Notes

Introduction 1. Dina Rizk Khoury’s “Violence and Spatial Politics between the Local and Imperial: Baghdad, 1778–1810” references the well-known diversity of nationalities, reli- gions, and cultures of ancient Baghdad and addresses the impact of earlier imperial invasion. 2. For a discussion of the “golden age” of the city’s intellectual and cultural develop- ment, see chapter 5 of Gaston Wiet’s Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate. 3. See also, for instance, Hardt and Negri’s Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, especially their section titled “The Wealth of the Poor”; Planet of Slums (Mike Davis); Dispossessed: Life in Our World’s Urban Slums (Mark Kramer); Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World (Robert Nuewirth); and The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It (Paul Collier). 4. I mark this because Benjamin’s work is generally used today precisely to invert the relationship between the senses and the material so as to either give legitimacy to the left celebration of the urban arcades as the space of a new commons or spiritu- alize history. See for instance, Michael W. Jennings, Brigid Doherty, and Thomas Y. Levin’s The Work of Art In The Age of Its Technological Reproducibility and Other Writings on Media; Tom Cohen’s Ideology and Inscription: ‘Cultural Studies’ after Benjamin, De Man, and Bakhtin; and Andy Merrifield’s “Walter Benjamin: The City of Profane Illumination” in Metromarxism: A Marxist Tale of the City. 5. It is significant in this regard that the “right to the city” was turned into a U.N. project for “managing social transformations,” beginning in 2005, as discussed in “Urban Policies and the Right to the City: Rights, Responsibilities and Citizen- ship,” a U.N. Policy Paper by Alison Brown and Annali Kristiansen (March 2009) that argues for urban “inclusiveness” and “consensus” building among “key actors” for the “reduction” of poverty, while insisting on the need to “recognize” (the legiti- macy of) “economic difference.”

Chapter 1 1. For instance, Sassen argues in The Global City, “It is necessary to go beyond the Weberian notion of coordination and Bell’s (1973) notion of the postindustrial society to understand th[e] new urban order” (5). 168 O Notes

2. Even the differences between capitalist societies and socialist societies like Cuba are telling, and we sometimes catch a glimpse of them in institutions and publi- cations usually devoted to representing as the annihilation of “human” freedom (by which is really meant the freedom of the market). For instance, the UN was itself forced to acknowledge, in a “Case Study” of Cuba, the uniqueness of its preparedness for environmental crisis: “Most local and national governments are ill-equipped to manage and adapt to environmental hazards, including climate variability and climate change”; however, “[t]he Cuban population has developed a culture of safety. Many ordinary people see themselves as actors with important roles to play in disaster preparation and response. Education and training, a cul- ture of mobilization and social organization, and a government priority to protect human life in emergencies promote this vision. At the heart of Cuba’s system is a clear political commitment, at every level of government, to safeguard human life. This allows for a centralized decision-making process alongside a decentralized implementation process equally necessary for effective emergency preparedness and response. The system has been tried and tested so many times that high levels of mutual trust and confidence exist between communities and politicians at every level of the system” (“Cuba”). Consequently, 640,000 people were able to be evacu- ated in advance of Hurricane Wilma in October 2005—a violent hurricane that, as a result of the nation’s hard-won preparedness over the course of many years, only lead to one death. Moreover, the report emphasizes, “This was not a one-time response” but one that can be seen throughout the period under review, beginning in 1996 (ibid). This is in stark contrast not only to what notoriously occurred in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina but also to more recent conservative propos- als in the to actually cut federal spending on technologies devoted to disaster warnings and response, such as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (Daly). 3. See especially pp. 781– 802. At the core of Marx’s analysis is that “in proportion as the productivity of labour increases, capital increases its supply of labour more quickly than its demand for workers. The over- work of the employed part of the working class swells the ranks of its reserve, while, conversely, the greater pressure that the reserve by its competition exerts on the employed workers forces them to submit to over-work and subjects them to the dictates of capital. The condemna- tion of one part of the working class to enforced idleness by the over- work of the other part, and vice versa, becomes a means of enriching the individual capitalist, and accelerates at the same time the production of the industrial reserve army on a scale corresponding with the progress of social accumulation” (789– 90). 4. By “geography of labor,” however, I do not mean what Andrew Herod refers to as an approach that analyzes “the spatial distributions of workers across the land- scape to show how this affects the decision-making process of capitalists” (18). The problem with this approach is not that it situates workers as “passive,” as Herod claims, but that it ignores the structural relations between labor and capital and the economic dynamics of space under capitalism. 5. Hyundai, for instance, opened a $1.1 billion state-of- the- art facility in Alabama in 2005. Notes O 169

6. Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart capture this new revisionist urban ethos in the preface to Restless Cities, a collection of essays on the “metropolitan city since the nineteenth century.” The “metropolis,” then and now, they suggest, is “a site of endless making and unmaking: one in which, under the ceaseless influence of capitalist development, identities of all kinds are constantly solidifying, constantly liquefying” (x). 7. The television series began in the fall of 2009 on the cable channel Starz.

Chapter 2 1. J. Hillis Miller, for instance, argues in Illustration that “The problem with . . . symmetrical reversals is that they may, in the end, come to the same thing” (10). Barbara Johnson makes a similar claim in her discussion of Derrida’s critique of metaphysics in the “Translator’s Introduction” to Derrida’s Dissemination: “Derrida does not simply reverse this [logocentric] value system and say that writing is better than speech. Rather he attempts to show that the very possibility of opposing the two terms on the basis of presence vs. absence or immediacy vs. representation is an illusion, since speech is already structured by difference and distance as much as writing is” (ix). 2. Derrida’s Memoirs of the Blind and Paul de Man’s Blindness and Insight also deploy “blindness” as a textual trope designating highly indeterminate knowledge. 3. For analyses of these cuts in the mainstream press, see Robert Faivre’s “Little Culture, Less History at UAlbany”; Teresa Ebert and Mas’ud Zavarzadeh’s “Anti- intellectualism at UAlbany”; and my “Class Distinction.”

Chapter 3 1. Perhaps one of the most well- known post- 9/11 signposts of this change in the climate of cultural theory was the well-publicized conference in Chicago held by the editors of Critical Inquiry in April 2003, the papers for which were published in Critical Inquiry 30.2 (Winter 2004). 2. This turned out to be precisely what has begun to occur. In April 2011 one of the first acts of Emergency Financial Manager Joseph Harris was to announce that he would nullify the authority of elected boards and the city council of the former industrial city of Benton Harbor, an overwhelmingly African American city and a city struggling with high rates of poverty due to the many decades of job loss and federal and state funding cuts. As of June 2011, several lawsuits have been filed in Michigan to challenge the unprecedented authority granted to unelected emer- gency managers—who represent the most overt power grab by capital to ensure every remaining aspect of cities will be privatized. Emergency financial managers, in effect, reflect the Baghdad-ization of U.S. cities, in which unelected managers (not unlike Paul Bremer’s role in Iraq) are installed to strip local communities of representative power, cut services, and make the region safe for a more corporate- friendly regime, regardless of the costs to citizens. 3. A perhaps even more telling index of these trends is documented in Dylan Ratigan’s report “America for Sale: Is Goldman Sachs Buying Your City?,” where he details 170 O Notes

many new corporate strategies of privatization, including that of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), “the influential think tank that targets con- servative state and local officials,” which “has launched an initiative called ‘Publi- copoly’, a play on the board game Monopoly. ‘Select your game square’, says the webpage, and ALEC will help you privatize one of seven sectors: government oper- ations, education, transportation and infrastructure, public safety, environment, health, or telecommunications.” 4. “Seeing” from a materialist position, in other words, is understood both as sensory mode of relating to the world and as mediated by labor and the dominant concep- tual schema. “Seeing” is thus always already a metaphor for interpretation. 5. Marx refers to the sphere of circulation or commodity exchange as “a very Eden of the innate rights of man. It is the exclusive realm of Freedom, Equality, Property and Bentham” (Capital 280). 6. As a point of clarification on my use of “mimetic,” what I am interested in inter- vening into is the way in which poststructuralist assumptions about mimesis/mim- icry— in which the classic theory of art as “imitation” of a (prior) world is rewritten on textual terms—have seeped into virtually all cultural theory. On these terms, there is no instance of art imitating life, since as Derrida argues, for instance, in “The Double Session” (Of Grammatology), texts/art are never mimetic reflections of an original, or of “a simple reference” (something that comes before and inde- pendently of them). Instead, “We are faced then with mimicry imitating nothing.” The rewriting of “mimicry” here works to undermine the possibility of saying that culture is a reflection of the material world, since both culture and material world become textual tropes. is thus situated as a (“old”) “mimetic” theory in order to assert that it argues culture has “a simple” (i.e., transparent) reference. “Nonmimetic” is used for this reason, in order to emphasize that the materialist theory of “reflection” that operates in materialist cultural science is quite different from the—by now—common caricatures of Marxist aesthetics and poetics. For neither Marx nor Engels nor Lenin (among many others) assumed the kind of transparent, empiricist theory of reality that is attributed to them under the con- temporary label “mimetic.” 7. In 1854 Peter Cunningham had commented in The Illustrated London News that Dickens’s new book, soon to be published, was to be about the Preston Strike that had taken place in 1853. In a letter criticizing Cunningham, Dickens explains that one of the main problems with his public statement is that “it localizes (so far as your readers are concerned) a story which has a direct purpose in reference to the working people all over England” (Dickens and Paroissien 336–37). 8. George Bernard Shaw calls the representation of Slackbridge the novel’s (only) “one real failure”; he is “a mere figment of the middle- class imagination” (Introduction to Hard Times, Waverly edition, London, 1913). Raymond Williams argues that “[t]he trade unions are dismissed by a stock Victorian reaction, with the agitator Slackbridge. Stephen Blackpool . . . is shown to advantage because he will not join them” (Culture and Society 96). Peter Brooks, in Realist Vision, writes that “[t]he representation of Slackbridge seems to me what is hardest to excuse in Dickens’s novel” (48). Notes O 171

Chapter 4 1. See also John Urry’s “City Life and the Senses.” 2. Plato worries that lovers of the arts like painting and poetry will mistake the artists’ knowledge for (“real”) knowledge: “[S]eeing their works, [lovers of the arts] do not recognize that these works are third from what is and are easy to make for the man who doesn’t know the truth—for such a man makes what look like beings but are not” (599a). 3. As Ernest Mandel explains, “general human labour” is “called abstract labour because abstraction is made from its specific nature, just as when one adds together three apples, four pears and five bananas one has to abstract from their specific qualities so as to be left with merely twelve fruits” (Marxist Economic Theory Vol. 1 65). This mode of abstraction “is the basis of exchange value” (65). 4. And as Caudwell points out elsewhere, for artists to heroically resist this is like resisting food and shelter—so he does not propose this romantic gesture as a solution. 5. Joel Garreau, “The Call of Beauty, Coming In Loud & Clear” in The Washington Post. 6. A contemporary version of this question is, in Bérubé’s words, “whether the politics of social semiosis is danceable and has a good tune” (6). 7. It is for this reason that Nietzsche credits Kant with “destroy[ing] scientific Socra- tism’s complacent delight in existence by establishing its boundaries . . . through this delimitation was introduced an infinitely profounder and more serious view of ethical problems and of art, which we may designate as Dionysian wisdom com- prised in concepts” (The Birth of Tragedy 120– 21).

Chapter 5 1. As an article in European Cultural Digest makes clear, what is called “modern” design has less to do with aesthetics than it does the of production: “modernism represents the most cost- effective style in which to manufacture many goods” (“Design”). 2. The Le Monde Diplomatic exposé, for instance, reports on an interview with Shiva, a worker who lives close to Karur in Tamil Nadu province, India, and whose family of four depends on her wages. The reporters write, “Wages are kept particularly low. Shiva claims she earns 2,300 rupees a month ($48.30) and it costs her 500 rupees ($10.50) to take the bus to work. Can she really survive on such wages? When her mother cooks, the recipe is always the same. ‘We eat simply, soup and rice with sauce. We eat meat once a week, on Sundays. But not this week because it’s the end of the month.’” The writers go on to say that “[t]he IKEA code of conduct offers no guarantee that workers will get enough to eat or furnishings for their homes. There are no Malm beds in Shiva’s two-roomed house. Just a few calendars on the wall, some black and white photographs, a couple of mats, two small chests for clothes, a clock and household goods. Asked what she would do if she earned 1,000 rupees more a month, she outlined her idea of comfort: ‘We’d get a gas cooker with a bottle. Cooking over a fire is a nuisance because the smoke gets in your eyes. In the rainy season it’s hard finding dry wood, and collecting it is a lot of work’” (Bailly Caudron, and Lambert, “Low Prices”). Works Cited

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Coppola, Sophia, 12 Felski, Rita, 94, 123, 153– 55, 161 Lost in Translation, 12– 15 flâneur, 11, 14 Cowan, Alexander, 4, 5– 6, 10 Flavin, Christopher, 8 Cox, Judy, 27 Florida, Richard, 4, 18, 33, 36, 122 Crang, Mike, 15 formalism, 11, 54, 61– 64, 71, 78– 79, 83, Crary, Jonathan, 56, 75– 76 88, 91, 93, 123, 142, 152– 53 Cuba, 168n2 Förster, Agnes, 54, 84 Foucault, Michel, 37– 39, 41, 96– 97, 122 Dart, Gregory, 17, 169n6 Friedman, Thomas, 17, 18, 21 Davis, Mike, 47– 52, 167n3 Debord, Guy, 53 Geertz, Clifford, 1, 9 de Certeau, Michel, 7, 64– 69, 79, 81, German, Lindsey, 29– 30 84, 140 globalization, 12, 18, 23, 29, 31, 41, 54, Derrida, Jacques, 10, 15, 36, 41– 42, 54, 82– 84, 121, 145– 48 55– 61, 61–64, 69– 70, 72, 79– 81, imperialism, 2– 3, 14– 15, 20, 43, 46 83, 85, 122, 140, 144, 169nn1– 2 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 75– 76, (chap. 2), 170n5. See also visuality: 83 textualist theory and Gordon, David, 35 Descartes, René, 10, 55– 56, 61– 62, 81, 82 Hackworth, Jason, 99 design, 158– 59, 160– 64, 171n1 Haggis, Paul, 40 Dickens, Charles, 2, 11, 15, 108– 19 Crash, 40– 52 Hard Times, 11, 15, 108– 19 Hall, Stuart, 18, 88, 93, 94, 106 difference, 2– 3, 7– 8, 29– 31, 36– 39, 40– Hardt, Michael, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31– 52, 57, 72, 83 32, 51, 85, 86, 87, 96– 100, 105, differend, 143– 44 109, 114– 16, 118, 119, 167n3 Donald, James, 53, 54 Harvey, David, 32– 34, 49 Donoghue, Denis, 121, 122, 123 Heidegger, Martin, 9, 27, 57, 58– 60, 79, Drucker, Peter, 18– 20, 21, 29 80, 124 Duménil, Gerard, 20 Highmore, Ben, 88– 89 Higonnet, Anne, 132 Eagleton, Terry, 131, 141 Hobson, Marian, 80 Ebert, Teresa, 19, 82– 83, 93, 169n3 (chap. 2) ideology, 39, 44, 95, 105– 6, 116– 18, Economic Policy Institute, 24 122, 152– 55, 160, 161, 163 education, 47, 50, 52, 69, 94, 98, 113, 117, IKEA, 157– 65 118, 152, 168n2, 169n2 (chap. 3) ideology of design, 160– 62, 163– 64 Elliott, Emory, 141– 42, 151, 152 unböring, 158– 59 emergency financial managers, 99– 100 industrial reserve army of labor, 3, 31, Engels, Frederick, 3, 5, 7, 32, 34, 45, 46, 46, 168n3 49, 63, 84, 106– 8, 114– 15, 122, 162, 170n5 Jacobs, Jane, 4, 66– 68 city, 34– 35, 106– 8 Jameson, Frederic, 44, 48, 105, 122, 141, labor power, 114– 15 154 role of theory, 7 Jay, Martin, 10, 55, 56 Index O 189

Kant, Immanuel, 57, 121, 122, 123, 124, nonmimetic reflection, 106 125, 128– 33, 134, 139, 141, 142– precapitalist cities, 126– 28 45, 148– 49, 151, 153, 171n7 race, 45– 46 Kennedy, Liam, 11 senses, 15– 16, 100– 105, 150 Khoury, Dina Rizk, 167n1 (chap. space, 34– 36 Introduction) technology, 23, 32 Kivy, Peter, 121 working day, 103– 5 Kotkin, Joel, 8, 147 materialism, 85– 88 affective (sensuous), 95– 100 labor cultural, 88– 100 affective, 19, 31, 97, 116 historical, 86, 100– 108 immaterial, 17, 18– 19, 25, 96 Matthews, Pamela R., 122, 149 material, 20– 21, 23– 25, 29– 30, 86, McGowan, Todd, 42– 43, 44 87, 101– 5, 107, 111, 127– 28, McWhirter, David, 122, 149 132, 147– 48, 159– 60 Melville, Stephen, 62– 63, 81 Lang, Fritz, 26 Merrifield, Andy, 34, 167n4 Metropolis, 26– 28, 42 Miller, J. Hillis, 60– 61, 62, 63, 70, Leavis, F. R., 88, 94, 108 169n1 (chap. 2) Leddy, Thomas, 151 Mirzoeff, Nicholas, 10, 13, 151 Lefebvre, Henri, 7 Mitchell, William J., 18 Lenin, V. I., 52, 170n5 Morton, Donald, 21, 144 Lévi- Strauss, Claude, 41, 80, 94 multitude, 31– 32, 51, 96– 98, 118. See Lévy, Dominique, 20 also Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio Lezra, Jacques, 86 Liu, Alan, 68 Negri, Antonio, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31– Loesberg, Jonathan, 188, 190 32, 51, 85, 86, 87, 96– 100, 105, Los Angeles, 17, 40, 47– 49 109, 114– 16, 118, 119, 167n3 Lucretius, 87 New York, 8, 65, 66– 67 Lukács, Georg, 5, 52, 73, 108, 122, 141 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 27, 36– 37, 38, 123, Lyotard, Jean- François, 122, 123, 124, 124, 134– 41 142– 46, 148, 149 nonmimetic reflection, 103, 106, 108, 113, 118, 122, 170n5 Manchester, 34, 74, 106– 8 Mandel, Ernest, 170n3 Pastore, Nicholas, 55 Marcuse, Herbert, 27 Plato, 55, 123– 28, 130, 134– 35, 140, Marx, Karl, 3, 4, 5, 9, 15– 16, 25, 31– 32, 170n2 34, 49, 56, 78, 84, 85, 111, 122, Polanyi, Karl, 74 123, 137, 150– 51, 160– 61, 164, polis, 126– 27, 130, 131, 134 165 Postrel, Virginia, 121, 123– 24 capitalist city, 106, 130– 32 Prakash, Gyan, 7, 36, 37– 38 commodity fetishism, 9, 77, 131– 32 concrete, 38– 39, 87 Raban, Jonathan, 6, 64 labor power, 114– 15 race, 40– 41, 43– 44, 45– 49 language, 63, 92 Readings, Bill, 61, 62– 63, 64, 81 materialism, 86, 100– 103 Resina, Joan Ramon, 11, 54, 74, 76 190 O Index

Richardson, Michael, 88 UN- Habitat, 8 Rogoff, Irit, 54 urban space, 3–4, 5, 7, 11, 18, 29, 32– 36, 47–50, 64–67, 86, 90, 107, Sartre, Jean Paul, 27, 102 122 Sassen, Saskia, 4, 7, 17, 18, 21– 23, 29, materialist theory of, 32, 34– 36 31, 32, 35, 36, 49, 167n1 (chap. 1) urban surveying, 8, 28, 29, 34 Schlaeger, Jürgen, 6– 7 senses, 1, 3, 5, 15– 16, 25– 28, 53– 54, Van Gogh, Vincent, 58– 60 55– 57, 85–88, 123– 24, 125, 129– visuality, 15, 54, 55 30, 141, 143, 149– 50, 159 and the city, 5, 11– 16, 53– 54, 65– 69, materialist theory of, 100–108, 137– 70– 73, 74– 77, 78– 79, 84 41, 150 city- visual, 12, 41– 54, 58, 64, 101, See also affect 107, 108– 11 Shapiro, Meyer, 58– 60, 79– 80 materialist theory and, 73– 78, Shuju, Shazia, 47 100– 108 Simmel, Georg, 7, 25– 27, 53 textualist theory and, 54, 55– 61, 64– Soja, Edward, 4, 7, 9, 17, 36, 48, 49 69, 78– 84 Stalder, Felix, 18 visual studies, 9– 11, 13, 54 State University of New York, 69 Steward, Jill, 4, 5– 6, 10 Waters, Lindsay, 124 Stout, Frederic, 11 Watson, Sophie, 42, 49, 64 structures of feeling, 15, 85, 91, 95, 100 sublime, 13, 132–33, 134, 142–45, 151 Webber, Melvin M., 21– 22 surplus labor, 3, 5, 14, 23– 25, 29, 33, 98, Weber, Max, 7, 28–29, 167n1 (chap. 1) 104, 107, 114– 16, 119, 148, 164 Wiet, Gaston, 167n2 Williams, Raymond, 1, 15, 85, 87, 88– Tabak, Faruk, 21, 28 96, 100, 103, 105, 109, 140, 155, technology, 18– 28 170n7 materialist theory of, 23– 25 Wolfreys, Julian, 64, 72– 73, 77 Thierstein, Alain, 54, 84 Wood, Ellen Meiksins, 127– 28 Thrift, Nigel, 4, 15 Wordsworth, William, 11, 54, 69– 78, Throsby, David, 146 79, 84, 140 Tibaijuka, Anna, 8 Tokyo, 12, 14 Yaeger, Patricia, 3 Tompkins, Jane, 142 totality, 4, 6, 11, 16, 35, 36, 38– 39, 41– Zavarzadeh, Mas’ud, 19, 82– 83, 169n3 42, 67, 68, 108– 9, 148 (chap. 2) Turner, John, 51, 61 Žižek, Slavoj, 83