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Guidelines for Bridge Design.P65
GUIDELINES FOR BRIDGE DESIGN INDEX FROM THE DESK OF SEDC(BR) ....................................................................... 2 FROM THE AUTHORS ........................................................................................ 3 FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... 4 PREFACE ............................................................................................................... 5 FEW WORDS ........................................................................................................ 6 CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER - 1 : INTRODUCTION .........................................................................11 CHAPTER - 2 : ESTIMATION OF DESIGN DISCHARGE SCOUR DEPTH, LINEAR WATERWAY AND AFFLUX .................................................................... 25 CHAPTER - 3 : COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE STRUCTURE ............................. 45 CHAPTER - 4 : SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGES ....................................................... 101 CHAPTER - 5 : INNOVATIVE STRUCTURES AND BRIDGE ASTHETICS ..... 107 CHAPTER - 6 : PREPARATION OF BRIDGE PROJECT ................................. 121 CHAPTER - 7 : PRESTREESING HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE ANTICORROSIVE TREATMENT ...................................................................... 129 ANNEXURES..................................................................................................... -
Bridge and Tunnel Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Sir
Bridge and Tunnel Engineering By Sandeep Jyani Sir Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Bridge Engineering • Bridge is a structure which provides a passage over an obstacle like river, channel, valley or a road, without closing the way underneath. • The passage required may be for pedestrians, roads, railway or for a pipeline. Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Types of Bridges • Bridges may be classified on the basis as given below: 1. Purpose: A. Road bridges B. Railway bridges C. Foot bridges D. Aqueduct (for carrying canal water) E. Viaduct (for taking roads across valleys) 2. Alignment: A. Square bridge→ if it is at right angles to obstacle B. Skew bridges → if it is not at right angles to obstacle Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Types of Bridges 3. Life period: A. Permanent B. Temporary→ Temporary bridges are built during military operations, during project execution or in rescue operations. 4. Span: A. Culverts – if less than 6 m B. Minor bridge – if 8 to 30 m C. Major bridge – if 30 to 120 m D. Long span bridges – if more than 120 m. Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Types of Bridges 5. Position of high flood level A. Submersible – flow of water above bridge deck level permitted during heavy rains. B. Non-submersible – all permanent bridges have deck level above the high flood level. Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani Types of Bridges 6. Fixed or movable: A. Fixed bridges are built but movable bridges are built across navigational 푆푤푖푛푔 퐵푟푖푑푔푒 channels so as to avoid obstacles to navigation. B. Movable bridges may be further classified as a) Swing bridges b) Lift bridges 퐿푖푓푡 퐵푟푖푑푔푒 c) Bascule bridges→In case of bascule bridges entire superstructure is rotated in vertical plane to 70° to 80° suitable hinges and counterweights are provided for easy operations. -
Chapter 6 Bridges
Chapter 6 Bridges Many bridges have been built to allow roads and rails to cross the Mejerda River and its tributaries in Zone D2, but it is clear that they need to be improved (replaced, raised) because there are places where the design river channel of this Study will not have sufficient downflow capacity. Thus, as in the Master Plan, this Study includes improvements to existing bridges and the building of new bridges to accompany river improvements. The 11 bridges investigated in the Master Plan will be improved to accommodate changes to the design high-water level and channels. This section covers investigations of the bridge improvement plans required to improve the river, conducted according to the following procedures: 1. Fully understanding the current state of existing bridges and the capabilities they lack with respect to river improvements 2. Investigation of policy for improving existing bridges, selection of places in which to build new bridges 3. Improvement plans for existing bridges 4. Plans to build new bridges Since the bridges in question are used differently for roads, highways and railways, this section also includes information on various design standards. 6-1 6.1 Fully Understanding the Current State of Existing Bridges and the Capabilities They Lack with Respect to River Improvements 6.1.1 Current State of Existing Bridges Basic information about existing bridges was gathered prior to investigating bridge improvement policy. In addition to gathering the basic bridge specifications that serve as basic information, the team also surveyed existing structures and organizations that manage structures and verified the extent of damage at each site. -
BRIDGES // Construction and Materials BRIDGES
Spanning the gap between BRIDGES // construction and materials BRIDGES Spanning the gap between construction and materials This folder of information cards and posters forms the resource for schools joining or renewing their membership of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Schools Affiliate Scheme in the 2009- 2010 academic year. It has been designed as a reference guide for teachers to link in with the materials, minerals and mining topics in the secondary science and technology curricula, though some sections will also be very relevant to geology and geography. This resource has been written by Dr Diane Aston, Education Co-ordinator and Mr Toby White, Education Co-ordinator (Minerals and Mining) from the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. 1 THE DESIGNS History of Bridges http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/301678.jpg THE HISTORY OF BRIDGES Over the centuries bridges have played an enormous and valuable part in bringing communities together and allowing easier trade routes to develop. They are portrayed in books and films as romantic spots where couples meet, or the middle ground where the final stand-off takes place. Bridges have evolved from simple logs across streams to massive and complex engineering structures and every few years another bridge comes along to beat records and sparks our imaginations. The very first bridges were built by Mother Nature and were the result of falling trees spanning streams or canyons. Man used these accidental crossings to reach new areas for settlement and new sources of food. The first man-made bridges copied this and were made from logs and then later stones. -
Simplified Method of Determination of Natural-Vibration Frequencies Of
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 57 ( 2013 ) 343 – 352 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST 2013 Simplified Method of Determination of Natural-Vibration Frequencies of Prestressed Suspension Bridge Vadims Goremikinsa,*, Karlis Rocensb, Dmitrijs Serdjuksc, Janis Sliserisd a,b,c,dInstitute of Structural Engineering and Reconstruction, Riga Technical University, Azenes Str. 16, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia Abstract A suspension bridge is the most suitable type for a long-span bridge. Increased kinematic displacements are the major disadvantage of suspension bridges. This problem can be solved by application of prestressed cable truss. Dynamic approach is one of regulated bridge design parts. Simplified determination method of natural-vibration frequencies of prestressed suspension structure and its experimental validation is presented in this paper. Natural-vibration frequencies and mode shapes of the model depending on the prestressing level were determined. It was experimentally proved, that mode shape with one half-wave does not appear for the model. The difference between results, which were calculated by the developed simplified determination method of natural-vibration frequencies of prestressed suspension structure and experimentally achieved by the model testing, does not exceed 20%. Therefore the method is applicable for preliminary dynamic analyses of structures. © 20132013 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevier by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Selection and and peer-review peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of the ofVilnius the Vilnius Gediminas Gediminas Technical Technical University University. Keywords: mode shapes; cable truss; prestressing; natural frequencies. 1. Introduction Suspension bridges are structures where the deck is continuously supported by the stretched catenary cable [1]. -
Environmental Effects on a Suspension Bridge's Performance
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON A SUSPENSION BRIDGE’S PERFORMANCE Robert James Westgate July 2012 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The University of Sheffield A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Environmental Effects on a Suspension Bridge’s Performance DECLARATION This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering at the University of Sheffield. The thesis is based on independent work performed by the Author between October 2008 and July 2012 under the supervision of Professor James M. W. Brownjohn. All the ideas and work are original except where referenced in the text and detailed in the “Division of work” sections of several chapters. The work contained in the thesis has not previously been submitted for any other qualification. Robert James Westgate July 2012 2 Environmental Effects on a Suspension Bridge’s Performance ABSTRACT Current Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) research uses changes in a bridge’s behaviour to locate and quantify the damage in a structure. However the structural responses are also linked to environmental effects, such as its temperature and the traffic load. In order to understand a typical suspension bridge’s behaviour to environmental conditions, studies on the Tamar Suspension Bridge’s response to temperature and traffic are contained in this thesis. This was achieved by observing data collected from long-term monitoring systems installed on the structure, and simulated responses derived from a three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge. The data of the bridge have shown that the profile of the suspension bridge reconfigures when the temperature of its structure increases, causing the deck to sag and expand. -
Design of a Prestressed Concrete Stress Ribbon Bridge
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015 ISSN 2229-5518 307 Design of a Prestressed Concrete Stress Ribbon Bridge Aditya V. Jog1, D. M. Joshi2 1P.G. Student, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar, Maharashtra, India. [email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar, Maharashtra, India. [email protected] have been constructed across the world. Few of the Abstract: A Stress Ribbon Bridge is a tension structure, which outstanding examples include bridges in Republic of has similar geometry to that of a simple suspension bridge. This type Czechoeslovaquia [1], Sacramento River, United States [2], of bridge is mainly used for pedestrian or cycling traffic. It is a Vltava River [3]. Though the existing literature on this slender structure, in which the suspended cables are embedded in subject is not very extensive, the most important the slab deck, following a catenary arc between the supports. The system is then prestressed using another set of tensioning cables to contributions concerning the analysis and design are those of provide flexural rigidity to the structure. This paper deals with the Prof. Jiri Strasky [4]. static behavior of stress ribbon bridges. The structural governing This paper deals with the statical behavior of the stress equations are studied and presented. The equations are then ribbon bridges. The structural governing equations are integrated for a particular case of a single span bridge, accounting studied and presented first. The equations are then integrated for various loading conditions and prestressing forces. An example for a particular case of single span bridge accounting for of the application is shown based on the presented formulation. -
Water, Networks and Crossings Contents Contents
WATER , NETWORKS AND CROSSINGS CONTENTS 3 Water, networks and crossings Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................................. 164 3.1 WATER BALANCE ............................................................................................................................ 166 3.1.1 Earth ....................................................................................................................................... 166 3.1.2 Evaporation and precipitation ................................................................................................. 167 3.1.3 Runoff ..................................................................................................................................... 169 3.1.4 Static balance ......................................................................................................................... 174 3.1.5 Movement ignoring resistance................................................................................................ 175 3.1.6 Resistance .............................................................................................................................. 178 3.1.7 Erosion and sedimentation ..................................................................................................... 184 3.1.8 Hydraulic geometry of stream channels ................................................................................. 186 3.1.9 River morphology................................................................................................................... -
Cable Bridge Conveyor, Llc
YIJUN ZHANG, Ph.D, PE CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR, LLC. CONVEYOR DYNAMICS, INC. 1 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR What Is It . Conventional trough or pipe conveyor supported by suspension bridge. The suspension bridge uses steel cables as main tension members to support loads. Span of 200m~600m between supports are typical; longer span is also possible depending on wind conditions. Suitable for crossing valleys, rivers, forests, structures and other difficult terrains, with minimal footprint and environmental impact. 2 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR 3 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Conveyor on Suspension Bridge . Suspension bridges were built to support conveyors crossing Columbia river during hydropower dam construction in 1930s. 4 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Conveyor on Suspension Bridge . Similkameen ore conveyor bridge in BC, Canada, built in 1980. 404m span, 174m high truss tower; 1600 tph copper ore. 5 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR RopeCon by DoppelMayr . Ropecon by DoppelMayr, a conveyor with a special flex wall belt. Instead of using idlers, Ropecon belt has fixed axles in belt with wheels moving on steel cables, 6 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Tacoma Narrow s Bridge . Old Tacoma Narrows Bridge is 850m long, 12m wide, steel girder construction, commissioned in 1940. 2nd order twisting motion at 0.2 Hz modal frequency, from wind vortex shedding. 7 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Limitation of Current Long Span Conveyor Solutions . Conventional suspension bridge requires high truss towers. Conventional suspension bridge uses arrow bridge deck that is close to the conveyor belt width. Weak torsional stiffness from narrow deck, prone to wind- induced dynamic instability. Ropecon from Doppelmayr is single-source supply and requires special belt, which is not compatible with conventional conveyor. -
INTRODUCTION of CABLE STRUCTURES and THEIR REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES with SKETCHES Syed Nasir Abbas*1, Zain Imran, M
Sci.Int.(Lahore),33(3),223-229,2021 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 223 INTRODUCTION OF CABLE STRUCTURES AND THEIR REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES WITH SKETCHES Syed Nasir Abbas*1, Zain Imran, M. Ahsan khizar, Khuwailid Muneeb, Hassan Raza 1Departmenof Engineering Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan * Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Cable structures are often used as final or partial intermediate structures in the construction stages of bridges like arch bridges or cable-stayed ones. These bridges are built often by cantilevering, i.e.with subsequent cantilever partial structures, which are cable-stayed too; hence, every construction stage is a cable structure to be analyzed. The methodology of structural analysis of these construction stages as well as the modeling of the structure for the determination of initial cable force is fundamental steps for establishing the actual state of stress and deformation. In the paper, a general methodology of analysis for construction sequences of cable-stayed structures is presented, which can be used both for the design of cable-stayed bridges and arch bridges. The proposed methodology is based on the simple analysis of multiple partial elastic schemes, which follow the actual construction sequence. The aim is that of obtaining a convenient final geometry through the control of deformations from the first stage to the last one, coincident with the service life configuration. Geometry and internal forces are contemporarily checked, as well as cable forces are determined without the need for too many stressing adjustments. Results of analyses, performed for different case studies, are reported, summarized, and commented, in order to show the reliability and the wide range of applicability of the proposed methodology of analysis. -
Structures Lesson 4: Building Bridges – Part 1
Science Unit: Structures Lesson 4: Building Bridges – Part 1 School year: 2008/2009 Developed for: Britannia Elementary School, Vancouver School District Developed by: Dr. Beth Snow (scientist), Lynne Turnau and Mary Anne Parker (teachers) Grade level: Presented to grades 3 and 4; appropriate for grades 3 – 7 with age appropriate modifications. Duration of lesson: 1 hour and 15 minutes Objectives 1. To learn about beam, truss, simple suspension, suspension, cantilever and arch bridges. 2. To build bridges. Background Information This is the fourth in a six-part series of lessons on “Structures.” Vocabulary Word: Brief definition. bridge a structure that spans a distance (such as a river or a road) to allow people or vehicles to pass over that distance bridge deck the part of the bridge that beams the load (i.e., the part you walk or drive over) pier support structures of a bridge truss the part of a structure that is build of straight bars arranged as a triangle; used to add support to a structure (See also below for different bridge types) Materials • cardboard • tape • Popsicle sticks • string • plasticine • worksheet • white glue In the Classroom Introductory Discussion 1. Review what the class has covered over the past three weeks. • We've learned about structures and fasteners and we've built towers. 2. Short description of other items to discuss or review. Structures_Lesson 4 1 SRP0125 Different types of bridges : • A beam bridge is a bridge made of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The further apart the piers are, the weaker the bridge will be, so beam bridges are usually not more than 250 ft (76 m) long. -
Use Style: Paper Title
AUTOMATED FOOT BRIDGE FOR RAILWAY STATION (SMART WAY OF CROSSING TRACKS) Prof. Harish C. Ringe1, Prof. Anushree B. Chaudhari2, Prof. Chitra E. Ghodke3 1,2,3Civil Engineering Dept.,Csmss College of Polytechnic, Aurangabad ABSTRACT This Paper will explain use of Automated Foot Bridge in Railway station to overcome the problem of passing tracks (from one platform to another) in less time period with less efforts, Automated Foot bridge is designed to overcome the accidental problems occurring on the railway stations during passengers crossing the railway tracks and also it will help to transport the goods from one platform to another. Keywords—Automated Foot Bridge,Railway Station, Accidental Problems I. INTRODUCTION As India is fast growing country we are trying to develop our transportation system to fulfill the need of population and as we knows train is one of the best mode of transportation to travel from one place to another, but when time comes to use this mode of transportation people are being irritated due to the crowd and the systems adopted at railway stations to reach on platforms from one to another. And to avoid the time consumption and efforts many of the people choose to reach the platform by crossing the track directly and due to this many of the time accidents occur and many of the people lose their life. According to http://wonderfulmumbai.com website 10 people die every day in railway accidents in Mumbai. 36,152 people have died and 36,688 injured on Mumbai’s Suburban (Local) Trains, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 36,152 deaths, 15,053 occurred on Mumbai’s Western Railway line and 21,099 occurred on Mumbai’s Central Railway.