Georgi Dobrevo/2000 Reconsidered: Note on a 1St-Century Bc Coin Hoard from Thrace*

doi: 10.2143/AWE.12.0.2994453 AWE 12 (2013) 281-294

GEORGI DOBREVO/2000 RECONSIDERED: NOTE ON A 1ST-CENTURY BC COIN HOARD FROM THRACE*

EVGENI I. PAUNOV

Abstract This note deals with a hoard of five silver coins from south-eastern Thrace. In the original publication (Penchev 2001) these coins were described with errors and wrong identifications, thus a revision and reinterpretation is offered here. The hoard from Georgi Dobrevo is an unusual association of two Republican denarii, two imitative tetradrachms of late Thasos type in barbarous style and one broken piece – a rare tetradrachm of Ilium in the Troad. An overview of the historical, geographical and numismatic background of this hoard is given in order to elucidate its precise position and significance.

In 2000, during rescue archaeological excavation on the Thrakia highway near the village of Georgi Dobrevo (formerly Bunakli and Kirilovo) in the Lyubimets area of Haskovo district, a scattered coin hoard was found. It was unearthed in a Thracian and Roman settlement at Dana Bunar (Sector 1),1 south-west of the village2 (on the course of the highway from Sofia to Istanbul). The site had shown constant occupation from the mid-5th century BC to the late 6th century AD and later, with few interruptions.3 It lies 1 km from the north bank of the River Maritza (the ancient Hebros) between Lyubimets and Svilengrad (some 40 km north-west of Adrianople/Edirne), along the main Roman road, the Via Diag- onalis.4 Setting a good example, the hoard from Georgi Dobrevo was published the very next year by an expert in mediaeval coinage, Vladimir Penchev.5

* I would like to thank François de Callataÿ, Ilya Prokopov and Metodi Manov who kindly read, commented upon and improved successive drafts of this note. 1 Excavations were carried out in 2000–01 by Krassimir Leshtakov and Elena Angelova-Pencheva, both from the Department of Archaeology, University of Sofia ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’. The results and archaeological material from the Dana Bunar site are not yet published (except Sector 2, the nearby Neolithic site: see Vassil Nikolov’s report in AJA 112 [2008], 159–61). 2 GPS coordinates: 41.8477; 26.1046. 3 The stray coins from Dana Bunar and surrounding sites (286 pieces in total) were later separately published by Mariana Minkova from the Stara Zagora Museum (Minkova 2008). No coins from the 2nd or 1st centuries BC are attested, except one bronze of Thessalonica, ca. 187–31 BC (SNG Cop. Macedonia, 365) and six AE coins of Rhoemetalces I and Augustus (ca. 11 BC–AD 12) – five of type RPC I, 1719 and one of RPC I, 1720 (see Minkova 2008, 65). 4 The course of the Via Diagonalis in this area is noted and described by the late Dimcho Aladzhov in the 1980–90s (see Aladzhov 1997, 188–89). For older records, see Jirecek 1877, 46–47; Todorov 1937. 5 Penchev 2001. Penchev is the single keeper of the coin collection at the National History Museum in Sofia. As a rule, he strictly forbids any approach for access to and research on the coins in the collection, whether from Bulgarian or foreign scholars.

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The overall importance of this hoard, along with multiple errors and discrepancies in the original publication, has prompted the current study and revision. Only five silver coins of the 2nd–1st centuries BC were gathered from a ploughed field in a surface area of few square metres (0.10–0.40 m from surface) – apparently a fragment of a larger hoard, or a few parts of such. According to the initial publication, the preserved content is as follows:6

A. Roman Republic: two denarii 1. L. Sempronius Pitio, 148 BC (RRC 216/1), Rome, 19/20 mm, 3.74 g; mid-wear (Fig. 1). 2. L. Sentius C.f., 101 BC (RRC 325/1a), Rome, rev. control mark O above, 19/20 mm, 3.95 g, mid-wear (Fig. 2). B. ‘Thracian’ tetradrachms, barbarised imitations of Thasos type: 2 AR 3. 29/34 mm, 15.41 g, edges bent on three sides (Fig. 3). 4. 30/31 mm, 15.33 g, slight bent edge (Fig. 4), both of unlisted dies,7 patinated and light corrosion visible. C. Late Hellenistic tetradrachm: 5. Troas, Ilium: 1 AR (large flan, but bent and broken8), 28/35 mm, 13.83 g, monogram 1 in the left field and owl to palm in the right field. No wear visible, patination (Fig. 5).

Comments The denarii9 were correctly recognised and suitably identified by Penchev10 quoting M.H. Crawford’s monumental corpus on the Roman Republican coinage.11 At the same time, though, he was not aware of the bulk of Republican hoards found in Thrace.12 Let me address now the problem which has spurred me to revise the publication and write this note. A concern had arisen with the broken issue of Ilium (no. 5 above), so unusual for the circulation pool of ancient Thrace. Penchev had quoted13 the now long-super- seded edition BMC Troas14 without stating a particular number, since no such coin was known to W. Wroth in the late 19th century. He did not mention further or more recent references, although the Ilium tetradrachms are identified and described by J.H. von Eckhel,15 satisfied to argue that ‘the tetradrachm was struck in the 1st century BC’. He had read the ‘two-line legend in the exergue’16 as: JGJSIDJ…. / TOUDIOF….., though more than that can clearly be observed on the published photograph.

6 Field numbers 17, 18, 33, 49 and 59 /2000. Instead of handing in the coins to the responsible Regional Museum in Haskovo as usual, they were given to and inventoried in the National History Museum in Sofia, by the same person – Dr Penchev. Inventory numbers are not known. 7 Similar to type Göbl 1973, Klasse III, taf. 46–47; and Lukanc 1996, pls. 103–138. 8 The damage is clearly modern, caused by agricultural work in the field. 9 Although Penchev had failed to mention the denarii in the title of his article. 10 Penchev 2001, 34. 11 Crawford 1974. 12 The majority of them are already published; see the inventory IRRCHBg. 13 Penchev 2001, 38, n. 2. 14 Wroth 1894, 58. 15 von Eckhel 1794, 484–85. 16 Penchev 2001, 33, tabl. 1.3.

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Fig. 1: Denarius of L. Sempronius Pitio, 148 BC, RRC 216/1 (after Penchev 2001).

Fig. 2: Denarius of L. Sentius C.f., 101 BC, RRC 325/1a (after Penchev 2001).

Fig. 3: Thasos imitation tetradrachm, cat. no. 3 (after Penchev 2001).

Fig. 4: Thasos imitation tetradrachm, cat. no. 4 (after Penchev 2001).

Fig. 5: Tetradrachm of Ilium, magistrate ´Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou from Georgi Dobrevo, cat. no. 5 (after Penchev 2001).

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As a matter of fact, this is a magistrate’s name with filiation, and it should be restored as: JGJSIDJM[OU] / TOU DIOF[ANOU] = Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou. This name appears on a tetradrachm published for the first time by E.T. Newell in 1938,17 and later on two occasions by A.R. Bellinger18 (Fig. 6). However, the coin from Georgi Dobrevo/2000 bears in the left field on its reverse a monogram 1 (see Fig. 7) hitherto unlisted for this issue.19 Curiously enough, the same monogram appears on the next civic magistrate’s issue – the one for Philokleos, Philon and Hyllon (Fig. 8).20 First of all, this is not an issue of Ilium but one in the name of the goddess Athena Ilias, as the coin clearly states itself (’Aqjnav ’Iliadov). It is well defined by A.R. Bellinger, based on the coin materials from the American excavations at Troy in 1932–38.21 Later, it also received a masterly interpretation in an epigraphic context by L. Robert.22 These civic tetradrachms of Troas are generally dated after 188 BC, when both Pergamum and Ilium had profited by the treaty of Apameia. Then, the defeated Seleucid monarch Antiochus III had to leave his European possessions and to lease parts of Asia to the Romans (Appian Syr. 39). True, the Ilium coinage is relatively rare, producing a list of no more than 21 variants and magistrates.23 This coinage was an issue of the city of Ilium which dominated a league of cities. It is the confederation of Troad, also called League of ‘Athena Ilias’.24 It had included no fewer than seven cities: Ilium, Dardanus, Scepsis, Assus, Alexandria Troas, Abydus and Lampsacus. Of course, the names of those men who appear in the exergue of coins, having held an official position (presidents of the prytanes) in the temple of Athena Ilias, but here they appear in genitive as eponymous magistrates.25 Initially, Bellinger has dated26 the activity of moneyer Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou before 133 BC, but later he admitted that these series may have been struck after the Roman annexation of Asia.27 However, the Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou seems to be a late issue, similar to the tetradrachms of magistrate Menephronostos, son of Menephron, with the additional symbol of grazing Pegasus.28 The latter is struck during the First Mithridatic war, in the time of the Pontic

17 Newell 1938, pl. LXXXV.B. No pedigree for this coin is given. 18 Bellinger 1958, 14, no. 20, pl. 5; 1961, 25, no. T54. 19 Inexplicably, Penchev had described the monogram as ‘an abbreviation of the name of Troia’ [!] (Penchev 2001, 33, tabl. I.2). 20 Bellinger 1958, 14, no. 21; 1961, 25, no. T55. This testifies to the true and correct chronological arrangement of the Ilium series by Bellinger. 21 Bellinger 1958, 15–18; 1961, 25–27; see also Robert 1966, 39. 22 Robert 1966. 23 Bellinger 1958, 12–14; 1961, 23–25. For the rarity of Ilium, compare the famous collection of H. von Aulock, where only four tetradrachms are included (see SNG von Aulock, I, nos. 1520–1522, and Band IV, Supplement, no. 7604). 24 Robert 1966, 36–40. 25 See Bellinger 1958, 15; Robert 1966, 69, 83–85, a list of Ilium’s moneyers on p. 79. 26 Bellinger 1958, 14–15. 27 Bellinger 1961, 26. 28 Wroth 1894, 58, no. 12; Bellinger 1961, no. T98; Kinns 1987, 110; de Callataÿ 1997, 291, pl. 52.C.

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Fig. 6: Tetradrachm of Ilium, magistrate ´Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou (after Bellinger 1961, no. T54).

Fig. 7: Monogram on the tetradrachm of Fig. 8: Monogram on a tetradrachm of Ilium, Ilium from Georgi Dobrevo, magistrate magistrates Philokleos, Philon and Hyllon ´Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou. Detail. (after Bellinger 1961, no. T55).

king’s domination in western Asia Minor, ca. 95–87/86 BC.29 Jgjsidßmou toÕ Diofánou also appears in a number of inscriptions from Troas (known from the time of H. Schliemann),30 dated in the early 1st century BC. In 85 BC, Ilium was sacked and burnt to ashes by the troops of the Roman general C. Flavius Fimbria (Appian 12. 8. 53; Livy Periocha 83), along with Cyzicus and Nicomedia. Later, when Fimbria committed suicide, Sulla treated her nicely by giving her freedom and tried to revive the town (Appian 12. 9. 61). Consequently, this coin cannot be later than 85 BC.31 The Ilium tetradrachm appears to be the latest coin in the group. In fact this not the case, as we shall see below. Further, the Georgi Dobrevo hoard must be set in its natural chronological and geographical context. At a first glance, a close dating of this hoard is impossible. Nevertheless, some clues exist. The inclusion of denarii (the second piece struck in 101 BC) points to the period after 90 BC, when the first wave of Roman Republican money arrived in Thrace.32 Both denarii are mid-worn, so they cannot serve as precise chronological markers. But, without good enough reason, Penchev himself had insisted on a burial date of around 72/71

29 ‘Gruppe C’ after Regling 1928, 121–23. 30 Robert 1966, 68–71, 79. 31 See also the arguments of Regling 1928, 123. 32 Cf. IRRCHBg, pp. 87–89; and further study in Paunov 2013.

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BC,33 in connection with the march of Roman general M. Terentius Varro Lucullus.34 These arguments are not convincing, or too dubious to be taken seriously. Even more mysterious is Penchev’s reference for the two Thasian-type imitations (cat. nos. 3–4 above).35 He had quoted only N. Mouchmov’s catalogue,36 and failed to provide the standard references on Celtic-type coinages, such as those by Count M. Dessewffy,37 K. Pink38 or R. Göbl’s atlas;39 not to mention the recent works of D.F. Allen40 and I. Lukanc,41 or even S. Topalov.42 Moreover, we owe the correct updated references for these imitations to I.S. Prokopov’s intensive work on the Thasian coinages.43 In addition, the new corpus of Celtic coins by B. Ziegaus must be noted.44 The edge bending is also a typical feature of Thasian imitations of Group III, dated to the middle of the 1st century BC; a fact of which Penchev should have been well aware.45 Traditionally, the start of the Thasian type imitation coinage is dated after 72/71 BC.46 A frequent association in 1st-century BC Thrace is of late Thasian imitation tetradrachms together with Republican denarii.47 This mixture occurs in the following hoards:

1. Batin/1974: 48 over 200 AR: one tetradrachm of Thasos and 54 denarii down to 54 BC (Cr. 433/1). 2. The notorious Belitsa/1956:49 112 AR, a silver cup and an ingot: 28 Thasos, 27 Athens New Style, seven Aesillas, 12 drachms of Dyrrhachium, four cistophori, and 36 denarii down to 48 BC (Cr. 449/1a). 3. Bolyarino/1963:50 30 AR: three tetradrachms of Thasos, 15 Thasian imitations, three Athens New Style, one Maroneia, one Alexander type of Mesambria mint and seven denarii down to 48 BC (Cr. 428/3).

33 Penchev 2001, 37, n. 8. 34 For M. Lucullus’ route in Thrace, see Tacheva 1987, 67; Syme 1999, 134–37. On its monetary reflections, see now Karayotov 2009, 131–32; Paunov 2012, 449–50; also briefly in Prokopov et al. 2011, 48. 35 Penchev 2001, 33–34, n. 3. 36 Mouchmov 1912, 327, pl. 35.9–10. 37 Dessewffy 1910, pls. XIV–XV. 38 Pink 1974 (1st ed. 1939). 39 Göbl 1973, Klasse III, taf. 47. 40 Allen 1987, 232–35. 41 Lukanc 1996. 42 Cf. Topalov 1998, 91–98. 43 Prokopov 2006, 56 /Gruppe III/i; Prokopov 2011. 44 Ziegaus 2010, nos. 755–758. 45 Recently commented by Prokopov 2011. 46 Kacarova 1964, 143. 47 Noted by numerous authors. See recently Prokopov 2006, 56; 2009. 48 IRRCHBg 100 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 74. 49 IGCH 976 = IRRCHBg 101 = Paunov 2012b, cat. no. 75. Unfortunately, this highly important hoard remains still unpublished by the responsible coin keepers of the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia. It was last exhibited at the museum in 1997. See the notes of M. Thompson (Thompson 1961, 522) and the comments of M.H. Crawford in the preface to IRRCHBg, p. 7. 50 IGCH 976; de Callataÿ and Prokopov 1995; IRRCHBg 102 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 76.

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4. Bratya Daskalovi/2010:51 12 AR in a tumulus burial: five Thasian imitations (uncirculated), two Aesillas, one Maroneia, one Alexander III drachm (very worn, illegible), 2 ‘Celtic’ drachms of Philip III type52 and one denarius serratus (very worn) of 118 BC (Cr. 284/5). 5. Dolno Botevo/~1973:53 ca. 100–120 AR: seven (+ three) Thasian imitations, two tetradrachm blanks and one brockage denarius of M. Cipius M.f., 114/113 BC (Cr. 289/1). 6. Karavelovo I/1959:54 40 AR: one Thasos, one Thasian imitation, three Athens New Style, one drachm of Dyrrhachium, and 36 denarii down to 54 BC (Cr. 433/1). 7. Korten II/1958:55 50+ AR: one Thasos, two Thasian imitations, one imitation of Mac- edonia Prima regio56 and two denarii (both very worn) down to 59 BC (Cr. 412/1). 8. Maluk Chardak/1990:57 529 AR and a silver bracelet: one Thasian imitation (Göbl 1973, Klass V), one Athens New Style of 126/125 BC58 and 521 Republican denarii down to Mark Antony and Octavian, 39 BC (Cr. 528/2b). 9. Mindya/1959:59 80+ AR, ten examined: five Alexander III posthumous types (four Mesambria, one Odessus), four Thasian imitations, and one denarius of L. Cassius Longinus, 60 BC (Cr. 413/1). 10. Nova Mahala/1954:60 50+ AR: 18 (plus 11) Thasian imitations, one (plus three further) Athens New Style tetradrachms of 126/125 BC (Thompson 1961, nos. 441–460), and three (once 12) denarii down to C. Iulius Caesar, 49/48 BC (Cr. 443/1). 11. Nova Zagora area/1973:61 one Thasos tetradrachm, six Thasian imitations, one denarius of Mark Antony (unspecified type), period 43/42 to 32/31 BC; 12. Pavelsko/1975:62 8+ AR: four Thasos, one Thasian imitation, and three denarii, one examined – M. Porcius Cato Propraetor, 47/46 BC (Cr. 462/1a–c?). 13. Topolovo/1961:63 170 AR: one Thasos, 39 Thasian imitations and 130 Republican denarii (two of them – ‘Dacian’ imitations), down to two issues of Octavian, 30/29 BC.64 14. Vetren/1977:65 8+ AR: one Thasian imitation, four Athens New Style, the latest of 61/60 BC (magistrates JRAKLWN-JRAKLEIDJS)66 and three denarii down to 47 BC (Cr. 453/1).

51 Published by Prokopov et al. 2011, 44–53 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 77. 52 Göbl 1973, 577.1–3; Kostial 1997, 896. 53 CH 6.48 = Prokopov and Petrov 2000, 9–10, nos. 95–106 = IRRCHBg 106 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 82; see also Topalov 1998, 70–71, 96–98, figs. 14–16. Only ten coins and two blanks are kept in the Haskovo museum (inv. nos. 1073-1074; 1106–1109); the rest are dispersed, some in Topalov’s private collection, Sofia. 54 IGCH 978 = IRRCHBg 108 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 84. 55 IGCH 979 = IRRCHBg 111 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 86. 56 Prokopov 1994, 12, 170, rev. die: BXJ1 = Prokopov 2012, no. 793. 57 IRRCHBg 115 = Paunov 2012b, no. 90; see now Prokopov and Paunov 2012. 58 Thompson 1961, 173, no. 442. 59 IGCH 664 = IRRCHBg 118 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 93. 60 IGCH 977 = IRRCHBg 121 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 95. 61 Partial hoard, unpublished, see Jurukova 1978, 73 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 96. 62 CH 6.45 = IRRCHBg 123 = Paunov 2013, cat. no. 98. 63 IGCH 457 = IRRCHBg 129 = Paunov 2013, no. 102. 64 RIC I2, 267. 65 CH 7.141 = IRRCHBg 131 = Paunov 2013, no. 104. 66 Type Thompson 1961, no. 1264.

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Fig. 9: Hoards of Republican denarii mixed with imitations from Thrace mentioned in text (map by A. Sobotkova).

The above review of hoard evidence produces an impressive list of no less than 14 deposits (Fig. 9), predominantly from south Thrace, and two from north Thrace (the future Roman Moesia). It clearly shows that all such hoards narrow into the interval 59/55 BC to 49/48–39 BC (only the Topolovo hoard being slightly later: ca. 30/29 BC). This chronological concentration cannot be accidental and suggests a pattern. If both Thasian imitations from Georgi Dobrevo/2000 actually belong to the hoard, they should be added much later, some 30–40 years after the tetradrachm of Ilium. Thus, the burial date of the ‘hoard’ must be lowered to ca. 55–40 BC. An interesting phenomenon can be noticed from the evidence of overstrikes. In one case an Alexandria Troas is overstruck over a late Thasian tetradrachm, and in three cases Tene- dos over Thasos.67 This implies that an interchange of silver coins68 and active economic/ monetary relations existed between the towns in Bithynia, Mysia, Troas and southern Thrace in the 2nd–1st centuries BC. The geographical position of the Georgi Dobrevo/2000 is ideal and of strategic importance. Close to Adrianople, the find-spot is located on the Via Diagonalis, the main Roman

67 de Callataÿ 1998, 101–02, nos. 4, 8, 11, and pp. 111–12; all listed by de Callataÿ 2008, 42. 68 Another fine examples of this interchange is a tetradrachm of Thasos overstruck by an Ephesus cistophoric tetradrachm (series 27): CH 2.29, no. 94, fig. 11 = MacDonald 2009, 164–66, no. 123.

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highway between south-eastern Europe and Asia. It corresponds well with a number of Late Hellenistic hoards from the regions of Haskovo, Yambol and Burgas (in modern south-east Bulgaria). Worth mentioning are: – the nearest hoard from Momkovo (only 2 km to the east):69 22 AR: one Athens New Style (magistrates AMFIAS and OINOFILOS, dated to 81/80 BC),70 11 Maroneia; four Thasos; five Thasian imitations; – Mezek/1978 (11 km to the south-east):71 217 AR: 205 Thasos tetradrachms; three Tha- sian imitations, four Macedonia Prima region, four Byzantium (Lysimachi type), one late Alexander type tetradrachm (mint unspecified); – Levka/1973 (12 km to the north-east):72 28 AR: one Thasos tetradrachm; 12 Thasian type, one Thasian imitation, five Maroneia, one Athens New Style (magistrates EPIGENJ – SWSANDROS and moneyer EUMJ[NOS], struck 126/125 BC),73 one Byzantium (Lysimachi type), one Quaestor Aesillas, three Macedonia Prima regio; – Bisser/1967 (10 km to the north-west):74 22+ tetradrachms of Byzantium (late Lysimachi type);75 – Haskovo region II;76 – Haskovo region IV;77 – Malko Tarnovo/1968 in Strandja/Mons Asticus/Haemimons mountain (120 km east– north-east):78 only three silver coins from this hoard were examined by the late V. Haralanov, later all dispersed: • one tetradrachm of Ilium, unspecified, • a tetradrachm of Alexandria Troas (Figs. 10–11) – with magistrate’s name MALOUSIO[U] and a city era date 208 [SJ],79 • an unspecified cistophoric tetradrachm of Asia. Therefore, the Malko Tarnovo hoard must be dated after 94/93 BC, based on the late Alexandria Troas issue of the mint period 102/101–66/65 BC.80

69 See Prokopov 2006, no. 187; Prokopov and Petrov 2003. 70 Thompson 1961, nos. 1190 or 1192. 71 CH 7.126 = Jurukova 1979, 60; see now Prokopov 2006, no. 184. 72 CH 6.49 = Prokopov and Petrov 2000, 7–8, nos. 57–82 = Prokopov 2006, no. 154. 73 Thompson 1961, 174–76, nos. 445–447. 74 IGCH 955; Gerassimov 1969, 231; referred to by Prokopov and Petrov 2000; Prokopov 2006, no. 20. Kept in the National Archaeological Museum collection, Sofia. 75 The Bisser hoard is going to be discussed by C.A. Marinescu of Pace University, New York, in Marinescu forthcoming. 76 Prokopov 2006, no. 120; Prokopov and Petrov 2000. 77 CH 6.44 = Prokopov 2006, no. 122. 78 Gerassimov 1979, 138. A note is preserved in his personal archive, now donated to the Regional Historical Museum in Shumen. A letter to him from the late Vassil Haralanov, dated 16 February 1969, illustrates the Alexandria Troas tetradrachm from this hoard – see Fig. 10 (pers. comm. Zhenya Zhekova, Shumen Museum). 79 de Callataÿ 1997, 151, 155, cf. pl. 39 – dies D2/R1. Exactly the same coin later appeared on the market, first in 1979 – Gorny sale 15 (17 December 1979), no. 68; and later in the Lanz sale 26 (5 December 1983), no. 228. Both pedigrees are quoted by de Callataÿ 1997, 151. 80 Bellinger 1961, 98–99; de Callataÿ 1997, 157–58.

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Fig. 10: Tetradrachm of Alexandria Troas from Malko Tarnovo 1968 hoard, magistrate MALOUSIO[U]. A pencil drawing by V. Haralanov, 16 February 1969 (unpublished, photograph courtesy of Shumen Museum).

Fig. 11: The same tetradrachm of Alexandria Troas, magistrate MALOUSIO[U] from Malko Tarnovo, dated 94/93 BC (after Numismatik Lanz 26, 1983, no. 228).

Across the border into Turkey it is worth mentioning the tetradrachm hoard from the Adrianople/Edirne area found before 1925.81 It yielded similar contents: 75 tetradrachms (45 Thasos, one Maroneia, 11 Lysimachi of Byzantium, one Abydos, one tetradrachm of Prusius II, 13 of Nicomedes IV Philopator (down to the year 88 BC), and three of Alexandria Troas (dated 102/101, 93/92 and 86/85 BC). It was closely dated by F. de Callataÿ to 86/85 BC (and obviously related to the Mithridatic activities in Thrace).82

81 IGCH 971; de Callataÿ 1997, 159. 82 de Callataÿ 1997, 159.

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Fig. 12: Finds of Troad coins from south-eastern Thrace (map by A. Sobotkova).

One can easily notice that the above association of various coin denominations and dif- ferent mints is quite common for the late 2nd–early 1st-century BC hoards in southern Thrace.83 Apparently, excluding Malko Tarnovo/1968, none of these hoards seems to have been known to Penchev.84 Considering the above stated evidence, I would conclude the following: 1. The Ilium tetradrachm was misread and misinterpreted in the first publication by Penchev. It was struck by a magistrate known from long ago, but with a monogram hitherto unlisted. It should be dated to ca. 95–87/86 BC, belonging to the civic coinage of Ilium. 2. If both Thasian-type tetradrachm imitations, executed in rough, barbarous style, are inte- gral part of this hoard, they are the key to dating it. As demonstrated above, their manu- facture and circulation are dated slightly later – between ca. 60/55 and ca. 40/30 BC. 3. The fragmentary hoard from Georgi Dobrevo/2000 shows that some Troad coins had actually circulated in south-eastern Thrace85 (cf. Fig. 12).

83 Prokopov 2000, 375–86; 2009, 247–51; Prokopov et al. 2011, 47–48, etc. 84 Penchev 2001, 35, n. 6. 85 In addition, a hoard dispersed in trade was found around 2000 near the village of Ruen, Burgas region, recorded by Karayotov. It contained over 120 tetradrachms: one of Alexandria Troas, eight to

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4. Since we have no reliable and precise information about the archaeological context of this site find (settlement or sanctuary?),86 we are prevented from drawing any further solid conclusions. 5. It is an important link between Late Hellenistic monetary traditions and the introduction of Roman denarii into Thrace in the early 1st century BC.

Finally, I have brought up this issue because it could lead to heavy misconcep- tions on the numismatic evidence from Bulgaria based on antiquarian references combined with inaccuracy and misreading (in this case coming from the chief numismatist at the National History Museum in Sofia).87 But even a poor publication helps when it is done in a timely manner.

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ten of Nicomedes II, two of Mostis and some 100 late tetradrachms of Alexander type struck at Odessus (second period, after 113 BC) and in Mesambria (see Karayotov 2009, 483). 86 Cf. n. 1. 87 Established in 1973 by the Bulgarian communist authorities, exhibition opened in 1984, relo- cated from central Sofia in 2000. See its web-site: .

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School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University Colum Drive Cardiff CF10 3EU UK [email protected]; [email protected]

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