Análise imanente de rascunhos: uma experiência a partir dos Cadernos Etnológicos de Karl Marx ................................................................................................................... 15 3. Sobre Marx, Engels e Morgan .................................................................................... 29 3.1. As “tramas” do testamento .................................................................................. 30 3.2. O lugar dos Cadernos Etnológicos na obra de Marx ........................................... 34 3.2. Os Cadernos Etnológicos e a herança de Lawrence Krader ................................ 42 4. Sobre as classificações................................................................................................ 54 4.1. Formas sucessivas de classificações da humanidade que antecederam Morgan . 54 4.2. Intermitência dos estágios históricos de classificação ......................................... 57 4.3. Marx e as classificações históricas ...................................................................... 71 5. Sobre a subsistência .................................................................................................... 93 5.1. Práxis Canibais .................................................................................................... 94 5.2. A primazia da atividade vital ............................................................................. 100 6. Sobre a família .......................................................................................................... 109 6.1. Relações de Parentesco e Modos de Produção .................................................. 110 6.2. O assim chamado “comunismo primitivo” ........................................................ 125 6.3. A família entre os russos e os eslavos do sul ..................................................... 133 6.4. A família monogâmica: superação ou realização plena? ..................................
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