Exceptionally High Carbon Stocks of Mangroves and their Potential Conservation through Global Carbon Markets J Boone Kauffman, Maria Fernanda Adame and Daniel Donato Oregon State University CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yucatán México. University of Wisconsin
Illahee. Sciences International Consulting, Research, Educational services Mangroves – a relatively rare forest type 138,000 – 152,000 Km2 (145,000 Km2) 123 countries Critical provision of ecosystem services Values - $2000-9000/ha/yr Spaulding et al. (2010)
Blue Carbon sinks include tall mangrove :Mangle Caballo (Rhizophora racemosa) Estero Damas, Costa Rica Altura de canopia -30-35m Profundad de suelos - >3m Otros – Peliceara rhizophorae, Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa Dwarf Mangrove (mangle chaparro), Sian Kaan, MX Tropical Wetlands Initiative on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (TWINCAM)
A global research project on ecosystem services of tropical wetlands throughout the world. “Small islands, have characteristics which make them especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea level rise and extreme events” (IPCC 2007). Yap, Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Palau
0 Mangrove Mangrove 4301 ha Savanna 1054 ha Savanna -20 (13%) 2031 ha (12%) 5129 ha (23%) (15%) -40
-60 Land
Soil depth (cm) depth Soil
-80 Area X Savanna Upland Forest Mangrove -100 0 4 8 12 16 20 Organic carbon concentration (% dry mass)
Forest 5789 ha Forest 24,215 ha (65%) (72%) 2000 2000 ) Aboveground
-1 A - Yap B - Palau Belowground 1500 Mangrove1500 1.28 Mt Mangrove 9.999 Mg (9.999%) (34%) Savanna Savanna 999 Mg 0.32 Mt (9%) 1000 (8%) 1000 Carbon 500 Stock 500
Ecosystem C storage (Mg ha (Mg storage C Ecosystem 0 0 Savanna Upland Forest Mangrove Savanna Upland Forest Mangrove Forest 2.17 Mt Forest 9.999 Mg C to CO2e mult x 3.67 (58%) (9.99%) Donato et al. (2012) Carbon stock (Mg ha-1) Belowground Aboveground 1200 1000 200 400 800 600 400 200 0 Total C stock ( x Mg ha
The Indo 0 863.3 C - 20 stocks in mangroves: 891.9 -1 40 ): Distance from Ocean (m) 1044.4 60 Donato et al 2011; Murdiyarso et al. (2010) - Pacific 80 1038.8 100 1073.4 120 1047.8
140 Belowground pools Aboveground pools Soil Roots Down wood Trees 10
Reserva Biosfera Sian Kaan, Mexico Ecosystem C stocks, Sian Kaan, MX. Adame et al. (in prep) Ecosystem Carbon stocks – Costa Rican upland forests compared to carbon stocks of mangroves
1000 Mg/ha 1000
900
800
700
600 Above ground S oil 0-1 0cm
500 Soil 10-20cm Soil 20-30cm 400 Mg/ha 400 Soil 30-50cm Soil 50-100cm
300 Cmass (Mg/ha)
200
100
0 Dry Forest Moist forest premontane wet trans wet forest Premontane wet premontane rain lower montane rain Mangrove
Dry Moist Wet Rainforest Mangrove Kauffman, Cifuentes, et al. (In prep) Forest Carbon stocks
Data are from: IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Donato et al. (2011), and Warren et al. (In prep).. Currently, on average, between 1-7% of blue carbon sinks are being lost annually:
Upstream disruptions Aquaculture
Rice/Agriculture Road development Coastal development /hydrological disruptions Direct evidence of emissions rates from land conversion – mangroves coastal ecosystems?
Abandoned shrimp pond with mangroves on the edge, Costa Rica The core on the left is from an intact mangrove while the core on the right is from an adjacent abandoned shrimp pond formed in mangrove. The differences in carbon and root mass are very apparent suggesting large emissions with conversion Soil Carbon Stocks Intact mangroves and shrimp ponds, Costa Rica (mean difference = 421 Mg/ha*) 800
700
600
500
400 Soils 0-100 cm Soils 100-300 cm
300 Carbon Mass Carbon Mass (Mg/ha)
200
100
0 Intact Mangroves (n=5) Adjacent Shrimp ponds (n=2)
* A CO2 equivalent of 1545 Mg/ha (C mass * 3.67) Modeled fire emissions –forest conversion 700
600
500
400 Abovegd CH4 Abovegd CO2 300 Soil CH4 200 Soil CO2
C Emissions Emissions ) C CO2e(Mg/ha 100
0 Amazon RF Mex Dry Forest Brazilian Mangrove Cerrado
Data are from Kauffman et al 2004, Steele 2000, de Castro 1996, and Donato et al. 2011 Data from rainforest and methods to predict emissions from fires are from Guild et al. (2004) Ecol Apps 14:232-246. Mangrove emissions are based on the assumptions of the oxidation of top 30 cm of soil C. Modeled fire emissions –forest conversion 2500
2000
1500 Abovegd CH4 1000 Abovegd CO2 Soil CH4 Soil CO2
500 C Emissions Emissions ) C CO2e(Mg/ha
0 Amazon RF Mex Dry Brazilian Mangrove Shrimp Forest Cerrado pond conversion
Data are from Kauffman et al 2004, Steele 2000, de Castro 1996, and Donato et al. 2011 Data from rainforest and methods to predict emissions from fires are from Guild et al. (2004) Ecol Apps 14:232-246. Mangrove emissions are based on the assumptions of the oxidation of top 30 cm of soils C. Shrimp pond conversion are calculated emissions from stock change approaches from field measurements Kauffman and Cifuentes In prep) Estimates of carbon released by land-use change in coastal ecosystems. Pendleton et al (In press).
Inputs Results Global Current Near-surface carbon Carbon extent conversio susceptible (top emissions (Mha) n rate (% meter soil + biomass, (Pg CO yr-1) Ecosystem 2 -1 -1 yr ) Mg CO2 ha )
2.2 – 40 1.0 – 2.0 0.02 – 0.24 Tidal Marsh 237 – 949 (593) (5.1) (1.5) (0.06)
13.8 – 15.2 0.7 – 3.0 0.09 – 0.45 Mangroves 373 – 1492 (933) (14.5) (1.9) (0.24)
17.7 – 60 0.4 – 2.6 0.05 – 0.33 Seagrass 131 – 522 (326) (30) (1.5) (0.15)
33.7 – 0.15 – 1.02 Total 115.2 (48.9) (0.45)
–1 The net tropical deforestation emission is about 4.8 Pg CO2e year (Pan et al. 2011 Science). REDD+ - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
REDD mechanisms use market/financial incentives to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from deforestation and forest degradation. SUMMARY Why are mangroves and other tropical wetlands so attractive for REDD+ and other NAMAs?
1. Exceptionally large Carbon stocks and C sinks 2. High rates of land conversion and degradation 3. Exceptionally high emissions from land cover change 4. Critical ecosystem services both globally and locally
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