DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Notes Introduction 1 See for example Terrorism and Political Violence; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism or Critical Studies on Terrorism. 2 See for example degree courses at St. Andrews University in the UK, Pennsylvania State University in the US or Murdoch University in Australia. 3 See for example the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence or the International Center of the Study of Terrorism. 4 For more on information on the leading academics and experts on terrorism see Reid (1993) and Raphael (2009). 5 Recently Lee Jarvis has noted the importance of interpretivist perspectives on terrorism which in his opinion are ‘capable of addressing the discipline’s continuing analytical limitations’ (Jarvis 2009a: 7). Chapter 1 1 For a more detailed analysis of the early history of terrorism see: Sinclair (2003) Anderson, and Sloan (2003) or Carr (2002). 2 For a more detailed look at terrorism and WMDs see Falkenrath et al. (1998) or Gurr and Cole (2000). 3 For more on the connection of anarchism and ‘new terrorism’ in the form of al-Qaeda see Gelvin (2008). 4 On this point see also Zimmermann (2004). 5 For a detailed history of suicide terrorism see Reuter (2004). Chapter 2 1 For a very good summary of counter-terrorism classifications see: Crelinsten and Schmid (1992). 2 Even in the German literature on terrorism one can encounter a number of different ways of classifying counter-terror policies (Daase 2002). For example Peter Waldman (1998) distinguishes between marco, meso and micro levels of counter-terrorism while Ulrich Schneckener (2004) notes the difference between operative and structural anti-terror measures and differen- tiates between military and diplomatic as well as measures which guard against and prevent terrorist attacks. 3 The inability to deter terrorists is questioned by authors such as Bowen (2004) or Zagare (2006). 4 For more on the spiral of violence and revenge see Waldmann (2001). 5 One has to note that many different laws are considered to play an indirect role in the struggle against terrorism. Even if they do not directly focus on 145 146 Notes terrorism, laws regulating the possession of guns and explosives, racketeer- ing or law regarding drug-trafficking or pirate DVD sales have an influence on a state’s ability to deal with terrorism. 6 On this problem of inter agency cooperation see the 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Official Government Edition, available at: http://www. gpoaccess.gov/911/ [accessed on 11.03.2008]. 7 See for example The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, available at http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism/ Conv12.pdf [accessed 10.10.2007] or partly the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 & 1566, available at http://www.undemocracy.com/ S-RES-1373(2001).pdf [accessed 10.10.2007] or http://www.undemocracy. com/S-RES-1566(2004).pdf [accessed 10.10.2007]. 8 For more detail see: Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2004) Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing, Available at: http://www.fatf- gafi.org/dataoecd/8/17/34849466.pdf [accessed 05.11.06]. 9 For more information on terrorist financing see: Napoleoni (2004); Schott (2006); Ehrenfeld (2003); Biersteker et al. (2007). 10 For more information on how the hawala system works see: Jost and Sandhu (2000). 11 US Customs and Border Protection ‘Money and other Monetary Instruments’, available at: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/kbyg/money.xml [accessed 09.07.09]. 12 Bundesministerium der Finanzen ‘Barmittel- und Bargeldkontrollen im Verkehr mit Drittländern und innerhalb der Europäischen Union’, available at: http:// www.zoll.de/c0_reise_und_post/a0_reiseverkehr/f0_bargeldverkehr/ index.html [accessed 10.07.09]. 13 HM Revenue & Customs ‘Carrying cash in and out of the United Kingdom’, available at: http://customs.hmrc.gov.uk/channelsPortalWebApp/download File?contentID=HMCE_PROD1_027380 [accessed on 09.07.09]. Chapter 3 1 For more information on the counter-terrorism measures implemented by different governments see: Buckley and Fawn (2003); von Hippel (2005) or Alexander (2002). 2 Government Accountability Office: Combating Terrorism – Determining and Reporting Federal Funding Data, Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO- 06-161, (2006), pp. 1–2, available at: www.gao.gov/new.items/d06161.pdf [accessed 15.06.09]. 3 The Government Performance Results Act of 1993, Office of Management and Budget, available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/mgmt-gpra/ gplaw2m.html [accessed 15.06.09]. 4 Progress Report in the Global War on Terrorism, Washington: The White House, available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/progress/ [accessed 15.06.09]. 5 See: Three Years of Progress in the War on Terrorism, Fact Sheet, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington DC, September 11, 2004, Notes 147 available at: http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/hls/WH/20040911.pdf [accessed 15.06.09]. 6 On the effectiveness of assassinations also see: Hafez and Hatfield (2006). 7 For other examples where statistical models are being applied to evaluate the effectiveness of counter-terrorism see: Enders and Sandler (2005); Wilson et al. (2006); Enders and Sandler (1995); Sandler and Arce (2003). 8 United States Department of State: Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, available at: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2003/ [accessed 13.07.09]. 9 Some of the databases available include ‘International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events’ (ITERATE) or ‘Terrorism in Western Europe: Event Data’ (TWEED) as well as the RAND-MIPT Terrorism Incident database. 10 The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base was available at: http://www.tkb.org/ Home.jsp but has now been removed from public access. 11 For a number of explanations for this phenomenon see: Slovic (2000); Lerner et al. (2003); Loewenstein et al. (2001); Sunstein (2003). 12 Booth (2008: 74) criticised this attitude and points out that most historians have never met their subjects they study such as roman emperors or Tudor kings. 13 The Sunday Times (London) cited on the back cover of Gunaratna (2003a). 14 For more information on the issue of scientific fieldwork in a violent conflict see Nordstrom and Robben (1995). 15 For more information on the Critical Studies on Terrorism Working Group see: http://www.bisa.ac.uk/groups/7/index.asp [accessed on the 06.02.2008]. 16 On the issue of interdisciplinarity in terrorism studies especially in Germany see Spencer and Biazza (2008). 17 For a serious engagement by traditional terrorism scholars with critical terror- ism studies see for example Horgan and Boyle (2008) or Weinberg and Eubank (2008) and for a more vulgar response see Jones and Smith (2009). 18 For further criticism of Critical Terrorism Studies see Egerton (2009); Joseph (2009) or Stokes (2009). Chapter 4 1 This is not to mean that constructivism should be considered the cutting edge of IR. 2 Booth (2008: 74) also questions the vital importance of primary engage- ment with one’s subject as he points out that historian rarely ever meet the protagonists of their research such as Tudor Kings or Holy Roman emperors. 3 This section is only a very brief introduction to the central ideas of what can be broadly described as constructivist thought. For more information on Con- structivism in IR see for example: Adler (1997), Checkel (1998), Fierke and Jørgensen (2001), Wiener (2003); Guzzini and Leander (2006). 4 The contrast to rationalism has been questioned to some extend as the logic of consequence can also be a logic of appropriateness. For more on the problems of contrasting rationalism with constructivism see Fearon and Wendt (2002) or Hurd (2008). 5 For translations of al-Qaeda’s own discourse, see Lawrence (2005) and Mansfield (2006). 148 Notes 6 See for example the Researching and Applying Metaphor (RaAM) Association conferences, http://www.raam.org.uk/. 7 See for example Metaphor and Symbol which is its 22 year of publication and was previously called Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. 8 One of the very few exceptions which analyse the role of metaphors in ter- rorism and counter-terrorism is Kruglanski et al. (2007). 9 Exceptions here include Mongoven (2006), Zhang (2007) and most famously Lakoff (2001). 10 These types of metaphors are also sometimes referred to a ‘major’ and ‘mini’ metaphors, see for example Kitis and Milapides (1997). 11 On the issue of causality of ideas and discourse on policy see for example Yee (1996) or Wendt (1999: 77–88). 12 One has to note that the decision of what is metaphorical and what is not is also down to interpretations. On this point see in particular Low (1999: 49): ‘There is always going to be a measure of subjectivity or randomness in identifying expressions’. Chapter 5 1 For an exception see Thornborrow (1993) and Winfield et al. (2002). 2 See Media Tenor http://www.medientenor.com/newsletters.php?id_news= 239 [accessed on 2.2.2008]. 3 Please note that, all subsequent footnotes provide only one example of each metaphorical expression found in the Bild or The Sun together with the title of the article and the page number and author were possible (All translations are my own). 4 Kai Diekmann, Bild, ‘Kriegserklärung an die Menschheit’, 12.9.2001, p. 1. 5 ‘Kamikaze-Angriff’, Peter Scholl-Latour, Bild, ‘Gibt es jetzt Krieg, Herr Scholl- Latour?’, 12.9.2001, p. 5. 6 ‘Kamikaze-Flieger’, Bild, ‘Fünf Minuten Stille für Amerika’, 13.9.2001, p. 14. 7 ‘Kamikaze-Piloten’, Bild, ‘Der Flugplan des Terrors’, 14.9.2001, p. 4. 8 ‘Kamikaze Attentäter’, Gordon Thomas, Bild, ‘Warum haben FBI und CIA so grausam versagt?’, 13.9.2001, p. 4. 9 ‘Kamikaze-Waffen’, Bild, ‘Großer Gott steh uns bei!’, 12.9.2001, p.
Recommended publications
  • Examining Police Militarization

    Examining Police Militarization

    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2021 Citizens, Suspects, and Enemies: Examining Police Militarization Milton C. Regan Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2346 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3772930 Texas National Security Review, Winter 2020/2021. This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Citizens, Suspects, and Enemies: Examining Police Militarization Mitt Regan Abstract Concern about the increasing militarization of police has grown in recent years. Much of this concern focuses on the material aspects of militarization: the greater use of military equipment and tactics by police officers. While this development deserves attention, a subtler form of militarization operates on the cultural level. Here, police adopt an adversarial stance toward minority communities, whose members are regarded as presumptive objects of suspicion. The combination of material and cultural militarization in turn has a potential symbolic dimension. It can communicate that members of minority communities are threats to society, just as military enemies are threats to the United States. This conception of racial and ethnic minorities treats them as outside the social contract rather than as fellow citizens. It also conceives of the role of police and the military as comparable, thus blurring in a disturbing way the distinction between law enforcement and national security operations.
  • Print Journalism: a Critical Introduction

    Print Journalism: a Critical Introduction

    Print Journalism A critical introduction Print Journalism: A critical introduction provides a unique and thorough insight into the skills required to work within the newspaper, magazine and online journalism industries. Among the many highlighted are: sourcing the news interviewing sub-editing feature writing and editing reviewing designing pages pitching features In addition, separate chapters focus on ethics, reporting courts, covering politics and copyright whilst others look at the history of newspapers and magazines, the structure of the UK print industry (including its financial organisation) and the development of journalism education in the UK, helping to place the coverage of skills within a broader, critical context. All contributors are experienced practising journalists as well as journalism educators from a broad range of UK universities. Contributors: Rod Allen, Peter Cole, Martin Conboy, Chris Frost, Tony Harcup, Tim Holmes, Susan Jones, Richard Keeble, Sarah Niblock, Richard Orange, Iain Stevenson, Neil Thurman, Jane Taylor and Sharon Wheeler. Richard Keeble is Professor of Journalism at Lincoln University and former director of undergraduate studies in the Journalism Department at City University, London. He is the author of Ethics for Journalists (2001) and The Newspapers Handbook, now in its fourth edition (2005). Print Journalism A critical introduction Edited by Richard Keeble First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX9 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Selection and editorial matter © 2005 Richard Keeble; individual chapters © 2005 the contributors All rights reserved.
  • Egypt and the Middle East

    Egypt and the Middle East

    Monitoring Study: British Media Portrayals of Egypt Author: Guy Gabriel - AMW adviser Contact details: Tel: 07815 747 729 E-mail: [email protected] Newspapers monitored: All British national daily broadsheets and tabloids, as well as the Evening Standard Monitoring period: May 2008 - May 2009 1 Table of contents: Egypt & the Middle East Regional Importance Israel Camp David Accords The Gulf Sudan Horn of Africa Diplomacy towards Palestine Before Gaza Conflict 2009 Gaza 2009 Diplomacy The Palestine Border Tunnel Economy Crossing Closures Domestic Egypt Food Religion in Society State Ideology Economy Miscellaneous Domestic Threats Emergency Rule & Internal Security Terrorism Egypt & the West Egypt as an Ally 'War on Terror' Suez Ancient Egypt Influence of Egyptian Art Other Legacies Tourism 2 Egypt & the Middle East Regional Importance Various other Middle Eastern countries are sometimes mentioned in connection with Egypt's regional influence, though very rarely those from North Africa. In terms of Egypt's standing in the Middle East as viewed by the US, a meeting in Cairo, as well as Saudi Arabia and Israel, are "necessary step[s] in the careful path Mr Obama is laying out," notes Times chief foreign affairs commentator Bronwen Maddox (29 May 2009). A "solid" Arab-Israeli peace deal "must include President Mubarak of Egypt," says Michael Levy in the same newspaper (14 May 2009). Regarding a divided Lebanon, the Arab League is "tainted by the commitment of the Saudis and Egyptians to one side rather than the other," according to an Independent editorial (13 May 2008). Egypt appointing an ambassador to Iraq generates interest "not only because it is the most populous Arab country but also because its chargé d'affaires in Baghdad was kidnapped and killed in 2005," writes Guardian Middle East editor Ian Black (2 July 2008).
  • On the Front Line? Metaphors of War and Violence in Academic Libraries

    On the Front Line? Metaphors of War and Violence in Academic Libraries

    On the Front Line? Metaphors of War and Violence in Academic Libraries Melanie Boyd University of Calgary Ozouf Senamin Amedegnato University of Calgary ABSTRACT Is there room for war metaphor in academic libraries? Is there a good, or justifiable, reason for its use? In this paper, we argue the answer to these questions is no. The paper will discuss the nature of metaphor in general, the effects of its use, and why those effects matter. Grounded in this discussion, it will consider and analyze the use of war metaphor, specifically in the academic library world. Finally, it will offer suggestions for how, through individual and collective effort, the metaphor of war might be purged from the academic library lexicon. Keywords: academic libraries · language · violence · war metaphor RÉSUMÉ La métaphore guerrière a-t-elle une place dans les bibliothèques universitaires? A-t-on une bonne raison d’y recourir? Cette contribution répond aux deux questions par la négative. Le texte définira dans un premier temps la métaphore et exposera son fonctionnement ainsi que ses manifestations. Suivra ensuite une analyse de l’usage de la métaphore guerrière dans le contexte précis des bibliothèques universitaires. Enfin, les auteurs expliqueront comment, à travers un effort individuel et collectif, les interactions bibliothécaires peuvent être expurgées de leurs contenus belliqueux. Mots-clés : bibliothèques universitaires · langage · métaphore guerrière · violence A dozen academic librarians sit round a table discussing how to trim the budget, for which the outlook is dire. Some librarians offer suggestions; others challenge them in return. After an hour, without consensus reached, the chairperson says: At some point we’ll just have to pull the trigger.
  • The Politics of Accuracy in Judging Global Warming Films

    The Politics of Accuracy in Judging Global Warming Films

    Accepted pre-publication version Published at: Environmental Communication 3:2 (2009) 134-150. The politics of accuracy in judging global warming films Abstract In 2007, two documentaries about global warming – An Inconvenient Truth and The Great Global Warming Swindle – became subject to legal and regulatory challenges in the UK. This paper examines the limitations of appeals to accuracy in these two cases. Rather than terminating debate, the discourse of accuracy engenders a representational regress which serves only to generate further controversy. Accuracy claims become particularly problematic in the case of documentary film where the role of the visual image must be accounted for. In particular, the ambiguous figural status of the image in science documentaries makes accuracy an inadequate means by which to judge such films. I suggest that rather than being considered in isolation, accuracy needs to be understood as one of several textual features which together construct the truthfulness of a text. The integrity of the text emerges as the most meaningful concept for evaluating media representations of climate change. Keywords: media, documentary film, accuracy, rhetoric, global warming. Introduction In 2007, two high-profile films about climate change became the subject of formal proceedings in the UK. An Inconvenient Truth , featuring former US Vice-President Al Gore, was the subject of a High Court case regarding its distribution in schools by the UK Government. The documentary The Great Global Warming Swindle , written and produced by filmmaker Martin Durkin, was examined by the broadcasting regulator Ofcom following numerous complaints after it was broadcast on television. In both cases, many of the subsequent media reports implied that the adjudication had found against the theory of anthropogenic global warming.
  • Chiraq: One Person's Metaphor Is Another's Reality

    Chiraq: One Person's Metaphor Is Another's Reality

    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE January 2015 Chiraq: One person's metaphor is another's reality Jacoby Cochran Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cochran, Jacoby, "Chiraq: One person's metaphor is another's reality" (2015). Dissertations - ALL. 356. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/356 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT This Master’s Thesis explores the deployment and appropriation of the war metaphor as it relates to criminal justice policy in the United States from 1930 forward, paying close attention to the 1980s and 2010s. More specifically, this thesis centers on the city of Chicago to analyze the use of the war metaphor throughout the city’s history, from earlier invocations by Mayors to present- day, local appropriations in the form of the metaphor Chiraq, which blends Chicago and Iraq as a statement to the conditions of some of Chicago’s most resource deprived neighborhoods. Using Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory I will outline how the war metaphor has been studied in rhetoric and utilized in Presidential, Mayoral, and media discourses in chapter one. In chapter two, I will turn my attention to fragments organized around the metaphorical term Chiraq and apply CMT to highlight how the war metaphor has become a central component of daily language in Chicago’s most volatile neighborhoods.
  • Austerity, Women and Right-Wing Populism the Case of Monroe Vs Hopkins

    Austerity, Women and Right-Wing Populism the Case of Monroe Vs Hopkins

    Austerity, Women and Right-wing Populism The Case of Monroe vs Hopkins Kirsten Forkert (Birmingham School of Media) Austerity politics in the UK 2015 General Election, a Conservative government continued the austerity n the aftermath of the financial programme. Cuts were applied to a great Icrisis of 2008 and the 2010 General number of welfare benefits such as Child Election, which ended 13 years of rule Benefit, Employment and Housing by the Labour Party, the Conservative Support Allowance, Universal Credit, Liberal-Democrat Coalition government but also to the salaries of public sector undertook a programme of drastic cuts to employees and to the budgets of local public spending. This was justified by the authorities, who in their turn were forced argument that the previous government to close hundreds of libraries and youth had irresponsibly overspent and that the clubs as well as reduce support for creative public must now ‘live within their means’ activities. All these measures together – essentially a revival of the economy- had the combined effect of entrenching as-household metaphor used by former social and economic inequality. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher many years earlier. Like in Thatcher’s time, Women hit hardest this was an argument which was mostly accepted by the public, who – as intended t a closer look the brunt of austerity - made the common-sense intuitive link Awas mostly borne by women, thus between household finances and macro- reversing gains made on gender quality. economics. Although there were vibrant Although women were already at a protests and anti-austerity campaigns, disadvantage because of the gender pay these did not involve a majority of gap - they earn 82 p for every pound the population and did not force the earned by a man - and were more likely government to change course.
  • The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Journalists

    The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Journalists

    The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Journalists June 2006 NOT FOR PUBLICATION BEFORE 00.01 HOURS THURSDAY JUNE 15TH 2006 1 Foreword by Sir Peter Lampl In a number of recent studies the Sutton Trust has highlighted the predominance of those from private schools in the country’s leading and high profile professions1. In law, we found that almost 70% of barristers in the top chambers had attended fee-paying schools, and, more worryingly, that the young partners in so called ‘magic circle’ law firms were now more likely than their equivalents of 20 years ago to have been independently-educated. In politics, we showed that one third of MPs had attended independent schools, and this rose to 42% among those holding most power in the main political parties. Now, with this study, we have found that leading news and current affairs journalists – those figures who are so central in shaping public opinion and national debate – are more likely than not to have been to independent schools which educate just 7% of the population. Of the top 100 journalists in 2006, 54% were independently educated an increase from 49% in 1986. Not only does this say something about the state of our education system, but it also raises questions about the nature of the media’s relationship with society: is it healthy that those who are most influential in determining and interpreting the news agenda have educational backgrounds that are so different to the vast majority of the population? What is clear is that an independent school education offers a tremendous boost to the life chances of young people, making it more likely that they will attain highly in school exams, attend the country’s leading universities and gain access to the highest and most prestigious professions.
  • Higher Education in Wartime and the Development of National Defense

    Higher Education in Wartime and the Development of National Defense

    The First Line of Defense: Higher Education in Wartime and the Development of National Defense Education, 1939-1959 Dana Adrienne Ponte a dissertation to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON 2016 Reading Committee: Maresi Nerad, Chair Nancy Beadie Bill Zumeta Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Educational Leadership & Policy Studies ©Copyright 2016 Dana Adrienne Ponte Abstract This study posits that the National Defense Education Act of 1958 (NDEA) represented the culmination of nearly a century-long process through which education was linked to national defense in periods of wartime, and later retained a strategic utility for defense purposes in times of peace. That a defense rationale for federal support of public higher education achieved a staying power that outlasted moments of temporary strategic necessity is due in large part to the efforts of individuals in the education and policymaking communities who were able to envision and promote a lasting, expansive definition of education for national defense – one that would effectively marshal federal funding for decades to come. In the latter half of the 20th century, it was precisely this definition that provided the rationale for further federal forays into public education in the United States, accumulating into a level of involvement that now feels commonplace. Despite its present predominance, however, this relationship was by no means a foregone conclusion in the early decades of the 20th century. The United States has historically been defined by its constitutional separation of federal and state powers, notably made manifest in a traditional emphasis on state control over public education.
  • How Risk Theory Gave Rise to Global Police Militarization

    How Risk Theory Gave Rise to Global Police Militarization

    Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Volume 23 Issue 1 Article 12 Winter 2016 Global Insecurity: How Risk Theory Gave Rise to Global Police Militarization Nicholas S. Bolduc Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Bolduc, Nicholas S. (2016) "Global Insecurity: How Risk Theory Gave Rise to Global Police Militarization," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies: Vol. 23 : Iss. 1 , Article 12. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol23/iss1/12 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Global Insecurity: How Risk Theory Gave Rise to Global Police Militarization NICHOLAS S. BOLDUC* ABSTRACT Today, across the globe, police agencies are militarizing to confront modern-day threats. This gradual shift towards militarized policing stems from the concept of risk-risk has driven nations to amend their laws so that their law enforcement agencies may militarize to meet whatever risk they face. In the United States, the gradual shift towards militarizedpolice occurred after the crippling of the Posse Comitatus Act in the face of the developing 'War on Drugs" However, America is a late development in this trend; the majority of the Western world militarized themselves through the concept of 'gendarmes", while the Chinese militarized their police immediately after the Communist Revolution.
  • Metaphorizing Dialogue to Enact a Flow Culture Transcending Divisiveness by Systematic Embodiment of Metaphor in Discourse -- /

    Metaphorizing Dialogue to Enact a Flow Culture Transcending Divisiveness by Systematic Embodiment of Metaphor in Discourse -- /

    Alternative view of segmented documents via Kairos 6 May 2019 | Draft Metaphorizing Dialogue to Enact a Flow Culture Transcending divisiveness by systematic embodiment of metaphor in discourse -- / -- Introduction Metaphorizing -- beyond one-off usage Sustaining dialogue through metaphor? Indicative precedents of metaphorizing skills Discourse and debate reframed as cognitive combat through metaphor? Integrity of metaphorizing framed by complementarity between alternatives Imagining a relevant philosophers' game -- and beyond Requisite metaphoric "circumlocution" avoiding disruptive disagreement Sustainable discourse framed metaphorically as "orbiting" Metaphorizing as artful indulgence in misplaced concreteness? Re-imagining: metaphorizing, metamorphizing and cognitive shapeshifting Sustainable discourse: longest conflict versus longest conversation? References Introduction There is no difficulty in recognizing the extent to which discourse has become problematic, whether in national assemblies, parliaments, or the media (social media or otherwise). The current scene has been described as poisonously divisive. Each faction is adamant that the facts and principles it presents are beyond question. Each is necessarily right, with any in disagreement being by definition wrong. Discourse between nations, between religions, between political parties, and between disciplines currently offers little hope for a more fruitful modality. Curiously efforts towards transcending this situation -- if they are more than tokenistic -- seem to be readily entrapped by the same dynamic. Each is necessarily right or better, with others essentially misguided, misinformed or behind the times. The following is an exploration of a distinctive mode which does not rely on facts and truth as commonly understood, or on the deprecation of fake news and pretence. The focus is not on being right or wrong or the attribution of blame.
  • War and Imprisonment: a Discourse Analysis Exploring the Construction

    War and Imprisonment: a Discourse Analysis Exploring the Construction

    War and Imprisonment: A Discourse Analysis Exploring the Construction of Meanings and Realities Surrounding COVID-19 Within Mainstream News Media A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Hertfordshire Emma Beach B.A. Hons. The University of Hertfordshire School of Humanities De Havilland Campus Hertfordshire August 2020 Copyright: No part of this dissertation may be quoted or reproduced without the author’s permission and due acknowledgement. I have read and understood the university regulations concerning plagiarism and collusion. Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.0. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 2.0. Hypothesis ...................................................................................................................... 4 3.0. Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 6 4.0. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 15 5.0. Findings ........................................................................................................................ 19 6.0. Discussion ....................................................................................................................