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Chaetoceros, Amphora, Biddulphia, Lyrella, Mastogloia Y Diploneis

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Chaetoceros, Amphora, Biddulphia, Lyrella, Mastogloia Y Diploneis 14 DIATOMEAS De las aguas costeras de las Islas Canarias Alicia Ojeda Créditos Edita: Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información Gobierno de Canarias Autora: Alicia Ojeda Rodríguez Diseño y maquetación: BlaBla Comunicación • www.blablacomunicacion.com Impresión: Gutemberg Digital, S.L. Copyright © 2011 Alicia Ojeda Rodríguez - Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (Gobierno de Canarias) Reservados todos los derechos. Queda rigurosamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, sin el permiso expreso y por escrito de los titulares de los derechos. Depósito Legal: GC-174-2011 DIATOMEAS De las aguas costeras de las Islas Canarias RESUMEN Se ha realizado un estudio taxonómico de las diatomeas marinas de aguas costeras del sureste de la isla de Gran Canaria y de la charca de Los Clicos en Lanzarote, Islas Canarias. Las 165 especies identificadas se clasifican en 13 órdenes de la clase Coscinodiscophyceae, 10 de la clase Fragilariophyceae y 9 pertenecientes a la clase Bacillariophyceae. Cada una de las especies se acompaña de fotografías originales, referencias bibliográficas, descripción, datos biométricos, forma de vida, ecología e información sobre su distribución. La mayoría son especies cosmopolitas de aguas litorales templadas-tropicales o de ámplia distribución geográfica. Los géneros con mayor número de especies identificadas son:Chaetoceros, Amphora, Biddulphia, Lyrella, Mastogloia y Diploneis. Se señalan 38 nuevos registros para las Islas Canarias y para 5 se amplía su distribución en la región. Las muestras fueron recolectadas con red de arrastre de 50 µm de luz de malla. ABSTRACT A taxonomic study on the marine diatoms from the southeast coast of Gran Canaria island and the lagoon Los Clicos in Lanzarote island, Canary Islands, is described. One hundred sixty five taxa belonging to 13 orders of the class Coscinodiscophyceae, 10 of the class Fragilariophyceae and 9 of the class Bacillariophyceae, were observed. Descriptions of the species are supplemented with selected references, original photographs, biometric data and ecological and distribution data. Most of the identified species were cosmopolitan in temperate-tropical neritic waters or widespread species. The best represented genera were: Chaetoceros, Amphora, Biddulphia, Lyrella, Mastogloia and Diploneis. Thirty eight species are new records in the Canary Islands and for five the distribution is enlarged. For the sampling collection a plankton net of the 50 µm were used. Inf. Téc. Inst. Canario Cienc. Mar. n°14 3 ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 9 Objetivos 9 Características generales 10 Estructura de las diatomeas 11 Usos convencionales 12 2. METODOLOGÍA 15 3. GLOSARIO TERMINOLÓGICO 17 4. LISTADO TAXONÓMICO DE LOS ORGANISMOS IDENTIFICADOS 25 ¬ Clase Coscinodiscophyceae 25 Thalassiosirales 25 Chrysanthemodiscales 25 Melosirales 25 Coscinodiscales 26 Asterolamprales 26 Triceratiales 26 Biddulphiales 27 Hemiaulales 28 Lithodesmiales 28 Corethrales 28 Rhizosoleniales 28 Chaetocerotales 29 Leptocylindrales 29 ¬ Clase Fragilariophyceae 30 Fragilariales 30 Licmophorales 30 Rhaphoneidales 30 Ardissoneales 30 Toxariales 30 Thalassionematales 30 Rhabdonematales 31 Striatellales 31 Cyclophorales 31 Climacospheniales 31 ¬ Clase Bacillariophyceae 31 Lyrellales 31 Mastogloiales 32 Achnanthales 32 Naviculales 32 Thalassiophysales 33 Bacillariales 34 Rhopalodiales 34 Surirellales 34 ÍNDICE 5. FICHAS DIATOMEAS 35 6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 201 7. AGRADECIMIENTOS 215 8. ÍNDICE DE LAS ESPECIES 217 DIATOMEAS De las aguas costeras de las Islas Canarias 1 INTRODUCCIÓN En Canarias, el grupo de los dinoflagelados ha sido bien estudiado, en términos generales (Ojeda, 2005). Sin embargo, no existe un estudio florístico de las diatomeas de las aguas costeras, las cuales permanecen casi desconocidas en cuanto a trabajos publicados sobre taxonomía e iconografía en general y específica. Hasta el presente, la información científica se reduce a listados sobre diversidad de especies (Gil-Rodríguez et al., 2003), taxonomía de un orden (Ojeda et al., 2001; Ojeda, 2003 a, b) o bien, estudios puntuales (Ojeda et al., 2005; van den Heuvel et al., 1985; van den Heuvel 1991), junto con informes de poblaciones fitoplanctónicas realizados en distintas campañas oceanográficas cuyo objetivo fundamental era la prospección y evaluación de los recursos pesqueros en la plataforma y talud de las Islas Canarias (Bordes et al., 1987, 1993, 2002). OBJETIVOS Este trabajo reúne la información sobre los taxa de diatomeas marinas, planctónicas y ticoplanctónicas, obtenidas del estudio de muestras colectadas en la costa sureste de Gran Canaria y algunas especies observadas en lugares tan singulares como la Charca de Los Clicos (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias). Se presenta un catálogo de 165 especies, 77 pertenecientes al grupo de las diatomeas céntricas y 88 a las pennadas, la mayoría determinadas a nivel específico. Se han confeccionado fichas de las especies por orden taxonómico, en donde figura: • Nombre específico y autoría. • Fotografías realizadas al microscopio óptico (MO) o invertido (MI) y, en ocasiones, esquemas para resaltar las peculiaridades de su esqueleto. • Basiónimo y sinónimos de la especie. • Referencias bibliográficas utilizadas para la identificación. • Descripción: forma y estructuras del frústulo. • Forma de vida: solitarias o formando colonias. • Dimensiones: rango de medidas del frústulo. Inf. Téc. Inst. Canario Cienc. Mar. n°14 9 1 INTRODUCCIÓN • Ecología: modo de vida, época del año en que ha sido observada en las muestras o presenta una mayor abundancia. • Distribución geográfica. • Observaciones: primera cita en aguas de las Islas Canarias o ampliación de su distribución en la región. Características GENERALES Las diatomeas constituyen una parte muy importante del fitoplancton tanto por el número de especies que lo representan como por el papel que juegan en la ecología de los ecosistemas.Estudios sobre registros citológicos y fósiles sugieren que se originaron hace 180-250 millones de años. No obstante, hay pruebas morfológicas que indican que su origen se remonta al Cámbrico, hace alrededor de 542 m.a. Son algas unicelulares, eucariotas, generalmente son células aisladas, pero pueden formar colonias o cadenas más o menos largas e incluso, tener un aspecto dendroide. El tamaño puede variar entre 2 micras y 2 milímetros (en las especies marinas generalmente entre 50-500 micras). El número de especies aceptadas es igualmente muy variable, algunos autores establecen 10.000-12.000 (Hasle & Syvertsen, 1997), otros estiman aproximadamente 50.000 (Round & Crawford, 1984) o incluso 100.000 (Round & Crawford, 1989). Se han identificado alrededor de 1.400-1.800 especies marinas de las cuales 870-1.000 son diatomeas céntricas (Sournia et al., 1991). La mayoría son planctónicas, aunque existen muchas especies bentónicas que viven sobre un sustrato inorgánico (rocas, granos de arena, barro, etc.) u orgánico, epífitas. Cuando viven sobre plantas constituyen el perifison, sobre animales se denominan epizoicas. Parte de las diatomeas bentónicas pueden ser suspendidas por acción del viento o del oleaje constituyendo el ticoplancton. Son organismos fotosintetizadores, la fijación del carbono se realiza a través del ciclo de Calvin, pero en ambientes inhóspitos puede existir la fotoheterotrófia pudiendo tomar aminoácidos exógenos. Otras son heterótrofas facultativas, pueden vivir en la oscuridad manteniendo la capacidad fotosintética, e incluso, se conocen algunas especies apigmentadas que viven saprofíticamente en el mucílago del talo de ciertas feofitas y que parecen ser mutantes de especies fotosintéticas. Los pigmentos fotosintéticos (clorofila a y c al igual que los carotenoides) están almacenados en los tilacoides de los cloroplastos. Los cloroplastos, presentan una gran variedad tanto en el color como en su estructura, pudiendo ser de color amarillo-verdoso o marrón-dorado, las formas varían desde estrelladas (Striatella), discoidales (Coscinodiscus), estructuras aplanadas periféricas (Pinnularia) o en forma de H (Gomphonema). Las diatomeas son especialmente importantes en los océanos, donde se calcula que proporcionan hasta el 45% del total de la producción primaria y cerca del 35% del oxígeno que respiramos. La forma más frecuente de reproducción de las diatomeas es de manera asexual, por división celular (multiplicación vegetativa). La célula madre se divide dando lugar a dos células hijas que heredan una de las valvas parentales (epivalva) y forman en el interior de la célula madre dos nuevas valvas más pequeñas (hipovalva). La repetición de este proceso da lugar a la disminución progresiva del tamaño valvar, por lo menos de una de las valvas, en cada división. Otra forma de multiplicación asexual consiste en la formación de esporas, las cuales pueden permanecer inactivas cuando las condiciones ambientales no son favorables, hasta que germinan a una determinada temperatura y salinidad. La pared de la espora puede ser usada para formar la pared del nuevo frústulo. 10 Inf. Téc. Inst. Canario Cienc. Mar. n°14 DIATOMEAS De las aguas costeras de las Islas Canarias Las diatomeas también se pueden reproducir de manera sexual, mediante la fusión de dos gametos haploides y posterior formación de una célula de gran tamaño, la auxospora (cigoto). Esta forma de reproducirse está relacionada con el alcance del tamaño crítico tras sucesivas divisiones vegetativas, se considera un proceso mediante el cual las células
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