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The Mendicant Friaries in Late Medieval Mayo: Perspectives on Their History, Archaeology and Architecture, 1400-1540

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The Mendicant Friaries in Late Medieval Mayo: Perspectives on Their History, Archaeology and Architecture, 1400-1540 The Mendicant Friaries in Late Medieval Mayo: Perspectives on their History, Archaeology and Architecture, 1400-1540 Yvonne McDermott, B.A. Submitted for the award of Master of Arts Galway Mayo Institute of Technology Supervisors: Dr Mark McCarthy & Ms Fiona White Submitted to the Higher Education and Training and Awards Council, June 2005 Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Plates List o f Figures List of Maps List o f Tables Glossary Note Acknowledgements Abstract Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Literature Review 8 Introduction 9 The Architecture and History of the Religious Orders 9 Medieval Studies in Ireland 13 Locally-based studies 16 Comparative evidence 17 Growth of medieval studies in Ireland 19 Two-nadon theory 21 The Reformation 23 Conclusion 24 Chapter Three: Methodology 26 Introduction 27 Primary Sources 27 Survey Methodologies 33 Architectural Survey 34 Greene’s (2001) strategy for investigating monastic sites 36 Conclusion 38 Chapter Four: Historical Context 40 Introduction 41 Ireland before 1400 41 Ireland and Mayo 1400-1540 43 Monasticisin prior to the arrival of the friars 45 The mendicant orders 46 V J,1 * | Foundation and early expansion ’ 46 The Observant Reform 54 The mendicant friars in medieval Mayo 61 The life o f the friars 74 The Dissolution 80 Chapter Five: Archaeology and Architecture of the Late Medieval Franciscan Houses 86 Introduction 87 Early Medieval Monastic Sites in Ireland 89 The Claustral Plan 90 The Gothic Style 93 Late Irish Gothic 99 Choice o f Sites 100 Moyne and Rosserk 102 The church 102 T he nave 105 Transepts and chapels 114 C hoir 118 The Tower 124 Use of sculpture and ornamentation 127 Cloister and conventual buildings 134 Associated archaeology 146 Conclusion 149 Chapter Six: Archaeology and Architecture of the Late Medieval Dominican and Augustinian Houses 151 Introduction 152 Murrisk 155 Burrishoole 159 S trade 162 Sculpture and decorative motifs 175 Cloister and conventual buildings 197 Associated archaeology 198 Antiquarianism and Romanticism 206 Melt o se Abb ey 211 Conclusion 212 Chapter Seven: Conclusion 215 Appendix A: Architectural Surveys 222 Bibliography 266 List of Plates 4.1: Convent to the south of Burrishoole Friary 71 5.1: Moyne Friary 88 5.2: Rosserk Friary 88 5.3: Lancet window in the north wall of the choir of Strade Friary 97 5.4: West doorway of Moyne Friary 107 5.5: West doorway of Rosserk Friary 108 5.6: Motif on the south side of the west doorway of Rosserk Friary 109 5. 7: West window of Moyne Friary 111 5.8: West window of Rosserk Friary 112 5.9: Archway leading into transept in Rosserk 113 5.10: Capital of octagonal pier in Moyne Friary 113 5.11: Secretarium and triple light window in the transept of Moyne Friary 116 5.12: Secretarium in the transept of Rosserk Friary 116 5.13: Letter ‘B’ on the eastern wall of chapel 2 in Moyne Friary 117 5.14: Window in the south wall of the transept of Moyne Friary 119 5.15: Piscina in the south wall of the chancel of Rosserk 121 5.16: East window of Moyne Friary 122 5.17: East window of Rosserk Friary 123 5.18: West side of the tower of Moyne Friary 125 5.19: West side of the tower of Rosserk Friary 126 5.20: Angel in the west spandrel of the piscina in the chancel of Rosserk 129 5.21: Foliate carving in the piscina in the chancel of Rosserk 129 5.22: Ship etching on the west wall of the nave of Moyne Friary 132 5.23: East side of the cloister of Moyne Friary 135 5.24: North side of the cloister of Rosserk Friary, now lacks a cloister garth 135 5.25: Ambulatory on the east side of the cloister in Moyne 138 5.26: Entrance to the cloister in Moyne situated on its south side 138 5.27: Sedile or reader’s bay in the refectory of Moyne 141 5.28: Exterior view of the sedile or reader’s bay in the refectory of Moyne 142 5.29: Fireplace in the kitchen of Moyne 144 5.30: Fireplace in the kitchen of Ross Emily 144 5.31: Aperture opening into the bakehouse of Ross Errilly 145 5.32: Rainwater being channelled away from the buildings at Rosserk 145 5.33: Remains associated with the mill which operated at Moyne 147 5.34: West wall of a post-Dissolution addition to the north of Moyne Friary 147 6.1: East window of Murrisk Friary 157 6.2: Chapter room window in Murrisk Friary 160 6.3: The tower of Burrishoole Friary, seen from the north west 163 6.4: Chancel arch in Strade Friary 165 6.5: Tracery window in the north transept of Strade Friary 167 6.6: Thirteenth century piscina in the chancel of Strade Friary 173 6.8: Tomb niche on the north side of the choir in Strade Friary 178 6.9: Figures of two of the Magi depicted on the Strade tomb frontal 179 6.10: The third Magi depicted on the Strade tomb frontal 180 6.11: Christ showing the five wounds depicted on the Strade tomb frontal 182 6.12: Kneeling figure depicted on the Strade tomb frontal 186 6.12: Mitred figure depicted on the Strade tomb frontal 187 6.14: Saint Peter, carrying a book and keys from the Strade tomb frontal 189 6.15: Saint Paul, carrying a book and sword from the Strade tomb frontal 190 6.16: Altar reredos beneath the east window in Strade Friary 195 6.17: Pious pelican in Strade Friary 195 6.18: The de Burgo O’Malley Chalice (National Museum of Ireland) 200 6.19: The Fiacail Phadraig (National Museum of Ireland) 203 6.20: Bones collected in Burrishoole Friary (Wynne Collection) 209 A.1: Carving of an angel on the south transept window in Rosserk 254 A.2: Carving on north-west corbel of Rosserk chancel arch 254 A.3: Carving on south-west corbel of Rosserk chancel arch 255 A.4: Carving on north-east corbel of Rosserk chancel arch 255 A.5: Angel carved on south wall of transept of Rosserk 256 Table of Figures 4.1: Mendicant houses established in Ireland 1400 to 1508 by diocese 59 4.2: New houses of the mendicant orders in Tuam archdiocese of 1400 to 1508 59 4.3: Organisation chart of a large medieval religious house 79 5.1: Schematic diagram of a plan for a monastery at Saint Gall 91 5.2: Ideal Cistercian layout, based on Jerpoint (after Leask, 1958) 94 5.3: Conjectural reconstruction of Grey Abbey (redrawn after Stalley, 1987) 95 5.4: Plan of Moyne Friary (redrawn after Mooney, 1957b) 103 5.5: Plan of Rosserk Friary (redrawn after Mooney 1958-59) 104 5.6: Round tower carving on the piscina in the chancel of Rosserk 130 5.7: Ship etching on the west wall of the nave of Moyne Friary 132 6.1: Plan of Murrisk Friary (redrawn after Leask, 1943) 156 6.2: Single light ogee-headed window from the south side of Murrisk Church 158 6.3: Plan of Burrishoole Friary (redrawn after on-site plan) 161 6.4: Plan of Strade Friary (redrawn after on-site plan) 164 6.5: Cross slab now located in the chancel of Strade Friary 169 6.6: Cross slab now located in the chancel of Strade Friary 170 6.7: Carved stones in the Dominican friary in Kilkenny 172 6.8: Random rubble masonry (after Stevens Curl, 1999) 174 6.9: Random coursed rubble masonry (after Stevens Curl, 1999) 174 6.10: Carving of a flower on the chancel arch in Strade Friary 196 6.11: Base of the de Burgo O’Malley chalice (after Blake, 1928) 201 6.12: Collection of skulls in Burrishoole Friary (Howard, 1855) 210 Table of Maps 1.1: Location of the case study sites in County Mayo 4 4.1: Cistercian houses in Ireland in 1228 (after Watt, 1998) 47 4.2: Franciscan Houses 1229-1336 (after Watt, 1998) 51 4.3: Dominican Houses 1224-1305 (after Watt, 1998) 52 4.4: Houses of the Franciscan First Order founded in late medieval Ireland (after Mooney, 1955) 60 4.5: Map comparing the number of houses suppressed in the Henrician and Elizabethan Dissolution campaigns (after Edwards, 1973) 83 List of Tables 3.1: Categorization of potentially applicable survey methods 34 4.1: Mendicant houses established in Ireland 1400 to 1508 (Watt, 1998) 57 4.2: Late medieval religious houses in Mayo 63 4.3: Key dates concerning the case study sites 73 4.4: The eight liturgical hours 75 6.1: Comparative iconography of sepulchres 184 The Mendicant Friaries in Late Medieval Mayo Glossary Arcade: A series of arches set on the same plane. Ashlar masonry: Stone cut and dressed with right-angled corners, having a regular shape. Aumbry: Recess in the church or sacristy wall, used for the storage of sacramental vessels. Capital: Uppermost member of a column or pier. Chamfer: Oblique surface produced by cutting a corner away at an angle, usually 45 degrees. Chancel: Eastern part of the church, site of the main altar. Crocket: Gothic ornamental feature, often foliated placed at regular intervals on the external edges of such features as hood mouldings, arches, gables and spires. Crossing: Point of intersection of nave, chancel and transept. Extrados: Outer extremity of the arch Finial: An ornament, sometimes foliated, at the top of a spire, pinnacle of a gable which acts as a terminal. Hood moulding: The projecting moulding of the arch over a door or window; also called a dripstone.
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