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Crustacea: Copepoda) Received: 21 February 2017 Sahar Khodami1, J www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular Phylogeny and Revision of Copepod Orders (Crustacea: Copepoda) Received: 21 February 2017 Sahar Khodami1, J. Vaun McArthur2, Leocadio Blanco-Bercial3 & Pedro Martinez Arbizu1 Accepted: 16 June 2017 For the frst time, the phylogenetic relationships between representatives of all 10 copepod orders have Published: xx xx xxxx been investigated using 28S and 18S rRNA, Histone H3 protein and COI mtDNA. The monophyly of Copepoda (including Platycopioida Fosshagen, 1985) is demonstrated for the frst time using molecular data. Maxillopoda is rejected, as it is a polyphyletic group. The monophyly of the major subgroups of Copepoda, including Progymnoplea Lang, 1948 (=Platycopioida); Neocopepoda Huys and Boxshall, 1991; Gymnoplea Giesbrecht, 1892 (=Calanoida Sars, 1903); and Podoplea Giesbrecht, 1892, are supported in this study. Seven copepod orders are monophyletic, including Platycopioida, Calanoida, Misophrioida Gurney, 1933; Monstrilloida Sars, 1901; Siphonostomatoida Burmeister, 1834; Gelyelloida Huys, 1988; and Mormonilloida Boxshall, 1979. Misophrioida (=Propodoplea Lang, 1948) is the most basal Podoplean order. The order Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1835, is paraphyletic and now encompasses Poecilostomatoida Thorell, 1859, as a sister to the family Schminkepinellidae Martinez Arbizu, 2006. Within Harpacticoida Sars, 1903, both sections, Polyarthra Lang, 1948, and Oligoarthra Lang, 1948, are monophyletic, but not sister groups. The order Canuelloida is proposed while maintaining the order Harpacticoida s. str. (Oligoarthra). Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Cyclopinidae are redefned, while Canuelloida ordo. nov., Smirnovipinidae fam. nov. and Cyclopicinidae fam. nov are proposed as new taxa. Copepods are one of the most abundant metazoans on Earth1. During their diversifcation, these small aquatic crustaceans have colonized almost all benthic and planktonic aquatic ecosystems, from deep-sea oceans2 to the crevices of the Himalayan glaciers3. Copepods are also common parasites of fsh and other vertebrates, and many evolutionary lineages live in diferent degrees of association with invertebrates such as sponges, echinoderms or mollusks4, 5. Despite their important contribution to extant metazoan diversity, especially in the oceans, their phyloge- netic position within Arthropoda and the relationships of the major evolutionary lineages within Copepoda (orders in the classifcation) are still matters of debate. Molecular studies on Copepoda have focused on species- to superfamily-level relationships of Calanoida [e.g., refs 6–10], Harpacticoida (e.g., genus Tigriopus Norman, 186811, or Ameiridae12, 13), Cyclopoida and Poecilostomatoida (e.g., the families Xarifidae, Chondracanthidae and Umazuracolidae14, 15, Oithonidae16 and Cyclopidae17). No molecular ordinal level phylogeny of copepods is currently available, but phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characteristics have been postulated in the past (for a review, see ref. 5). Apomorphies used in morphological analyses are largely based on adaptations (modifcations or simplifcations) of the locomotory and feeding appendages and body shape to newly colonized environments (e.g., the pelagic realm, crevices of sandy substrates, ground water), and association with invertebrates and fsh (including ecto- and endoparasites). In the past, the form of the mouthparts has been considered to be a key evolutionary characteristic complex for the high-level classifcation of copepods18, but this view was not adopted by subsequent authors [e.g., refs 19 and 20]. A comprehensive investigation of homologies in the body plan, segmentation and setation of copepod appendages was performed by Huys and Boxshall5, resulting in a cladistics phylogeny of the 10 copepod orders recognized at that time. Tis concept divides Copepoda into the following three infraclasses: Progymnoplea Lang, 1948 (=Platycopioida Fosshagen, 1985); Gymnoplea Giesbrecht, 1892 (=Calanoida Sars, 1903); and 1Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. 2Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, USA. 3Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), Hamilton St. Georges, Bermuda. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.K. (email: [email protected]) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 7: 9164 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-06656-4 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Podoplea Giesbrecht, 1892. Te latter was divided into two main clades, the so-called “MHPSM-clade” containing Mormonilloida Boxshall, 1979; Harpacticoida Sars, 1903; Poecilostomatoida Torell, 1859; Siphonostomatoida Burmeister, 1834; Monstrilloida Sars, 1901; and the “MCG-clade” including the Misophrioida Gurney, 1933; Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1835; and Gelyelloida Huys, 1988. Tis phylogenetic concept has been revised by many authors21–26. Te most important changes to Huys and Boxshall’s5 phylogeny were proposed by three authors. a) Martinez Arbizu21 frst revealed the paraphyletic status of Cyclopoida and Cyclopinidae Sars, 1913. He rejected the ordinal status of Poecilostomatoida and included all of its families in Cyclopoida. b) Dahms24 considered the Polyarthra Lang, 1948, to be a separate order of copepods with an uncertain phylogenetic position. c) Ho et al.23 proposed an ordinal level for the family Taumatopsyllidae Sars, 1913. Tese proposals were based on morphological char- acteristics alone. Molecular trees resulting from partial taxon sampling incidentally revealed some incongruence with Huys and Boxshall5. For instance, Huys et al.14 considered Harpacticoida to be a sister to Siphonostomatoida, Kim and Kim27 and Song et al.28 questioned the validity of Poecilostomatoida, and Huys et al.29 considered the Monstrilloida to be a derived clade within Siphonostomatoida. Discrepancies between trees derived from morphological and molecular data may be due to incom- plete taxon sampling, as none of the analyses mentioned above included all 10 orders. Because of the lack of genetic information for many clades of Copepoda, we initiated a comprehensive sampling program to fll the gaps with DNA-suitable material from representatives of all 10 known copepod orders (except the fam- ily Taumatopsyllidae). Tis dataset includes, for the frst time, representatives of the orders Platycopioida, Mormonilloida and Gelyelloida and greatly increased taxon sampling of Harpacticoida and Cyclopoida (includ- ing some phylogenetically relevant deep-sea taxa). Te present contribution aims to answer the following three main questions. 1) Is Copepoda (including Platycopioida) a monophyletic group within Pancrustacea? To answer this question, the position of Copepoda was interrogated using 18S rRNA gene sequences of 305 Arthropoda species available from NCBI in addition to our own data from 205 copepod species; together these data include Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Pentastomida, Ostracoda, Branchiura, Branchiopoda, Remi- pedia, Cephalocarida, Copepoda, Malacostraca, Tecostraca and Tantulocarida. 2) What are the main evolutionary lineages within Copepoda, i.e., are the subgroups Progymnoplea, Neoco- pepoda Huys and Boxshall, 1991, and Gymnoplea and Podoplea monophyletic clades? 3) Are the proposed orders of Copepoda monophyletic? To answer the last two questions, we analyzed 205 species belonging to the orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Misophrioida, Monstrilloida, Mormonilloida, Platycopioida, Poecilostomatoida, Siphonostomatoida and Gelyelloida using the sequences of genes for the nuclear large (28S) and small (18S) rRNA subunits, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and Histone 3 protein (H3). Our selection of genes was based on numerous studies using nuclear and/or mitochondrial genes that have resolved phylogenetic relation- ships between diverse groups [e.g., refs 6, 7 and 30–32]. Materials and Methods Taxon Sampling. Te copepod species used in this study were collected from various regions of the world’s oceans, fresh waters and anchialine caves, including the Atlantic and Pacifc Oceans, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Savannah River (Atlanta, GA, USA) and anchialine caves in Bermuda. Bulk samples were preserved in either 96% ethanol or DESS33. More information about sampling sites and collection of the phylogenetically impor- tant and rare species representing Platycopioida, Misophrioida, Mormonilloida and Gelyelloida is provided in Supplementary information S1. Copepod specimens were sorted using a dissecting microscope. Selected specimens were isolated in 96% ethanol or DESS and stored, respectively, at −20 °C or room temperature as vouchers for future reference. Species were selected to represent as many copepod orders and families as possible and were identifed to the lowest taxonomic level using diagnostic morphological characteristics. Many of the collected species were new, and, therefore, no specifc names can be provided. Collected taxa, sampling coordinates and sequence accession num- bers are specifed in Supplementary Table S2. We included sequences from GenBank, which added to a total of 205 copepod species representing Platycopioida (2 species), Calanoida (34 species), Misophrioida (8 species), Cyclopoida (28 species), Poecilostomatoida (36 species), Harpacticoida (56 species), Monstrilloida (7 species), Mormonilloida (3 species), Siphonostomatoida (27 species) and Gelyelloida (2 species). Supplementary Table S3 provides a list of the GenBank species and sequences used. Mystacocarida has been proposed as a sister to Copepoda34.
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