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Impact of Terrorist Attacks on Tourist Arrivals: Received: 01-04-2021 Accepted: 03-05-2021 Evidence from Sri Lanka
International Journal of Tourism and Hotel Management 2021; 3(2): 01-08 E-ISSN: 2706-9591 P-ISSN: 2706-9583 IJTHM 2021; 3(2): 01-08 Impact of terrorist attacks on tourist arrivals: Received: 01-04-2021 Accepted: 03-05-2021 Evidence from Sri Lanka Priyanga Dunusinghe Department of Economics, Priyanga Dunusinghe and BMPK Beligahawaththa University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka Abstract BMPK Beligahawaththa Sri Lanka is a one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. The successive governments took Department of Economics, various policy measures to develop the tourism industry despite the facing a 30-year long civil war. University of Colombo, The end of the war in 2009 was seen as an opportunity to unleash the potential of the sector. Colombo, Sri Lanka Nevertheless, the Easter Sunday terrorist attack casts doubt on to what extent Sri Lanka will be able to make use of the sector for her socio-economic development. In the context of the above attack, this study expect to examine the impact of terrorist attacks on the tourism industry. The study make use of secondary data extracted from national statistical agencies. Our findings clearly indicate that tourism industry suffered a lot following terrorist attacks. It was found that tourist arrivals and tourism receipt were lower by around 20 per cent in a year which witnessed terrorist attacks compared to a normal year. Similarly, in the short-run, employment in the industry declined by around 11 per cent following a major terrorist attack on civilian target. The findings suggest that it is high time to enhance the capacities for the security establishments to minimize the risks pose by various terrorist organizations. -
Projects Summary
PROJECTS SUMMARY NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLANNING POLICY AND PLAN 2010-2030 National Physical Planning Department 5th Floor Sethsiripaya, Battaramulla Sri Lanka Te: (011) 2872046 / 2872047 Fax: (011) 2872061 / 2872056 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nppd.gov.lk Ministry of Construction, Engineering Services, Housing and Common Amenities i ii Project List approved on the 13th of January 2011 by the National Physical Planning Council chaired by His Excellency the President based on the National Physical Planning Policy & Plan approved on the 3rd of July 2007 i ii Message of His Excellency Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka “The objective of our next massive leap forward is to transform Sri Lanka into a strategically important economic centre of the world. My determination therefore, is to transform Sri Lanka to be the Pearl of the Asian Silk Route once again. I will take steps to develop our country as a naval, aviation, commercial, trade and knowledge hub as a key link between the East and the West using our excellent strategic geographical location effectively.” Mahinda Chintana – A Brighter Future iii Message of Hon. Wimal Weerawansa, Minister of Construction, Engineering Services, Housing and Common Amenities After the approval of National Physical Planning Projects Report by the National Physical Planning Council chaired by His Excellency the President, prepared by the National Physical Planning Department coming under my Ministry, the publication of a National Physical Planning Projects Summary Report embodying these approved projects is a significant occasion. The primary objective of this is to provide an accelerated economic development for the Sri Lankan community with a structure fittingly linked with modern eco friendly rural and urban sectors by means of large scale projects identified through physical policy and plan. -
Sri Lanka Dambulla • Sigiriya • Matale • Kandy • Bentota • Galle • Colombo
SRI LANKA DAMBULLA • SIGIRIYA • MATALE • KANDY • BENTOTA • GALLE • COLOMBO 8 Days - Pre-Designed Journey 2018 Prices Travel Experience by private car with guide Starts: Colombo Ends: Colombo Inclusions: Highlights: Prices Per Person, Double Occupancy: • All transfers and sightseeing excursions by • Climb the Sigiriya Rock Fortress, called the private car and driver “8th wonder of the world” • Your own private expert local guides • Explore Minneriya National Park, dedicated $2,495.00 • Accommodations as shown to preserving Sri Lanka’s wildlife • Meals as indicated in the itinerary • Enjoy a spice tour in Matale • Witness a Cultural Dance Show in Kandy • Tour the colonial Dutch architecture in Galle & Colombo • See the famous Gangarama Buddhist Temple DAY 1 Colombo / Negombo, SRI LANKA Jetwing Beach On arrival in Colombo, you are transferred to your resort hotel in the relaxing coast town of Negombo. DAYS 2 & 3 • Meals: B Dambulla / Sigiriya Heritage Kandalama Discover the Dambulla Caves Rock Temple, dating back to the 1st century BC. In Sigiriya, climb the famed historic 5th century Sigiriya Rock Fortress, called the “8th wonder of the world”. Visit the age-old city of Polonnaruwa, and the Minneriya National Park - A wildlife sanctuary, the park is dry season feeding ground for the regional elephant population. DAY 4 • Meals: B Matale / Kandy Cinnamon Citadel Stop in Matale to enjoy an aromatic garden tour and taste its world-famous spices such as vanilla and cinnamon. Stay in the Hill Country capital of Kandy, the last stronghold of Sinhala kings and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Explore the city’s holy Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic, Gem Museum, Kandy Bazaar, and the Royal Botanical Gardens. -
Midwifery in Sri Lanka
A fruit seller with her baby in Sri Lanka Midwifery and Childcare in Sri Lanka 15 – 29 September 2019 With Galle Extension 29 September – 2 October 2019 2 nights Colombo • 3 nights Habarana • 3 nights Trincomalee • 3 nights Kandy • 2 nights Nuwara Eliya • 1 night Colombo “We did a lot of varied things and I thank you for showing the beautiful country of Sri Lanka to me in such depth. I loved it.” Elizabeth Ivill, Midwifery and Childcare in Sri Lanka, 2016 Herds of wild elephants at Minneriya National Park Welcome to Sri Lanka, a small island crammed The following morning visit the Rainbow Centre full of treasures, including eight UNESCO and learn about their work providing education World Heritage Sites. See mystical ruins, and welfare to disadvantaged children. Later jungles, gleaming white tropical beaches, drive to Habarana in the ancient cultural heart national parks with huge herds of elephants, of the island, stopping en route at the elephant vivid green mountains and mouth-watering orphanage in Pinnawala. Check into Sigiriya cuisine. Its seas are home to dolphins, turtles Village Hotel and relax in the lovely gardens. and the world’s largest colony of blue whales. Early the next morning head out to the On this study tour you will travel from the legendary sky citadel of Sigiriya, possibly the colonial capital, Colombo, to the ancient most spectacular site in Sri Lanka. Climb up in cultural heartland of the island, through the cool of morning for dramatic views. Built in jungles to the coast at Trincomalee and into the 5th century on top of a vast 200m granite lush highlands. -
National Highway Sector Project
Environmental Assessment Report Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 38357 May 2007 Sri Lanka: National Highway Sector Project Prepared by [Author(s)] [Firm] [City, Country] Prepared by Road Development Authority for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Prepared for [Executing Agency] [Implementing Agency] The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. National Highway Sector Project RSC 54199 IMPROVEMENT / UPGRADING of Habarana to Trincomalee A006 National Highway INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) FINAL REPORT Submitted to Asian Development Bank (ADB) March 2007 by Road Development Authority Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Initial Environmental Examination Report- Rehabilitation of Habarana Trincomalee Road (A006) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE OF THE IEE REPORT................................................................................ 7 1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND....................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 PROJECT & PROJECT PROPONENT ...................................................................................... -
REISEABLAUF 5 Tage / 4 Nächte Negombo – Dambulla – Sigiriya – Minneriya – Kandy – Nuwara Eliya – Negombo
REISEABLAUF 5 Tage / 4 Nächte Negombo – Dambulla – Sigiriya – Minneriya – Kandy – Nuwara Eliya – Negombo Day 01: Negombo – Dambulla Pick up from the hotel at Negombo at 0900hrs. Thereafter, travel to Dambulla. Upon arrival to Dambulla, visit the Golden Temple at Dambulla. Dambulla Cave Temples, vast isolated rock mass 500 feet high and a mile around the base. Here is found the famous Rock Temple dating to the First Century B.C. The caves of Dambulla sheltered King Walagamba during his 14 years of exile from Anuradhapura. When he regained the throne he built the most magnificent of Rock Temples to be found in the Island. Thereafter check-in to the hotel for dinner and overnight stay. Day 02: Dambulla – Sigiriya – Minneriya – Dambulla Breakfast at the hotel and travel to Sigiriya. Visit the very impressive 5th century Sigiriya Rock Fortress. This world heritage site, consists of the remains of a palace on the top of the rock, a mid-level terrace that includes the Lion Gate and the mirror wall with its frescoes of the 'Heavenly Maidens', the lower palace on the slopes below the rock, and the moats, walls and water gardens that extend for some hundreds of metres out from the base. Thereafter travel to Minneriya for the National Park safari. Located between Habarana and Polonnaruwa, the 8,890 hectares of Minneriya National Park consists of mixed evergreen forest and scrub areas and is home to favorites such as sambar deer, leopards and elephants. However the central feature of the park is the ancient Minneriya Tank (built in 3rd century AD by King Mahasena). -
Evaluation of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sector in Sri Lanka
Evaluation Working Paper Sri Lanka Country Assistance Program Evaluation: Agriculture and Natural Resources Sector Assistance Evaluation August 2007 Supplementary Appendix A Operations Evaluation Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 01 August 2007) Currency Unit — Sri Lanka rupee (SLR) SLR1.00 = $0.0089 $1.00 = SLR111.78 ABBREVIATIONS ADB — Asian Development Bank GDP — gross domestic product ha — hectare kg — kilogram TA — technical assistance UNDP — United Nations Development Programme NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. Director General Bruce Murray, Operations Evaluation Department (OED) Director R. Keith Leonard, Operations Evaluation Division 1, OED Evaluation Team Leader Njoman Bestari, Principal Evaluation Specialist Operations Evaluation Division 1, OED Operations Evaluation Department CONTENTS Page Maps ii A. Scope and Purpose 1 B. Sector Context 1 C. The Country Sector Strategy and Program of ADB 11 1. ADB’s Sector Strategies in the Country 11 2. ADB’s Sector Assistance Program 15 D. Assessment of ADB’s Sector Strategy and Assistance Program 19 E. ADB’s Performance in the Sector 27 F. Identified Lessons 28 1. Major Lessons 28 2. Other Lessons 29 G. Future Challenges and Opportunities 30 Appendix Positioning of ADB’s Agriculture and Natural Resources Sector Strategies in Sri Lanka 33 Njoman Bestari (team leader, principal evaluation specialist), Alvin C. Morales (evaluation officer), and Brenda Katon (consultant, evaluation research associate) prepared this evaluation working paper. Caren Joy Mongcopa (senior operations evaluation assistant) provided administrative and research assistance to the evaluation team. The guidelines formally adopted by the Operations Evaluation Department (OED) on avoiding conflict of interest in its independent evaluations were observed in the preparation of this report. -
Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030
POLONNARUWA URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2018-2030 VOLUME I Urban Development Authority District Office Polonnaruwa 2018-2030 i Polonnaruwa 2018-2030, UDA Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030 POLONNARUWA URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN VOLUME I BACKGROUND INFORMATION/ PLANNING PROCESS/ DETAIL ANALYSIS /PLANNING FRAMEWORK/ THE PLAN Urban Development Authority District Office Polonnaruwa 2018-2030 ii Polonnaruwa 2018-2030, UDA Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Report title : Polonnaruwa Development Plan Locational Boundary (Declared area) : Polonnaruwa MC (18 GN) and Part of Polonnaruwa PS(15 GN) Gazette No : Client/ Stakeholder (shortly) : Local Residents, Relevent Institutions and Commuters Commuters : Submission date :15.12.2018 Document status (Final) & Date of issued: Author UDA Polonnaruwa District Office Document Submission Details Version No Details Date of Submission Approved for Issue 1 Draft 2 Draft This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from the party -
Private Touring & Villas
PRIVATE TOURING & VILLAS Jaffna Palk Strait Open to visitors for the first time in 30 years INDIA Jaffna Delft Island CONTENTS About Us................................................. 4 – 5 Private Touring in Sri Lanka ............... 6 – 7 Sri Lanka Accommodation .............. 8 – 15 Kuchchaveli Mannar A sun drenched beach for A Taste of Sri Lanka ........................ 16 – 17 10 months of the year Gulf Family Holiday Sri Lanka ................ 18 – 19 of Mannar Kuchchaveli Active Sri Lanka ................................ 20 – 21 Anuradhapura Quintessential Sri Lanka ................ 22 – 23 Wilpattu NP Join pilgrims at the sacred Bodhi tree Trincomalee Sri Lanka’s largest Wildlife of Sri Lanka ........................ 24 – 25 national park Sri Lankan Family Adventure ........ 26 – 27 Wilpattu NP Anuradhapura Classic Sri Lanka .............................. 28 – 29 Thirappane Kaudulla Sri Lanka In Style ............................. 30 – 31 Sigiriya Ritigala Climb the Minneriya Celebrate Sri Lanka ......................... 32 – 33 imposing Sigiriya Habarana Rock Fortress Indian Ocean Puttalam I Need A Tropical Holiday .............. 34 – 35 Pidurangala Sigiriya Polonnaruwa Surf Sri Lanka ................................... 36 – 37 Dambulla Honeymoon Sri Lanka .................... 38 – 39 Batticaloa Backroads of Sri Lanka................... 40 – 41 Kandy SRI LANK A Home to the Secret Sri Lanka ............................... 42 – 43 UNESCO Temple of Makandura the Sacred Tooth Gal Oya Discover an idyllic Villas of Sri Lanka ........................... -
Cultural and Historical Tour 8 Days / 7 Nights Tour
Cultural and Historical Tour 8 days / 7 nights tour SUMMARY OF THE TOUR Discover the heart of Sri Lanka with this fascinating journey departing from Colombo Airport, visiting the most important historical sites, and the island's cultural and natural attractions, including five UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Enjoy its beautiful landscapes and picturesque villages, historic temples and ancient cities. Also meet the most incredible creatures on the planet in an elephant orphanage. Breathe in the aromas of Sri Lanka in its spice gardens and tea plantation. You will also enjoy cultural shows and spiritual experiences for eight unforgettable days getting to know the paradise described by Marco Polo as the most beautiful place I had ever seen. DAY TO DAY PROGRAMME Day 1 – ARRIVE COLOMBO AIRPORT – COLOMBO (40km – 45 mins). Arrival at Colombo International Airport, meeting and assistance by our staff. Then, transfer to Colombo where we will make a pleasant tour of the city. Colombo is the largest city and current administrative capital of Sri Lanka. A hectic and vibrant city with a mix of modern life and the remnants of a bygone colonial era. Due to the expansion of its port and its strategic geographical position it is a key connection for routes between the East and West hemispheres. Colombo was known to ancient traders 2000 years ago. However, it was only the capital of Sri Lanka until it was ceded to the British Empire in 1815. The city is home to most of Sri Lanka's corporate offices, with restaurants and various entertainment pathways. On this tour you will visit several historical, religious and shopping sites of Colombo including the famous and bustling port in Pettah, also the elite residential neighborhood in Cinnamon Gardens, Galle Face Green Square, Vihara Mahadevi Park and much more. -
Explore Sri Lanka with Jetwing Travels
Explore Sri Lanka with Jetwing Travels Explore Sri Lanka with Jetwing Travels ROUTE | DISTANCE | DRIVE TIMES: ROUTE DISTANCE DRIVE TIME From Bandaranayake International Airport Bandaranayake Airport (BIA) – Negombo 15 KM 20 Minutes Other Routes Negombo – Anuradhapura 170 KM 4 Hours Anuradhapura – Dambulla 78 KM 1 ½ Hours Dambulla - Sigiriya 24 KM 30 Min Sigiriya - Polonnaruwa 50 KM 1 Hour Polonnaruwa – Dambulla 70 KM 1 ½ Hours Dambulla – Kandy 90 KM 2 ½ Hours Kandy – Colombo 120 KM 2 Hours Colombo – Airport 40 KM 45 Min Remarks: Please take note that the travel times are calculated approximately & can change depending on traffic. Times can also change depending on the hotel the guest will be staying. Explore Sri Lanka with Jetwing Travels Programme : SRI LANKA WONDERS Duration : 5 DAYS/ 4 NIGHTS DAY 01 | AIRPORT – NEGOMBO (Meals: X/X/X) Arrive in Sri Lanka TG307 @ 00H15 + 01 Meet and assist on arrival at Airport by Jetwing Travels Representative. Transfer to Negombo Transfer to Hotel Overnight Stay at A HOTEL IN NEGOMBO DAY 02 | NEGOMBO – ANURADHAPURA – DAMBULLA (Meals: B/L/D) Breakfast at Hotel & Transfer to Anuradhapura. Proceed to Anuradhapura. En-route Lunch at a Restaurant. Continue to Anuradhapura & visit *Isurumuniya Temple - Archaeologists now believe that the old Issurumuniya Temple is the Dakkina Meghagiri Viharaya, where ceremonies for the Rain God were performed. There is an Uttara Meghagiri Viharaya in ruins now, on the northern side of the Abhayagiriya Temple. The Elephant sculpture, the small pond, the black rock formations and the beautiful sculpture of the Man & Horse, identified as Agni (lightning) and Parjannya (Rain God) at the site, are proof to recognize this Temple as the center where ceremonies for the Rain God were held. -
Holy Roman Empire
WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 1 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 CONTENT Historical Background Bohemian-Palatine War (1618–1623) Danish intervention (1625–1629) Swedish intervention (1630–1635) French intervention (1635 –1648) Peace of Westphalia SPECIAL RULES DEPLOYMENT Belligerents Commanders ARMY LISTS Baden Bohemia Brandenburg-Prussia Brunswick-Lüneburg Catholic League Croatia Denmark-Norway (1625-9) Denmark-Norway (1643-45) Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurpfalz) England France Hessen-Kassel Holy Roman Empire Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Hungary & Transylvania Ottoman Empire Polish-Lithuanian (1618-31) Later Polish (1632 -48) Protestant Mercenary (1618-26) Saxony Scotland Spain Sweden (1618 -29) Sweden (1630 -48) United Provinces Zaporozhian Cossacks BATTLES ORDERS OF BATTLE MISCELLANEOUS Community Manufacturers Thanks Books Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/ Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/ 2 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 3 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire HISTORICAL BACKGROUND also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War: Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands on the western border of the Empire and states within Italy which were connected by land through the Spanish Road. The Dutch revolted against the Spanish domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609.