BF6821 All pages.qxd 14/10/03 9:20 AM Page 128 16 In The Mood for Love: Intersections of Hong Kong Modernity Audrey Yue INTERSECTION AND MODES OF with reporter Chow Mo-wan (Tony Leung Chiu- PRODUCTION wai) and housewife Su Li-zhen, usually referred to as Hong Kong, 1962. Two neighbours meet and seek ‘Mrs Chan’ (Maggie Cheung Man-yuk). Instead of solace in each other as they discover their respective Wong’s usual protagonists’ voice-over monologues spouses are having an affair. They play-act what they interweaving the narrative, the film follows his will say to their spouses when they confront them period martial arts epic, Ashes of Time, by opening with what they know. As they begin to spend more and ending with titles quoting from popular fiction: time together, they soon find that they too are falling in love and drifting into an affair. To allay neigh- It is a restless moment. bours’ gossip, one moves to work as a reporter in Sin- She has kept her head lowered, gapore. Four years later, in Cambodia covering To give him a chance to come closer. General de Gaulle’s visit, he finds himself unburden- But he could not, for lack of courage. ing the secret of this affair. She turns and walks away. The above synopsis of Wong Kar-wai’s In the Mood for Love (IMFL) reveals three sites of intersec- That era has passed. tion. First, there is the theme – the mood of love is He remembers those vanished years. rendered through the intersection of the sanctity of marriage and the restraint of the affair. Second, there Nothing that belonged to it exists any more. is the space – the narrative of the story is structured As though looking through a dusty window pane, through Hong Kong’s intersection with its region, The past is something he could see, but not touch. including Cambodia, Singapore and Thailand (where And everything he sees is blurred and indistinct. the film was shot). Third, there is the time – history is replaced by a Jamesonian display of post-modern This adapted narration from Liu Yichang’s novella historicism, where the past surfaces as an intersection Duidao reveals the three sites of intersection: a theme through the aesthetics of style. evoking a mood about two lovers and their failed The device of the intersection is a Wong Kar-wai encounter, a story that spatialises here and there, and hallmark. He has used two parallel stories since his a temporality that freezes memory in a perpetual directorial debut in 1988: triad big brother Ah Wah present.2 Wong explains the significance of intersec- and his younger buddy-lackey, Fly, in As Tears Go By; tion in a book accompanying IMFL: teddy boy Yuddy and the cop-sailor in Days of Being Wild; cop 663 and 223’s relationships with their The first work by Liu Yichang I read was Duidao. The respective lovers in Chungking Express; the hit man title is a Chinese translation of tête-bêche, which describes and his assistant in Fallen Angels; Evil East and stamps that are printed top to bottom facing each other. Poison West in Ashes of Time; and Yiu-fai and Bao- Duidao centres round the intersection of two parallel wing in Happy Together. Ackbar Abbas formulates stories – of an old man and a young girl. One is about this as ‘metonymic substitution’, a device of doubling memories, the other anticipation. To me, tête-bêche is where characters are interchangeable in a narrative more than a term for stamps or intersection of stories. cycle of repetition.1 It can be the intersection of light and colour, silence and IMFL features a similar parallel-story structure, tears. Tête-bêche can also be the intersection of time: for © Copyright Audrey Yue. Deposited to the University of Melbourne ePrints Repository with permission of the British Film Institute. Unauthorised reproduced prohibited. BF6821 All pages.qxd 14/10/03 9:20 AM Page 129 IN THE MOOD FOR LOVE 129 instance, youthful eyes on an aging face, borrowed words country, two systems’ administration. This can be on revisited dreams.3 seen in IMFL’s conception and release. The film originated when Wong visited Beijing for a month in This essay takes Wong’s evocation of tête-bêche as a 1996, and he gave it the working title Summer in Bei- point of departure for an exploration of intersection jing. He writes: ‘Between Summer in Beijing and In in the film. Two practices of tête-bêche as intersection the Mood for Love, eras changed, locales changed, and are evident in IMFL. First, tête-bêche is the intersec- the music changed. We moved from contemporary tion of Duidao and IMFL. The film intersects with jazz to nostalgic waltz.’6 IMFL is Wong’s first post- the novella through the cinema, the space of Hong 1997 film, shot on location in Thailand while film- Kong and China, and popular media from Hong ing 2046, a science-fiction film set fifty years after Kong, Taiwan, and South-east Asia.4 Second, tête- Hong Kong’s 1997 return, highlighting its status as a bêche resonates with the temporality of Hong Kong product of temporal (before and after 1997) and spa- before and after 1997, when the British colony tial (China, Hong Kong and South-east Asia) inter- returned to its socialist motherland, China. I have sections. In IMFL, ‘2046’ is the number of the hotel written elsewhere about how Hong Kong cinema room occupied by Chow. expresses this temporality of pre-post-1997 as a cul- These two practices of tête-bêche produce inter- ture that simultaneously forecasts and recollects.5 I section as a point in transition characterised by con- extend that idea here, to suggest that intersection vergence and divergence. In the next section below, I functions as a point in Hong Kong’s period of tran- use convergence to explore the cinema. I critically sition – both pre-1997 to Chinese rule and post- review the politics of recent theorisation of Hong 1997 in the following fifty years of the unique ‘one Kong cinema to interrogate how the mood of the popular is produced in the global reception of IMFL. In the section after that, I use divergence to examine the space between Hong Kong and China by expos- ing how the film uses Asian popular media to con- struct Hong Kong’s relationship to the region. I argue that convergence and divergence question the presumed intersections of Hong Kong modernity. IMFL captures this modernity as that which is accented by its specific history of emergence. My conclusion addresses the politics of its present by evaluating the film’s temporality through its aesthet- ics of style. A THEME OF CONVERGENCE: IN THE MOOD FOR THE HONG KONG POPULAR Convergence is a practice synonymous with media globalisation. In the past five years or so, the global- isation of Hong Kong cinema has witnessed the popularity in the West of the industry’s martial arts action genre, which has resulted in Hollywood pro- duced blockbuster ‘remakes’, celebrity advertising and the emergence of a new breed of pan-Asian super- stars in Hollywood. Against such a backdrop, the Wong Kar-wai film has also gained popularity, through the patronage of the likes of Quentin Taran- tino and the art-house and independent festival cir- In the Mood for Love: Tony Leung and Maggie Cheung. cuits. Using convergence as the first moment of BF6821 All pages.qxd 14/10/03 9:20 AM Page 130 130 CHINESE FILMS IN FOCUS intersection, I suggest here that the Wong Kar-wai neo-colonial new modern. The film’s theme – its genre functions as a site that crosses the high–low mood – governs this structure. divide stereotyping Hong Kong action cinema in the Most popular reviews of IMFL speak of it as ‘a West. I argue that as a site of convergence, the genre veritable mood piece’.8 It communicates claustro- reveals the practices of current Hong Kong cinema phobic desire. Bound by the legal union that a mar- theorisation and consumption to expose the politics riage demands and the transgression of an illicit surrounding Hong Kong cinema’s transnational suc- affection, Mr Chow and Mrs Chan try to curb their cess. This success is the result of Hong Kong’s tran- emotions. Claustrophobia is literalised through tight sition that has witnessed the migration of people, shot composition. Alleyways are angled from the cinema and industry throughout the world. turns of corners whilst interior shots of the apart- IMFL was released internationally in 2000 and ments and the rooms are encased by windows, corri- 2001, around the same time as Ang Lee’s award- dors, stairways and hallways, with characters framed winning Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Equally as through mid-shots, small tilts and slight pans. Yearn- critically acclaimed, the film’s numerous awards ing is structured through the finesse of Chang’s edit- included Best Actor (Leung) and Grand Prix tech- ing and cinematography – a brush of fabrics, a turn nique (Christopher Doyle, Mark Li Ping-Bin and of looks, a change in the film speed and tempo. William Chang) at Cannes 2000 and Best Actor, Theorisations of Wong’s films have attributed the Best Actress (Cheung), Best Costume Design claustrophobic effect of his trademark fish-eye wide- (Chang), Best Art Direction (Chang) and Best Edit- angle lenscape to his unique understanding of the ing (Chang) at the 20th Hong Kong Film Associ- city.9 These theorisations consign the city to a subject ation Awards. These accolades attest to Wong and a subjectivity by pointing to a prevailing Hong Kar-wai’s popularity.