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Sobrevivência E Crescimento De Percebes (Pollicipes Pollicipes) Em Sistemas Alternativos De Cultivo

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Sobrevivência E Crescimento De Percebes (Pollicipes Pollicipes) Em Sistemas Alternativos De Cultivo Sobrevivência e crescimento de percebes (Pollicipes pollicipes) em sistemas alternativos de cultivo Maria Lopes Santos 2019 ii Sobrevivência e crescimento de percebes (Pollicipes pollicipes) em sistemas alternativos de cultivo Maria Lopes Santos Dissertação para obtenção de Mestre em Aquacultura Dissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Teresa Cruz e coorientação da Professora Doutora Ana Pombo 2019 iii iv Agradecimentos Agradeço, Em primeiro lugar, aos meus pais, à minha irmã, aos meus avós e ao meu avô Artur por todo o amor, apoio e motivação, que lutam constantemente para que eu seja feliz e siga os meus sonhos. À Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar e à Universidade de Évora, concretamente ao CIEMAR, por todo o apoio e conhecimento que me proporcionaram ao longo de todo este percurso. À Teresa Cruz, que sempre se mostrou uma excelente profissional, com um conhecimento e paciência incansável, sempre pronta a ajudar em todos os processos, pela transmissão de conhecimentos e principalmente pela amizade. À professora Ana Pombo por me ter orientado, por me ter dado o prazer de conhecer o CIEMAR e me ter colocado no melhor caminho possível. A toda a equipa do CIEMAR, à Ana Torres, ao David Mateus, ao David Jacinto, à Teresa Silva, à Joana, à Inês, por toda a disponibilidade, toda a ajuda e por tudo o que me ensinaram ao longo deste período. Ao Ricardo que tem o dom de enaltecer o melhor que há em mim, sem nunca duvidar das minhas capacidades, por todo o apoio, amizade e cumplicidade À Ana, à Catarina, à Mariana, ao Bruno, à Ariana, à Inês, ao Adriano e a todos os meus amigos que mesmo estando longe me apoiaram e me fizeram sentir perto. A todos, os que direta ou indiretamente, tornaram este trabalho possível, um muito obrigada. v Resumo O percebe (Pollicipes pollicipes) é um crustáceo cirrípede de elevado interesse económico na península ibérica. Ao longo dos últimos anos têm sido desenvolvidos estudos com o objetivo de testar a viabilidade biológica da aquacultura de percebes. No presente trabalho testou-se o efeito de um sistema alternado de cultivo, no qual os percebes alternam entre a jangada, a permanência em condições laboratoriais durante o período de maior incrustação por outras espécies (verão) e o retorno à jangada. Este estudo dividiu-se em duas experiências, tendo a primeira durado entre maio e setembro de 2019 (primavera/verão), e a segunda entre maio e dezembro de 2019 (primavera/verão/outono). Na primeira experiência, foi observado que a sobrevivência dos percebes mantidos na jangada era semelhante à de percebes que permaneceram na jangada e que foram depois cultivados em laboratório, o que indica que neste período, as condições de cultivo na jangada permaneceram favoráveis à sobrevivência desta espécie. Contudo, na segunda experiência foi observada uma mortalidade quase total dos percebes que foram mantidos na jangada, mas uma considerável sobrevivência (valor médio de 34%) nos percebes que alternaram entre o cultivo na jangada, o cultivo em laboratório entre julho a setembro, e novamente o cultivo em jangada. Sendo assim, os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que é biologicamente viável produzir percebes num sistema alternado de cultivo. O segundo objetivo do trabalho incidiu no cultivo laboratorial do percebe e consistiu em testar o efeito das condições hidrodinâmicas (indivíduos mantidos com a bomba de fluxo sempre desligada, sempre ligada, ligada apenas durante o período de alimentação e desligada apenas durante o período de alimentação) e do regime alimentar (período de alimentação de 2h seguido de 2h em que os percebes estavam no exterior do aquário em condições de emersão, de modo a garantir que não continuavam a alimentar-se, período de alimentação de 2h em imersão, e período de 4h em imersão) na sobrevivência, tamanho, crescimento e no comportamento dos cirros dos percebes. A sobrevivência não foi afetada por estes fatores. Porém o crescimento e o número de batimento dos cirros antes da alimentação variaram entre tratamentos. O crescimento não parece ter uma relação linear com a duração do período de alimentação, pois não foram encontradas diferenças no crescimento em percebes sujeitos a um período de alimentação de 2h ou 4h, e é influenciado positivamente pelo hidrodinamismo, nomeadamente durante o período de alimentação, o que poderá indicar uma maior taxa de ingestão de alimento em condições mais hidrodinâmicas. Este maior crescimento também parece ser devido a um menor dispêndio de energia na atividade dos cirros que batem menos nestas condições. Palavras-chave: Pollicipes pollicipes, condições laboratoriais, “barticle”, crescimento, sobrevivência, condições hidrodinâmicas, alimentação, aquacultura vi Abstract The stalked barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) is a cirripedean crustacean of high economic interest. Studies have been developed to improve the aquaculture production. In this study we tested the effect of an alternative system, the barnacles alternate between the platform and the laboratory, during the period of greater biofouling by other species (summer). This study was divided into two experiments, the first one took place between May and September 2019 (spring/summer period), and the second between May and December 2019 (spring / summer and autumn period). In the first experiment, the average survivability of barnacles was higher than previous studies, indicating that during this period, platform cultivation conditions remained favourable for survivability (mean value of 34%). However, in the second experiment there was an almost total mortality of the barnacles that were kept in the platform. However, the survival rate was better in the barticles who interval the platform period with a lab period from July to September, when biofouling is most incident. Thus, the results demonstrate that it is biologically viable to produce barnacles in an alternating system (platform-laboratory conditions-platform). The second objective was to test the effect of hydrodynamic conditions and duration of feeding period on survival, size, growth and cirrus behaviour of barnacles. Three diets were tested, the two-hour feeding period followed by the two-hour in which the barnacles were outside the aquarium to ensure that they did not continue to feed, the two-hour feeding period and the four-hour feeding period. It was concluded that there’s no linear relationship between the growth and the feeding period and that the barnacles are satiated only with the two hours of feeding. Regarding the hydrodynamic conditions, the following treatments were tested: individuals kept with the flow pump always off; always on; switched on only during the power period; and only turned off during the power period. It was concluded that high turbulence contributes positively to growth since there is a higher energy allocation in growth due to lower energy expenditure in cirrus movement for respiration and, in addition, greater assimilation of food and higher intake in conditions of greater hydrodynamism. Keywords: Pollicipes pollicipes, laboratorial conditions, “barticle”, survivability, hydrodynamic conditions, feeding, aquaculture. vii Índice 1. Introdução ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Taxonomia, distribuição geográfica e abundância ............................................. 1 1.2 Morfologia interna e externa de P. pollicipes ..................................................... 2 1.3 Ciclo de vida, recrutamento, crescimento e mortalidade .................................. 3 1.4 Comportamento alimentar e respiração – batimento dos cirros ...................... 7 1.5 Gestão, conservação e bio-economia da espécie ............................................... 9 1.6 Potencial do percebe para a aquacultura ......................................................... 11 1.7 Objetivo ............................................................................................................. 13 2. Materiais e Métodos ................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Recolha dos percebes .................................................................................... 13 2.2 Sistemas de Cultivo ....................................................................................... 15 2.3 Estudo 1. Sistema alternado de cultivo: os percebes alternam entre a jangada e o laboratório ........................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Estudo 2. Efeito do regime alimentar e das condições de hidrodinamismo 20 3. Resultados .................................................................................................................. 23 4. Discussão ................................................................................................................... 40 5. Conclusão ................................................................................................................... 45 6. Referências Bibliográficas .......................................................................................... 46 viii ix Índice de figuras FIGURA 1. DISTRIBUIÇÃO DAS ESPÉCIES DO GÉNERO POLLICIPES. .................................................................................... 1 FIGURA 2. A) MORFOLOGIA EXTERNA DE POLLICIPES POLLICIPES, COM A DIVISÃO EM PEDÚNCULO E CAPITULUM, COM IDENTIFICAÇÃO DAS DIFERENTES PLACAS CALCÁRIAS; B) MORFOLOGIA INTERNA DE P.POLLICIPES COM IDENTIFICAÇÃO
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