DOCSLIB.ORG

Reconstructing Historical Hurricane Tracks in the Atlantic Basin: Three Case Studies from the 1840S Emily L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reconstructing Historical Hurricane Tracks in the Atlantic Basin: Three Case Studies from the 1840S Emily L University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School March 2018 Reconstructing Historical Hurricane Tracks in the Atlantic Basin: Three Case Studies from the 1840s Emily L. Cerrito University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Geographic Information Sciences Commons, and the Meteorology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Cerrito, Emily L., "Reconstructing Historical Hurricane Tracks in the Atlantic Basin: Three Case Studies from the 1840s" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7607 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reconstructing Historical Hurricane Tracks in the Atlantic Basin: Three Case Studies from the 1840s by Emily L. Cerrito A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science School of Geosciences College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Jennifer Collins, Ph.D. Cary Mock, Ph.D. Mark Welford, Ph.D. Joni Downs Firat, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 5, 2018 Keywords: tropical cyclones, paleotempestology, Tampa Bay, Cuba, GIS Copyright © 2018, Emily L. Cerrito Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Hurricane Climatology.................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Storm Characteristics and Measurement ....................................................... 4 1.1.1.1 Intensity Scales .............................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Hurricane Variability ..................................................................................... 7 1.1.2.1 Teleconnections .............................................................................. 7 1.1.2.2 Climate Change ............................................................................. 10 1.2 Paleotempestology ...................................................................................................... 12 1.2.1 Geological and Biological Proxies............................................................... 12 1.2.1.1 Examples from Florida and Cuba ................................................. 13 1.2.2 Historical Record ......................................................................................... 15 1.2.2.1 Primary Source Documents .......................................................... 15 1.2.2.2 Chronologies ................................................................................. 17 1.2.3 Hurricane Reconstructions ........................................................................... 18 1.2.3.1 Regional and State-Level Analyses .............................................. 19 1.2.3.2 Storm Track Reconstructions ........................................................ 22 Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 25 2.1.1 Florida .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1.1 Florida Keys .................................................................................. 26 2.1.1.2 Tampa Bay .................................................................................... 26 2.1.2 Cuba ............................................................................................................. 27 2.2 Data ............................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Ship Logbooks ............................................................................................. 27 2.2.2 Newspapers .................................................................................................. 28 2.2.3 Other Primary Sources ................................................................................. 29 2.3 Analyses ...................................................................................................................... 29 2.3.1 Mapping Track Reconstructions and Synoptic Data ................................... 30 2.3.3 Intensity Estimates ....................................................................................... 31 i Chapter 3: Results ......................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Hurricane of October 1844 ......................................................................................... 35 3.1.1 Storm Track ................................................................................................. 36 3.1.2 Storm Impacts .............................................................................................. 44 3.2 Hurricane of October 1846 ......................................................................................... 49 3.2.1 Storm Track ................................................................................................. 49 3.2.2 Storm Impacts .............................................................................................. 63 3.3 Hurricane of September 1848 ..................................................................................... 73 3.3.1 Storm Track ................................................................................................. 73 3.1.2 Storm Impacts .............................................................................................. 86 Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusion ......................................................................................... 91 4.1 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 91 4.1.1 October 1844 Hurricane ............................................................................... 91 4.1.2 October 1846 Hurricane ............................................................................... 93 4.1.3 September 1848 Hurricane .......................................................................... 94 4.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 99 4.2.1 Limitations ................................................................................................. 100 4.2.2 Future Work ............................................................................................... 101 References ................................................................................................................................... 103 ii List of Tables Table 1.1: Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale .............................................................................5 Table 1.2: Beaufort wind scale........................................................................................................6 Table 2.1: Wind force terminology by tropical cyclone category ................................................34 iii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Tropical cyclone observational probability over time .................................................22 Figure 1.2: Ho’s track reconstruction for the Tampa Bay hurricane of September 1848 ..............23 Figure 3.1: Locations of meteorological and shipping observations for 3-8 October, 1844 ..........37 Figure 3.2: Reconstructed storm track of the October 1844 hurricane ......................................... 38 Figure 3.3: Locations of meteorological and shipping observations for 5-14 October, 1846 .......50 Figure 3.4: Reconstructed storm track of the October 1846 hurricane ..........................................51 Figure 3.5: Temperature and storm track reconstruction for 12 October, 1846 at 9 p.m. ..............57 Figure 3.6: Temperature and storm track reconstruction for 13 October, 1846 at 7 a.m. .............59 Figure 3.7: Temperature and storm track reconstruction for 13 October, 1846 at 3 p.m. .............60 Figure 3.8: Temperature and storm track reconstruction for 13 October, 1846 at 9 p.m. .............62 Figure 3.9: Temperature and storm track reconstruction for 14 October, 1846 at 7 a.m. .............64 Figure 3.10: Locations of meteorological and shipping observations for 16-28 September, 1848.......................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 3.11: Reconstructed storm track of the September 1848 hurricane....................................75
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wakulla County Wakulla
    MAP INSIDE! MAP printed on recycled paper using vegetable-based ink. vegetable-based using paper recycled on printed . http://www.fl-seafood.com visit recipes, seafood MARINA LOCATOR MARINA sustainable printing practices. This document is is document This practices. printing sustainable RAMP & Recipe courtesy of Fresh from Florida Seafood. For more more For Seafood. Florida from Fresh of courtesy Recipe Florida Sea Grant is committed to responsible and and responsible to committed is Grant Sea Florida BOAT fresh dill and season with freshly ground pepper. pepper. ground freshly with season and dill fresh 2017 July SGEF-244 your choice, such as angel hair. Garnish with with Garnish hair. angel as such choice, your Serve immediately over prepared pasta of of pasta prepared over immediately Serve http://myfwc.com scallops. scallops. Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission Wildlife and Fish Florida and pepper to taste. Stir for 3 minutes and add add and minutes 3 for Stir taste. to pepper and over medium-low heat; add 2 cloves garlic, salt salt garlic, cloves 2 add heat; medium-low over Wipe out skillet, then melt 1/2 cup butter butter cup 1/2 melt then skillet, out Wipe scallops from skillet and set aside. aside. set and skillet from scallops Overcooking makes the texture rubbery. Remove Remove rubbery. texture the makes Overcooking medium heat. Stir until opaque, about 1 minute. minute. 1 about opaque, until Stir heat. medium tablespoons melted butter in a large skillet over over skillet large a in butter melted tablespoons and limits, contact: limits, and Sauté 3 pounds Florida scallops in 2 2 in scallops Florida pounds 3 Sauté seasons open requirements, license beds, collecting the scallops by hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Jefferson County Industrial Park
    BOARD OF COUNTYCOMMISSIONERS JEFFERSON COUNTY, FLORIDA THE KEYSTONE COUNTY-ESTABLISHED 1827 1484 SOUTH JEFFERSON STREET; MONTICELLO, FLORIDA 32344 PHONE: (850)-342-0287 Stephen Fulford Gene Hall J T Surles Betsy Barfield Stephen Walker District 1 Vice-Chair District 2 Chairman District 3 District 4 District 5 Regular Session Agenda November 16, 2017 at the Courthouse Annex 435 W. Walnut Street, Monticello, FL 32344 1. 6 PM – Call to Order, Invocation, Pledge of Allegiance 2. Public Announcements, Presentations & Awards a) Broadband Internet Connection – Keith Decay 3. Consent Agenda a) Approval of Agenda b) Minutes of November 1, 2017 Budget Hearing - Special Session c) Minutes of November 2, 2017 Regular Session d) General/Transportation Fund Vouchers e) Christmas Bonus Recommended Same as Prior Year f) Return of Budgeted Funds From Property Appraiser g) CDBG Housing Change Orders – 1) E L Johnson - 2) G Barker - 3) Scott – Cherry 4. General Business a) Lloyd Creek Bridge Replacement in Tandem -Gabrella Molina-Corbin/Comm. Barfield b) RESTORE / State Expenditure Plan Project Ranking – Comm. Barfield/Walker c) Resolution Authorizing Issuance Gas Tax Bond – Mark Mustian/Ralph Cellon d) Delegated Award Resolution–Gas Tax Bond–Mark Mustian/Ralph Cellon e) Preliminary Official Statement, POS.1 – Mark Mustian/Ralph Cellon f) PinHook Road CIGP Agreement w/ FDOT - Dewberry g) PinHook Road CIGP Resolution - Dewberry h) Turney Anderson SCRAP Agreement w/ FDOT – Dewberry i) Turney Anderson SCRAP Resolution - Dewberry j) West Lake Road SCRAP Notice of Award - Dewberry 5. Citizens Request & Input on Non-Agenda Items (3 Minute Limit) 6. County Coordinator Old Health Department/Extension Building Surplus Steps 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Trail Maps and Guide
    1 Segment 5 Crooked River/St. Marks Refuge Emergency contact information: 911 Franklin County Sheriff’s Office: 850-670-8500 Wakulla County Sheriff’s Office: 850-745-7100 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 24-hour wildlife emergency/boating under the influence hotline: 1-888-404-3922 Begin: St. George Island State Park End: Aucilla River launch Distance: 100-103 miles Duration: 8-9 days Special Considerations: Extreme caution is advised in paddling open water areas from St. George Island to Carrabelle and in paddling across Ochlockonee Bay. Introduction From traditional fishing communities to wild stretches of shoreline, tidal creeks and rivers, this segment is one where paddlers can steep themselves in “Old Florida.” This is also the only segment where paddlers can follow two scenic rivers for a significant distance: the Crooked and Ochlockonee rivers. The Crooked River is the only area along the trail where paddlers have a good chance of spotting a Florida black bear. Several hundred black bears roam the Tate’s Hell/Apalachicola National Forest area, one of six major black bear havens in the state. Florida black bears are protected under Florida law. Keep food and garbage tightly packed and hanging in a bag from a tree branch at least ten feet off the ground. In paddling the Crooked River paddlers will enjoy a slice of the untrammeled 200,000- plus-acre Tate's Hell State Forest. This scenic route also features Ochlockonee River State Park where there is a full-service campground a short distance from the water. For camping reservations, visit Reserve America or call (800) 326-3521.
    [Show full text]
  • Blueways Element
    BLUEWAYS ELEMENT View From the South US 98 Bridge Launch Wakulla River Park Page 63 BLUEWAYS ELEMENT St. Marks River Recommendations The St. Marks River is currently not designated as a Florida Paddling Trail. Designating the St. Marks River as a Florida Paddling Trail would: • Bring public recognition to the blueway • Permit FDEP, as resources allow, to enter into management, patrol and protection agreements, and into leases if so stipulated in the designation agreement • Encourage FDEP to identify sources of funding for management and restoration needs • Give private landowners some liability protection • Give the blueway additional consideration in certain public land acquisition and grant programs, such as the Florida Communities Trust Land Acquisition Program, the Recreational Trails Grant Program, and the Florida Recreation Development Assistance Program For a blueway to be designated as a Florida Paddling Trail, a government or a not-for-profit entity must agree to manage the blueway and apply for designation. Applications for designation are available from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s Office of Greenways and Trail. Launch sites for the St. Marks River are located at Newport Campground and at the St. Marks River Park in the City of St. Marks. Wooden slat dry launches could be installed or unimproved natural launch areas could be designated for canoes and kayaks to help avoid conflicts between paddlers and motor boaters at the paved launch locations. Launch Site at St. Marks River Park Page 64 INTRODUCTIONBLUEWAYS & PURPOSE PLAN The Confluence of the St. Marks and the Wakulla Rivers Page 65 BLUEWAYS ELEMENT Figure 27: Designated Sopchoppy River Paddling Trail Sopchoppy River Recommendations The Office of Greenways and Trails lists four blueway access points along the Sopchoppy River.
    [Show full text]
  • The Underwater Archaeology of Paleolandscapes, Apalachee Bay, Florida Author(S): Michael K
    Society for American Archaeology The Underwater Archaeology of Paleolandscapes, Apalachee Bay, Florida Author(s): Michael K. Faught Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Apr., 2004), pp. 275-289 Published by: Society for American Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4128420 Accessed: 14-09-2016 18:19 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4128420?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Wed, 14 Sep 2016 18:19:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms REPORTSX THE UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY OF PALEOLANDSCAPES, APALACHEE BAY, FLORIDA Michael K. Faught Submerged prehistoric sites investigated in northwest Florida along the margins of the drowned Aucilla River channel (or PaleoAucilla) extend our understanding ofprehistoric settlement patterns and paleolandscape utilization. Bifacial and uni- facial tools indicate Late Paleoindian and Early Archaic logistical activities at these sites, as well as later Middle Archaic occupations.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Michael Kent Faught August 2019 4208 E Paseo Grande
    Curriculum Vitae Michael Kent Faught August 2019 4208 E Paseo Grande [email protected] Tucson, Arizona 85711 Phone: 850-274-9145 EDUCATION Ph.D. Anthropology, 1996, University of Arizona, Tucson 1996 Clovis Origins and Underwater Prehistoric Archaeology in Northwestern Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. M.A. Anthropology, 1989, University of Arizona, Tucson (Geology minor) 1990 Resonance in Prehistory: The Peopling of North America: Language, Biology, and Archaeology. Master's paper in lieu of thesis, on file Arizona State Museum Library, Tucson. B.A. Anthropology 1978, University of Arizona (Geology minor) with Honors, Phi Beta Kappa PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE, PUBLICATION GENRES, AND RESEARCH INTERESTS Western Hemisphere, Paleoindian and Early Archaic Archaeology: Origins, pathways, settlement patterns, genetics, and the emergence of regional traditions. North, Middle, and South America. Submerged Prehistoric Sites Archaeology: development of principles and methods for continental shelf prehistoric archaeology: predictive modeling, remote sensing, mapping, testing, and excavation Remote Sensing: Side Scan Sonar, Subbottom profiler, magnetometry, data gathering, contouring, mosaicking, and GIS analysis. Geoarchaeology: Applications of geological principles, methods, and theories to archaeology, particularly marine geoarchaeology Chipped Stone Analysis: Including projectile point typological history and systematics, tool function, and debitage analysis Public Archaeology: Law and practice of Cultural Resource Management (CRM), I also have experience conducting archaeology with avocationals, high schoolers, and people with physical and mental disabilities. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2018 – present Designated Campus Colleague, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona 2008 - present Courtesy Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida 2005 –present Vice President and Treasurer, Archaeological Research Cooperative, (www.arcoop.org ) 2017 – present Senior Advisor, SEARCH, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • By a Thesis Submitted to the Department of Anthropology In
    THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES AN OVERVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGY RELATED TO KARST FEATURES IN FLORIDA By KIM KAUFMANN A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts DEGREE AWARDED: Summer Semester, 1993 The membe~= of the Committee approve the Thesis of ~:ira I(aufmann defonded on June 3. 1993. R~~ff~QH~-------------- ProFessor Directing ThesIs G~----~-- Committee Member ~~ ~J~'-r. _ Geor Fischer Committee Member ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank various individuals and departments for their assistance with the Promise Project. First, I would like to thank thesis committee members Dr. Rochelle Marrinan, Dr. Glen Doran, and George Fischer. I would also like to thank Dr. steve Hale and Frank Rupert for their assistance and expertise with sample analysis. Thanks are due Sandra Forney and the united states Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, for issuing a special use permit to conduct research at Promise Sink. I would also like to thank the Department of Anthropology at Florida State University, Florida State University Marine Lab's Academic Diving Program, and the State of Florida Bureau of Historical Research, Underwater Archaeology Division for the use of all equipment used in the Promise project. A special thanks to: Scott Hayes, Nancy Nonweiler, Shelly Sikes, Marjorie Peak, and Kimberly Willyoung for the willingness to help with the Promise project. I would also like to express my indebtedness to Jane Kaufmann for
    [Show full text]
  • Historically Unprecedented Northern Gulf of Mexico Hurricane Activity from 650 to 1250 CE Jessica R
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Historically unprecedented Northern Gulf of Mexico hurricane activity from 650 to 1250 CE Jessica R. Rodysill1,2,3*, Jefrey P. Donnelly2, Richard Sullivan2,4, Philip D. Lane2,8, Michael Toomey1,2, Jonathan D. Woodruf5, Andrea D. Hawkes2,6, Dana MacDonald2,5, Nicole d’Entremont2, Kelly McKeon2,5, Elizabeth Wallace2 & Peter J. van Hengstum2,4,7 Hurricane Michael (2018) was the frst Category 5 storm on record to make landfall on the Florida panhandle since at least 1851 CE (Common Era), and it resulted in the loss of 59 lives and $25 billion in damages across the southeastern U.S. This event placed a spotlight on recent intense (exceeding Category 4 or 5 on the Safr-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) hurricane landfalls, prompting questions about the natural range in variability of hurricane activity that the instrumental record is too short to address. Of particular interest is determining whether the frequency of recent intense hurricane landfalls in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is within or outside the natural range of intense hurricane activity prior to 1851 CE. In this study, we identify intense hurricane landfalls in northwest Florida during the past 2000 years based on coarse anomaly event detection from two coastal lacustrine sediment archives. We identifed a historically unprecedented period of heightened storm activity common to four Florida panhandle localities from 650 to 1250 CE and a shift to a relatively quiescent storm climate in the GOM spanning the past six centuries. Our study provides long-term context for events like Hurricane Michael and suggests that the observational period 1851 CE to present may underrepresent the natural range in landfalling hurricane activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Excavations at the Econfina Channel Site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA
    Southeastern Archaeology ISSN: 0734-578X (Print) 2168-4723 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ysea20 What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA Jessica W. Cook Hale, Nathan L. Hale & Ervan G. Garrison To cite this article: Jessica W. Cook Hale, Nathan L. Hale & Ervan G. Garrison (2018): What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA, Southeastern Archaeology To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/0734578X.2018.1428787 View supplementary material Published online: 01 Feb 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ysea20 SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/0734578X.2018.1428787 What is past is prologue: excavations at the Econfina Channel site, Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA Jessica W. Cook Hale a, Nathan L. Halea and Ervan G. Garrisona,b aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; bDepartment of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Offshore submerged sites can retain valuable data concerning many questions of interest to Received 21 September 2017 archaeology, including what form coastal occupations may have taken during periods before the Accepted 13 January 2018 establishment of modern coastlines and late Holocene climate and ecological conditions. KEYWORDS However, submerged offshore sites experience postdepositional forces entirely unlike those in Submerged prehistoric terrestrial contexts, including erosion/deflation of sediments, and degradation of artifacts and/or archaeology; Florida features caused by the marine environment.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Marks River and Apalachee Bay Surface Water Improvement and Management Plan
    St. Marks River and Apalachee Bay Surface Water Improvement and Management Plan November 2017 Program Development Series 17-03 Northwest Florida Water Management District St. Marks River and Apalachee Bay Surface Water Improvement and Management Plan November 2017 Program Development Series 17-03 NORTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT GOVERNING BOARD George Roberts Jerry Pate John Alter Chair, Panama City Vice Chair, Pensacola Secretary-Treasurer, Malone Gus Andrews Jon Costello Marc Dunbar DeFuniak Springs Tallahassee Tallahassee Ted Everett Nick Patronis Bo Spring Chipley Panama City Beach Port St. Joe Brett J. Cyphers Executive Director Headquarters 81 Water Management Drive Havana, Florida 32333-4712 (850) 539-5999 Crestview Econfina Milton 180 E. Redstone Avenue 6418 E. Highway 20 5453 Davisson Road Crestview, Florida 32539 Youngstown, FL 32466 Milton, FL 32583 (850) 683-5044 (850) 722-9919 (850) 626-3101 St. Marks River and Apalachee Bay SWIM Plan Northwest Florida Water Management District Acknowledgements This document was developed by the Northwest Florida Water Management District under the auspices of the Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) Program and in accordance with sections 373.451-459, Florida Statutes. The plan update was prepared under the supervision and oversight of Brett Cyphers, Executive Director and Carlos Herd, Director, Division of Resource Management. Funding support was provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s Gulf Environmental Benefit Fund. The assistance and support of the NFWF is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to especially recognize members of the public, as well as agency reviewers and staff from the District and from the Ecology and Environment, Inc., team that contributed to the development of this plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Gulf of Mexic O
    292 ¢ U.S. Coast Pilot 5, Chapter 6 Chapter 5, Pilot Coast U.S. Chart Coverage in Coast Pilot 5—Chapter 6 87°W 86°W 85°W NOAA’s Online Interactive Chart Catalog has complete chart coverage http://www.charts.noaa.gov/InteractiveCatalog/nrnc.shtml ALABAMA 88°W 31°N GEORGIA Milton Pensacola FLORIDA Fort Walton Beach CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY PERDIDO BAY 11385 11383 11390 Panama City 11406 11384 11382 11392 11405 11391 11388 11 30°N 39 APALACHEE BAY 3 Port St. Joe AY Apalachicola B LA ICO ACH AL AP 11402 11404 11389 GULF OF MEXICO 11401 29°N 19 SEP2021 19 SEP 2021 U.S. Coast Pilot 5, Chapter 6 ¢ 293 Apalachee Bay to Mobile Bay (18) METEOROLOGICAL TABLE – COASTAL AREA OFF PENSACOLA, FLORIDA Between 27°N to 31°N and 86°W to 89°W YEARS OF WEATHER ELEMENTS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC RECORD Wind > 33 knots ¹ 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 Wave Height > 9 feet ¹ 4.5 3.8 3.4 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.3 2.3 Visibility < 2 nautical miles ¹ 1.7 1.4 2.2 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 Precipitation ¹ 5.0 4.9 3.9 2.8 2.8 3.0 4.0 4.1 4.9 3.9 3.6 4.0 3.9 Temperature > 69° F 26.8 25.9 36.8 64.3 95.2 99.8 99.9 99.9 98.9 89.4 60.4 37.0 71.8 Mean Temperature (°F) 64.6 64.9 67.6 71.8 77.1 81.5 83.4 83.4 81.5 76.6 70.8 66.5 74.7 Temperature < 33° F ¹ 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mean RH (%) 77 77 78 78 79 78 77 77 78 74 75 75 77 Overcast or Obscured ¹ 27.2 25.5 22.1 15.6 12.4 10.1 11.4 11.5 16.5 13.8 17.5 22.0 16.8 Mean Cloud Cover (8ths) 4.8 4.6 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.6 4.2 Mean SLP (mbs) 1020 1019 1017 1017 1016 1016 1017 1016 1015 1016 1019 1020 1017 Ext.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11 the Late-Pleistocene Human Settlement of Interior North America: the Role of Physiography and Sea-Level Change
    The Late-Pleistocene Human Settlement of Interior North America: The Role of Physiography and Sea-Level Change 183 Chapter 11 The Late-Pleistocene Human Settlement of Interior North America: The Role of Physiography and Sea-Level Change David G. Anderson1, Thaddeus G. Bissett2, and Stephen J. Yerka3 ABSTRACT The colonization of interior North America during the late Pleistocene, ca. 20k–10k cal yr BP, would have been profoundly shaped by physiographic features early explorers and settlers encountered, such as the location of major river valleys, mountain ranges, deserts, pluvial and periglacial lakes, and ice-sheet margins, and in coastal areas by the dramatic changes in sea level that were occurring. An examination of the rela- tionship between changes in sea level and the extent of the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains in the vicinity of the southeastern United States indicates that, because of the uneven topography of the now submerged continental shelf, sea-level rise or fall does not closely correspond to the area lost or gained. During some periods, notably MWP-1A (Meltwater Pulse 1A), only small areas of the Coastal Plain were lost, while in others, such as during the Younger Dryas and MWP-1B, much larger areas were affected. The widespread appearance of Clovis in the interior of the Southeast, and the apparent reduction or reorganization of im- mediate post-Clovis settlement in the Coastal Plain, and an increase in population—or at least no evidence for reduction—farther into the interior of the region may be related to these changes in sea level. Evaluating these ideas will require much new fieldwork and the collection, compilation, and public dissemination of primary archaeological data among the professional community.
    [Show full text]