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Peang-Meth, the Property-Holders Shall Rule This Town.Pdf (688Kb) “The property-holders shall rule this town!” The Danville Massacre and the White Reactionary Campaign Against Biracial City Government 1882-84 Nicholas E. Peang-Meth Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of History, Georgetown University Advisor: Professor Chandra M. Manning Honors Program Chair: Professor Alison Games May 4, 2020 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii TIMELINE iii PRELUDE: Mr. Sherman’s Inquiry 1 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER I: The Origins of Racial Terror 18 INTERLUDE: Sharp Tongues and Quick Wits 39 CHAPTER II: Social Landscapes of the New South 44 INTERLUDE: Free People and Indominable Spirits 57 CHAPTER III: A Campaign of Racial Terror 59 CONCLUSION 77 EPILOGUE: Fresh Trouble in Danville 80 APPENDIX A: Diagram of the Danville Massacre 85 APPENDIX B: The Danville Circular 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the dedicated tutelage and support of Professor Chandra M. Manning. Throughout five semesters, four seminars, and the year-long thesis program, Professor Manning has provided invaluable guidance, advice, and encouragement. Her assistance has made me the historian that I am today. -N.E.P. ii TIMELINE The Rise and Fall of Virginia’s Readjuster Party 1879 TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 – Readjuster convention. Disaffected Democrats and Republicans meet in Richmond and form a new political coalition with a platform centered around the readjustment of state debts, increased investment in public schools, and expanded civil rights for black Virginians. The Readjuster Party is born, with William Mahone selected as party leader. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 4 – Virginia state legislative elections. Readjusters win majorities in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly. 1880 TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 2 – U.S. presidential elections. James Abram Garfield, an Ohio Republican, is elected as the 20th president of the United States. Democrat George C. Cabell is narrowly re-elected to the U.S. House of Representatives for Virginia’s fifth district (containing Danville), defeating Readjuster John T. Stovall. Stovall contests the results alleging voter suppression. 1881 FRIDAY, MARCH 4 – Mahone sworn in as senator. Readjuster party leader William Mahone is sworn into the United States Senate. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 8 – Virginia gubernatorial election. Readjuster William Evelyn Cameron defeats Democrat John W. Daniel in the race to succeed Democrat Frederick W. M. Holliday as Virginia governor. Republican John F. Lewis is elected Lieutenant Governor. 1882 MONDAY, MARCH 6 – An act to divide the city of Danville into wards. The Virginia General Assembly passes an act requiring a commission to divide the city of Danville into three wards for the purposes of voting in municipal elections. The wards system enhances black voting power and paves the way for the election of a Readjuster-led city council. iii iv SATURDAY, JULY 1 – New Danville city government sworn in. Readjuster John Henry Johnston is elected as Danville mayor. The city’s lone incumbent black councilman, Henry Swann, is joined by three more black city councilmembers: Bird Lipscomb, D.F. Batts, and Julius W. Payne. A close ally of William Mahone, J.B. Raulston, is also elected to the twelve-man council. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 7 – Congressional elections. Democrat George C. Cabell is re-elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia’s fifth district (containing Danville), defeating Readjuster William E. Sims. 1883 SUNDAY, MARCH 4 – Riddleberger sworn in a senator. Readjuster Harrison Holt Riddleberger is sworn in as the junior U.S. senator from Virginia, joining fellow Readjuster William Mahone in the upper chamber. OCTOBER – Danville Circular. An incendiary pamphlet entitled “Coalition Rule in Danville” is circulated in Danville calling on white Virginians to vote against the Readjuster ticket in November. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3 – Danville Massacre. Several black men are killed in a violent massacre at the city market in downtown Danville. News of the violence quickly makes headlines across the country. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6 – Virginia state legislative elections. A reorganized Democratic Party rides depressed black turnout and white racial anxiety to a large legislative majority, just days after the Danville Massacre. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 7 – City government turnover. In the days after the massacre, three black city councilmembers and fourth white Readjuster councilmember resigned their posts and were replaced by white reactionaries. Additional resignations and replacements occur in a variety of appointed positions, and a new special police force composed of white reactionaries is formed to help restore order. 1884 THURSDAY, JANUARY 31 – Investigation launched. The U.S. Senate Committee of Privileges and Elections begins an inquiry into the Danville Massacre at the request of Senator John Sherman, an Ohio Republican. Over the coming weeks, they call dozens of witnesses to give highly publicized testimony about the massacre and surrounding events in Danville. SATURDAY, MAY 17 – George Adams beaten severely. Just days before city elections, four white men severely beat massacre survivor George Adams. THURSDAY, MAY 22 – Danville municipal elections. Incumbent mayor James Henry Johnston loses his campaign for re-election to massacre perpetrator William Pinkney Graves. TUESDAY, MAY 27 – Senate report published. The U.S. Senate Committee of Privileges and v Elections publishes the results of its investigation into the Danville Massacre. The majority report forcefully concludes that the massacre was premeditated and politically motivated, while a minority opinion terms the event a riot and refutes the majority allegations. No further action is taken. TUESDAY, JULY 1 – New Danville city government sworn in. Reactionary William Pinkney Graves is sworn in as mayor, replacing Readjuster John Henry Johnston. An all-white city council is also sworn in. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 4 – U.S. Presidential elections. Democrat Grover Cleveland of New York defeats Republican James G. Blaine of Maine, becoming the first Democrat elected to the presidency since the Civil War. Democrat George C. Cabell defeats Republican J.W. Hartwell, winning a sixth and final term as U.S. congressman from Virginia’s fifth. 1886 FRIDAY, JANUARY 1 – Lee inaugurated as governor. Democrat Fitzhugh Lee, a Confederate general and nephew of Robert E. Lee, is inaugurated as the 40th governor of Virginia, succeeding Readjuster William E. Cameron. The governorship would remain in Democratic hands for eighty-four consecutive years, until 1970. Democrat John E. Massey is inaugurated as Lieutenant Governor, replacing Republican John F. Lewis. 1887 FRIDAY, MARCH 4 – Mahone’s term ends. Readjuster William Mahone is replaced by Democrat John W. Daniel as a U.S. Senator from Virginia. 1889 MONDAY, MARCH 4 – Riddleberger’s term ends. Readjuster Harrison Holt Riddleberger, the last major Readjuster officeholder in Virginia, is replaced by Democrat John S. Barbour Jr. in the U.S. Senate. Democrats would hold both seats in the Virginia delegation to the United States Senate until 1970, when Harry F. Byrd Jr. switched his party affiliation to Independent. PRELUDE Mr. Sherman’s Inquiry Across the United States, Americans were greeted with sensational headlines in their Sunday morning papers on November 4, 1883. In the nation’s capital, the Washington Post informed its readers of “Bloodshed at Danville – Several Negroes Killed and Two White Men Dangerously Wounded,” while readers of the New York Times awoke to a report of “Whites and Blacks Rioting – Four Negroes and Two White Men Killed in Danville, Va.” Chicagoans read reports of “A Race Riot – Deadly Collision Between Negroes and White Men at Danville, Virginia” in the Chicago Daily Tribune, while on the west coast, a front-page headline in the Los Angeles Times read, “White Against Black – Race Collision in Danville, Virginia.”1 United States Senator John Sherman, a Republican from Ohio, read these headlines with alarm. As further details of the violence in the Virginia city trickled out over the following weeks, the veteran statesman’s concern only grew. For one thing, it had occurred just three days between important and hotly contested statewide elections in which the conservative Democratic Party was seeking to reclaim power from the insurgent Readjuster Party, a progressive third- party movement that had swept into power a few years before on the backs of an unprecedented 1 “Bloodshed at Danville – Several Negroes Killed and Two White Men Dangerously Wounded,” Washington Post, November 4, 1883; “Whites and Blacks Rioting – Four Negroes and Two White Men Killed in Danville, Va.” New York Times, November 4, 1883; “A Race Riot – Deadly Collision Between Negroes and White Men at Danville, Virginia,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 4, 1883; “White Against Black – Race Collision in Danville, Virginia,” Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1883. 1 2 biracial coalition of black and white voters. Adding to Sherman’s concerns were accounts in some northern newspapers that the incident was less a race riot than a calculated attack on unarmed black marketgoers.2 A brief investigation conducted by a group of Danville citizens known as the “Committee of Forty” in the weeks after the bloodshed blamed the violence on the “rude, insolent and intolerant” behavior of the city’s black population and did little to assuage Sherman’s discomfort with the situation in the southwestern Virginia community.3 In a January 1884 speech on the floor of the Senate, Sherman cited a “voluminous
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