INDEX

3-D viewing of inside of package, 282 turbulence compensation, 88 94GHz 3cm resolution, 267 turbulence compensation, ABL, 214–215 94GHz advantages Advanced-Concepts-Laboratory (ACL), 219 between light and microwaves, 265 aerosol, 252 94GHz attenuation with weather, 266 Airborne Laser, 210–223 94GHz interaction clothes, skin, water, 278 goal, plane, lasers, 211 94GHz radar, 265–276 Airborne Laser (ABL), 146, 160–164 block diagram, 268 Airborne Laser Laboratory (ALL), 160, 210 quasi-optical duplexer and cavity, 265 airborne laser tank buster, 228 system description, 267–268 Airborne Laser testbed rationale, 219 airborne pulsed lasers, 178 ABCD law, 24–26 all-optical computers feasibility, 286 ABL—Airborne Laser, 211 amplification stages example, 148 absorption, 129 amplified power Nd:YAG laser efficiency, active denial 149 abuse, 279 antenna for 94GHz radar, back view, 273 on humvee photo, 279 antisatellite satellites use EM active denial system,COPYRIGHTED 278–279 MATERIALradiation, 286 adaptive optics, 86–89, 208 array waveguide grating (AWG), 245–250 beam clean up, 88 atmospheric window at 94GHz, 278 devices, 86 atmospheric turbulence explanation, 82 for cleaning up main beam, 213 atmospheric window, 265 for cleaning up main beam in ABL, 214 atmospheric window at 94GHz, 266

Military Laser Technology for Defense: Technology for Revolutionizing 21st Century Warfare, First Edition. By Alastair D. McAulay. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

299 300 INDEX attenuation at 94GHz in drizzle, fog, rain, chemical pumping, 147 266 coherence length, 100, 105 autocorrelation function, 104 coherence time, 101 AWG—array waveguide grating coherent radiation operation, 246 advantage, 128 design, 249 importance, 129 output power, 248 complex self-coherence function, 104 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, backscatter coefficient, 256 231 beacon illuminator (BILL), 220 constructive interference, 38 beacon laser in adaptive optics, 212 controlled nuclear fusion chain reaction, beam compressors, 14 232 beam diffraction, 208 conversion to UV in NIF, 236 beam expander, 13 countermeasure pods against missiles, beam expander reduces turbulence, 176 225–226 beam splitter, 105 coupling to rotating antenna at 94 GHz, 271 beamforming with laser array, 171 cross coherence function, 104 beamlines in NIF, 235 cross-correlation function, 104 bending light beams, 63 crowd control, 278 blackbody radiation, 129 cyclotron, 177, 191 blooming, 208 cyclotron based laser, 146 body scanners cyclotron resonance masers 35GHz, 94GHz radar, passive, X-Ray, 279 see gyrotrons, 179 protest over naked pictures, 281 body scanning for hidden weapons, 279–282 danger from explosive EM bombs, 285 Boeing 747, 211 danger from nuclear explosion EMP, 284 Boltzman’s statistics, 129 debris in lower earth orbit problem, 275 boxcar, 40 deformable mirror device, 87, 214, 220 Bremsstrahlung, 127, 177 design for array waveguide grating, 249 Brewster angle, 233 design of diffractive element inverse problem, 73 C-130 carried COIL, 228 designing nuclear bombs after carbon-dioxide laser, 158 test-ban, 211 Cassegrain, 15 destroying electronics with EMP, 285 Cassegrain antenna, 273, 279 destructive interference, 38, 105 Cassegrain telescope, 253 π phase difference, 105 in ABL, 215 detecting chemical concentration, 264 cavity, 110 detecting concealed plastic explosives, 279 centroid monitor, 222 detecting future electron-cyclotron lasers, characteristics of high power lasers, 144 238 chemical oxygen-iodine laser detecting laser beams, 237 absorbing waste gases, 163–164 deuterium-tritium mixture, 232 cryoabsorption pump, 163 dielectric and dichroic mirrors, 213 exciting oxygen, 160–162 diffraction, 38 nozzles mix oxygen and iodine, 163 relation interference, 46 transfering oxygen excitation to iodine, scalar, 47–55 161–163 field at point, 48 chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL), 146, field from aperture, 50 160–164, 211, 220 spectrum analyzer, 258 INDEX 301 diffraction limited imaging, 56–60 Fizeau interferometer, 243–245 aperture, 56 flashlamp pumping, 233 diffractive optical element, 61–76 focusing 48 beams in space and time in NIF, direct bandgap, 129 235 direction finding for Gaussian beam, 242 focusing light in space and time, 176 directional-coupler, 105 focusing mirror in adaptive optics, 215 discs with turbulence phase screens, 221 forward computation through layers, 122 dither mirror in adaptive optics, 214 forward propagation for inspection, 284 DOE, see diffractive optical element Fourier transforms, 40–45 Doppler imaging at 94GHz, 276 uncertainty principle, 42–45 double heterostructure, 135 in space, 45 in time, 42–44 eddies from air conditioners, 92 Fraunhofer appoximation, 54 Einstein coefficient, 130–131 Fraunhofer diffraction for sin grating, 241 Einstein’s energy-mass equation, 232 free-electron laser, 146, 229 Einstein’s light-matter interaction, 129, 279 at low frequencies, 200 Einstein’s theory of special relativity, 178 Compton and Raman regions, 193 electrical pumping, 146 frequency range, 191 electromagnetic spectrum, 129 principles, 192–198 electron gun, 178 free-electron laser and maser, 191–203 electron gun modulation for gyroklystron, free-spectral range, 114 271 frequency doubling, 148, 149 electron-cyclotron frequency doubling for eye-safety, 149 amplifier, 179 Fresnel approximation, 51–54 principles, 179–183 frozen turbulence hypothesis, 86 electron-cyclotron lasers/masers, 177–190, future lasers to protect from ICBMS, 210 203 electronic warfare importance, 284 gas-dynamic laser, 146, 159–160 EM wave attenutation in atmosphere, pumping, 147 266–267 Gauss-Newton method, 122, 123, 283 EMP—electromagnetic pulse, 284 Gaussian beams, 20–29 entropy, 128 equations, 21 ergodicity, 79 lens optics, 26–29 etalon, 110 Geiger counter mode, 254 extreme power lasers generating EMP to destroy electronics, 285 for thermonuclear fusion, 211 geometric optics, 3, see ray theory extreme world lasers: NIF, MegaJoule, Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, 72–76 SG-III, GXII, OMEGA, HiPER, 232 German V2 in 1942, 207 eye-safe lasers, 144, 238 good lasing materials, 129 grating, 62–66 Fabry–Perot resonator, 109–116 bending rays, 63 Fabry–Perot spectrum analyzer, 257 cosinusoidal, 64 fast steering mirrors in adaptive optics, 214 efficiency, 261 fast velocity waves, 178 performance, 66 Fermat’s Principle, 4 resolution, 261 Fermi level, 133 spectrometer, 258, 259 fiber gyroscope, 108 grating estimates direction and frequency, fiber laser, 146 242 finding buried object from air, 201 grating for direction and frequency, 240 302 INDEX

Green’s theorem, 48 laser array beamforming Gulf war electronic warfare lesson, 284 equation, 172 gyrodevices, 177–190, 203 laser beam direction finding with grating, gyroklystron with quasi-optic resonator, 240 269–270 laser beam direction finding with lens, 242 gyrokylstron, 178 laser beam quality, 144 gyrotron, 179–183 laser diode, see semiconductor laser diode operating point, 182–183 laser diode pumped solid state lasers for ABL illumination aim point, 215 half wave plate, 31 laser for lidar, 253 Harman wave front sensing, 242 laser modes helical wiggler, 194 frequency separation, 167 high light intensity blockers, 171 laser principles, 127–139 high power semiconductor arrays, 140 laser pumping and resonance, 131–132 homing missile countermeasure system laser warning device characteristics, 238 operation, 227–228 laser warning devices, 239–250 overview, 224–226 types, 239 homing missile hot spots, 227 lasers protect from missiles, 207–230 Huygens, 38, 51 advantages, requirements, range, 208 launch beams, 10 IED—improvised explosive device, 284 layer matrix, 121 illumination aim point lasers, 213 layered model for package inspection, 283 in ABL, 215–216 layered model for turbulence, 90 image intensifier, 110 layout for array waveguide grating, 246 Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), 232 lenses and imaging, 10 inspecting unopened packages, 282–284 LIDAR, see lidar inspection by transmission or reflection, 282 lidar, 251–257 integrated optics, 245 3D imaging, 252 interference, 46 system description, 253–257 interferometer, 99–109 transmission loss, 257 International Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, 211 lidar antenna, 254 inverse computation for package content, lidar antenna gain, 255 284 lidar equation derivation, 254–257 inverse problem for layer identification, 122 light propagation through turbulence, 77–98 Jacobian matrix, 122 light waves, 127 jitter measurement, 222 Littrow condition, 260

K-band attenuation in atmosphere, 267 Mach–Zehnder interferometer, 105–107 Kolmogorov spectrum, 85 free-space, 105 covariance method, 95 integrated optics, 107 spectral method, 92 optical fiber, 105–107 Kolmogorov statistic turbulence model, 219 magnetic wiggler, 194 Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence, 83 design, 203 krypton fluoride laser, 146 magnetrons, 177 kylstrons, 177 magnifying glass, 12 Marx generator, 186 laser, 127 demonstration, 187 laser armed destroyer in development, 228 maser, 127 INDEX 303 materials for high power lasers, 147 rationale and losses, 271 matrix-method, 118–124 oxygen resonance in atmosphere, 266 Megajoule laser, 145 Megajoule laser, France, 231 p-n junction, 133–135 Michelson interferometer, 101–104 particle acceleration pumping, 147 microscope, 17 peak power microwave tubes, 177 for beamformed laser array, 171–173 microwaves, 127 for mode locked laser array, 176 military applications for lidar, 252 in Q-switched laser, 171 millimeter waves, 127, 265 performance of 94GHz radar system, 273 millimeter waves release tatoo toxins, 279 phase retarders, 31 missile guidance, 223 phase screens missiles, 207–230 covariance method, 94, 96 miter bends at high power 94GHz, 271 examples, 97 mode locked laser, 169 spectral method, 92 methods of implementing, 169 examples, 93 mode locked laser derive equation, 167–169 phase-only filter design, 73 modeling and tracking for ABL, 219–223 phases through AWG, 247 modeling turbulence piezo electric bounds on spatial frequency, 91 tuning, 116 monitoring satellite space from ground, 274 plane wave decomposition, 41 multiple warhead intercontinental missiles, Plank’s law, 129 209 platform dependence for laser, 238 Poincare´ sphere, 34 Nasmyth telescope, 253 polarization, 29–38 National Ignition Facility laser, 145, 211 controller, 36 national threat from EMP, 286 relation Stokes and Poincare,´ 35 NdGlass disk amplfiers, 233 population inversion, 129 NdGlass laser with extreme power, 231 potassium dihydrogen phosphate for UV, NdYAG laser, 145, 148 236 Q-switched, 148 power lasers, 143–164 NdYAG laser pumping, 148–149 methods of pumping, 146 NIF, National Ignition Facility, 231 power lasers table nose turret rotates in ABL, 215, 216 wavelength, power, efficiency, 145 nuclear ICBM shield, 211 prediction, 103 nuclear tipped ICBM threat, 209–211 problem list for Airborne Laser, 217–219 historical approach, 209–210 propagation through thin layers, 118 nuclear weapon threat, 231–236 protect aircraft from homing missiles, numerical computation of turbulence, 89 223–228 numerical computing, 55 protecting from terrorists, 277–287 pulsed beam breaks missile lock, 227 operation of sun, 232 pulsed high-power lasers, 165–176 optical advantages, 165 chemical detection, 107 virus detection, 107 Q-factor versus switching for resonator, 179 optical fiber less vulnerable than wire, 286 Q-switch laser energy and lifetime, 171 optical gyroscope, 108 Q-switched laser, 170–171 optical pumping, 129, 147 delayed cavity energy release, 170 overmoded transmission line in 94GHz radar quality factor for resonator, 179 304 INDEX quantum mechanics, 129 efficiency, 138, 139 quarter wave plate, 32 gain, 136–137 quasi-optical duplexer, 272–273 modes, 137 quasi-optical source at 94GHz, 269 threshold current, 138 sensing chemicals with lidar, 262–264 radar, 252 shooting missiles with CO2 laser, 160 random slowly varying amplitude approximation, fields, 78 154 processes, 78 Snell’s law, 5 range bin, 255 solgel, 107 range resolution of free-electron laser, 203 solid-state lasers, 148–158 ray theory, 3–18 spatial coherence, 100, 213 limits to ray theory, 6 improve with adaptive optics, 213 matrix representation, 9 spatial concentration of laser light paraxial optics, 3 beamforming, 171 ray equation, 6 spatial filter, 18 applications, 8 spatial filters improve spatial coheence, Rayleigh-Summerfield equation, 51 235 recovery time for NIF, 236 spectrometer, 257–262 reduced low angle multipath at 94GHz, 276 Fabry-Perot, 257 reducing EMP threat with optics, 286 grating, 258 relativistic electrons, 178 spectrum, 103 remote biological material detection, 252 spectrum analysis with AWG, 245 remote chemical weapon detection, 252 spontaneous emission, 130 removing scintillation, 222 star coupler integrated optic design, 246 resonance and child’s swing, 110 star wars, 210 resonant frequencies for Fabry–Perot, 110 stimulated emission, 127, 130 resonator bunching of electrons in static field, Fabry–Perot, 110–116 178 ring, 110 by bound electron states, 128–136 Stokes parameters, 33 safety of active denial system, 279 stopping cars with W-band beam, 285 Sagnac interferometer, 108–109 strain measurement saturable absorber, 171 aircraft wings, 106 scalar diffraction, 47–55 bridges, 106 scattering detection with lidar, 263 Strehl ratio, 222 second harmonic generation structure function, 79, 94 for frequency doubling, 150 power spectrum, 80 maximizing output power, 155 Styrofoam, cardboard transmit 94 GHz, 282 non-centrosymmetric crystals, 150 superconducting magnet for gyroklystron, phase matching by angle, 155–158 270 potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), 150 table top free-electron demonstration, wave formulation, 153 199–203 second order nonlinear table-top source destroys electronics, 285 susceptibility for SHG, 150 target designators, 238 semiconducor laser diode, 133–140 Tatarski spectrum, 85 semiconductor laser diode telescopes, 14–16 dynamics, 139 Cassegrain, 15 INDEX 305 temperature sensing Van Karmen spectrum, 85 fiber, 107 vircator high power pulsed source, integrated optics, 107 184–190 TeraWatt peak picosecond pulse laser, 232 advantages, structure, operation, 184 testbed experimental results for ABL, 222 demonstration unit, 190 testbed for ABL adaptive optics, 220–223 selecting output frequency, 186 thermal laser pumping, 159 visible electromagnetic spectrum, 129 thermonuclear bomb, 232 thermonuclear bomb design, 231 W-band, 266, 277 thin-film filter, 118 clothes transparent, skin reflects, threat to aircraft from shoulder 279 missiles, 223 wave front sensor, 220 tracking illuminator (TILL), 220 wave plates, 31 tracking lock on homing missile, 227 wavefront sensor, 87, 214 tracking lower earth orbit debris, 275 wavelength estimation with grating, 241 transmission detection with lidar, 262 Wiener-Khintchine theorem, 80, 103 transmission through layer stack, 122 wiggler, 192 triggering of IEDs from cell phones, 284 turbulence X-Ray life-time accumulation danger, 279 degrade missile performance, 208 X-Rays, 127 statistics, 78–82 temporal, 86 yaw gimballed mirror in ABL, 215 turbulence effects in beam direction, 242 turbulence light propagation, 77 zinc selenide, 213 turbulence over long distances, 86 zone plate, 66–72 turbulence parameters for phase screens, 221 design and computation, 68–76 two cavity gyroklystron, 269 focusing, 67