ISBN 978-1-304-02817-4 www.lulu.com http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/pgerdes Copyright © 2013 by Paulus Gerdes 2 1000 DOCTORAL THESES BY MOZAMBICANS OR ABOUT MOZAMBIQUE 3 Title: 1000 Doctoral Theses by Mozambicans or about Mozambique Original title: Mil e tantas teses de doutoramento de Moçambicanos ou sobre Moçambique Compiled by: Paulus Gerdes ([email protected]) First edition: Ministry of Science and Technology, Maputo & Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique (December 2006) Second edition: Academy of Science of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique (February 2011) Third edition: May 2013. The cover design presents two sipatsi patterns from Inhambane, Mozambique. Cf. Paulus Gerdes, Sipatsi: Basketry and Geometry in the Tonga Culture of Inhambane (Mozambique, Africa), Research Centre for Mozambican Studies and Ethnoscience, Maputo, 2009 (Distribution: http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/pgerdes). International distribution: eBook and printed edition www.lulu.com http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/pgerdes Copyright © 2013 by Paulus Gerdes 4 Table of Contents Page Foreword by Orlando Quilambo, President of the Academy of 7 Sciences of Mozambique Introduction to the first edition (2007) 9 Introduction to the second edition (2011) 12 Introduction to the third edition (2013) 14 Part 1 15 Doctoral theses by Mozambicans 15 Examples of doctoral theses in elaboration 86 Alphabetic index of Mozambican doctorate holders 93 Thematic index of Mozambican doctoral theses 105 Distribution of Mozambican doctorate holders by country of 115 awarding universities Mozambican female doctorate holders 123 Part 2 Doctoral theses by foreigners about Mozambique 127 Examples of doctoral theses in elaboration 196 Alphabetic index of foreigners with doctoral theses about 201 Mozambique Thematic index of doctoral theses by foreigners about 213 Mozambique Distribution of foreign doctorate holders by country of 223 awarding universities 5 Tables 231 Table 1: Distribution in time of the numbers of Mozambicans 231 who were awarded the degree of doctor Table 2: Distribution in time of the number of foreigners who 232 concluded a doctoral thesis about Mozambique Table 3: Distribution of doctoral theses by field 233 Table 4: Distribution of doctorates by country of awarding 234 universities 6 Foreword The book Doctoral Theses by Mozambicans or about Mozambique presents the results of scientific research by those who, according to the Dictionary of the Portuguese Language, Editora Porto (1987), have acquired the capacity to teach, having attained the highest university qualification. In a similar fashion, within the Church, we find those who are notable ecclesiastical writers, whether by virtue of their saintliness, their orthodoxy, or the eminence of their knowledge. On the other hand, the notion of the thesis points, in conceptual terms, to a proposition which someone presents in order to defend it, a treatise or an original work written in order to obtain the doctoral degree. Whatever meaning is assigned to the above references, it is clear that this publication brings together, in book form, information of the greatest significance about those citizens who, with Mozambique in their hearts, over various years and in various parts of the world, managed to produce a piece of work considered original. The criterion of inclusiveness adopted by the author of this publication reflects the spirit, which should rule among those with a doctorate, since in a country of about 22 million inhabitants citizens with this academic level still constitute “a drop in the ocean.” The Academy of Sciences of Mozambique has equally been guided by the same criterion of inclusiveness, which was one of the principal reasons it came to be associated with this project, which it considered to be of prime importance. We consider it ground-breaking because it offers to many institutions, including the Academy of Sciences of Mozambique, a bibliographical source of incomparable value, for the selection of highly qualified personnel or of their members. In the present context of our country where the main challenge is the struggle against poverty, the author of Doctoral Theses by Mozambicans or about Mozambique presents us with basic information on 454 doctoral theses written by Mozambican men and women and 473 written about Mozambique by foreigners, who have the capacity to present opinions and above all to create solutions for 7 the most urgent and relevant problems which our country is still debating. The author takes a winding but nevertheless meticulous route through the world of knowledge. Starting with the Natural Sciences, and moving through the Arts, Technology and Humanities to Sports Science, readers will encounter in this book a vast range of choice and even selection, depending upon area or objective. It is even more interesting to note that there are in the book studies by both young and older or more experienced intellectuals, in a richer symbiotic relationship revealing the capacity of Mozambicans to produce knowledge independently of their age group. We equally have an offering, which, despite being insufficient as yet for the needs of the country, illustrates the efforts, which the country and some of its citizens and their partners in cooperation have undertaken in education. The Academy of Sciences of Mozambique associated itself with the author in the creation of this data base, motivated by the idea that it could thus contribute to the greater recognition of the role of Science and Technology in development, but above all that the country, namely the State and Civil Society should know, publicize and use the results of its efforts, and the knowledge, skills and potential of its doctorate holders. Maputo, March 2011 Orlando António Quilambo President of the Academy of Sciences of Mozambique 8 Introduction to the first edition (2007) At the time of Mozambique’s Independence (1975) the country had only a few dozens Mozambicans with higher education. Today the country has thousands of ‘licenciados,’ hundreds of masters and more than 300 doctorate holders. Independent Mozambique has invested in educating its populace. The hundreds of doctorate holders are the product of this investment by the State, of international cooperation and of the effort and dedication of teachers at all levels, of the doctorate holders themselves and of their respective families. It is urgent to know this set of citizens, both of those who are inside the country as well as of those who are in the Diaspora in order to value their potential and to maximize their contribution to the development of the Mozambican nation. It should be noted that many of the Mozambicans who concluded a doctorate, did so with distinction (cum laude, magna cum laude and some even summa cum laude). Fulfilling their patriotic duty, the large majority of doctorate holders struggle inside Mozambique for the progress of the country. In order to advance with the creation of public universities in the North and the Centre of the country, it is important to know on whom the nation may count. Who are the national citizens trained in each area? Who are the Mozambicans and foreigners who did research about the North and the Centre of the country? The education of a doctorate holder takes at least twenty years from primary school to the awarding of the degree. Behind each title of a doctoral thesis are hidden thousands of hours of self-sacrificing work, of efforts to obtain new knowledge, of absorption of international patterns of rigor, of living in distinct cultures, of opening new horizons, of generating new perspectives for the future of the country. Confronted with the non-existence of a data base of Mozambique’s highest educated citizens, it seemed me useful, in the context of the creation of a public university in the North of the country (Universidade Lúrio) to compile a repertory of doctoral theses of Mozambicans and to complete it with a list a doctoral theses by 9 foreigners about Mozambique.1 At least twenty-five of my former students concluded already their doctorate. And knowing personally most of the national doctoral holders, it was not difficult to begin the compilation. It was completed by consultations with various colleagues, national institutions and the ‘internet.’ The information was verified as much as possible through the faculties and the libraries of the universities where the doctoral theses were defended. Doctorate holders are indexed in this compilation in two different catalogues, one referring to nationals and the other to foreigners. Their doctoral theses are presented in chronological order, where the year refers, generally, to the year of conclusion of the doctoral thesis. There are cases in which the respective university awards formally the degree of ‘doctor’ in the year following the year of conclusion and submission of the doctoral thesis. The university refers to the academic institution that awarded the degree of doctor. Depending on the conditions under which the study and the preparation of the doctoral thesis was realized, it may happen that the doctorate holder spent several years at the respective university to study and to do research, or it may happen that the doctorate holder went only a few times to that university for consultations or traineeship, or to defend the thesis elaborated in Mozambique. Doctoral theses that have been concluded in the same year are organized in alphabetical order of the surnames of the doctorate holders. As in the original edition of the catalogues, the titles of the doctoral theses are in the language in which they have been written or in Portuguese. In the indices, the authors of the doctoral theses appear in alphabetic order, and by area of research. 1 I had already compiled a similar repertory for the African Mathematical Union. A database with information about 2200 doctoral theses by African mathematicians was concluded: African Doctorates in Mathematics: A Catalogue (Lulu, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4303-1867-5). The book also includes a contribution to the analysis of the mathematical development of the African continent.