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Morphology and Distribution of Some Marine Diatoms, Family Rhizosoleniaceae, Genus Rhizosolenia, in Korean Coastal Waters

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Morphology and Distribution of Some Marine Diatoms, Family Rhizosoleniaceae, Genus Rhizosolenia, in Korean Coastal Waters Research Article Algae 2011, 26(2): 141-152 DOI: 10.4490/algae.2011.26.2.141 Open Access Morphology and distribution of some marine diatoms, family Rhizosoleniaceae, genus Rhizosolenia, in Korean coastal waters Suk Min Yun1,a, Sang Deuk Lee1 and Jin Hwan Lee1,* 1Department of Green Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Korea The present study describes the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of species belonging to the diatom genus Rhizosolenia in Korea’s marine coastal waters. From September 2008 to February 2010, we collected phytoplankton sam- ples at 30 sites along the Korean coastline and studied them by light and scanning electron microscopy. We found 6 rhi- zosolenid genera in our samples: Rhizosolenia, Dactyliosolen, Guinardia, Pseudosolenia, Proboscia, and Neocalyptrella. In the present paper, we studied the following rhizosolenid species and compared them with congeners: R. pungens, R. fallax, R. imbricata, Rhizosolenia sp. 1, and Rhizosolenia sp. 2. The morphology of R. pungens exhibits important diag- nostic characteristics in its girdle segment structure in the column and in its external process. To distinguish R. fallax and R. imbricata, the most important characteristics are the striation and the velum structure. R. pungens occurred in our samples all along the Korean coast. Only rarely did we find R. imbricata in the samples and at low abundance. We recorded R. fallax, Rhizosolenia sp. 1 and Rhizosolenia sp. 2 for the first time in Korean waters, but they rarely occurred. Key Words: distribution; Korean waters; morphology; Rhizosolenia; scanning electron microscopy; taxonomy INTRODUCTION The diatom genus Rhizosolenia Brightwell (1858) is lyptrella Hernández-Becerril and Meave, Pseudosolenia one of the most important marine diatom genera and Sundström, Proboscia Sundström, and Urosolenia Round occasionally dominates the phytoplankton biomass in and Crawford. All these genera are found solely in marine highly productive oceanic regions (Sundström 1986). environments except Urosolenia, which is restricted to Traditionally, Rhizosolenia species commonly exhibit a fresh waters (Edlund and Stoermer 1993, Rott et al. 2006). girdle segment structure in the column and a particular Shim (1994) reported finding the genusRhizosolenia shape of the external processes, otaria, claspers, and the and several species of the genus Guinardia H. Peragallo contiguous area (Sundström 1986, Hasle and Syvertsen and Dactyliosolen Castracane in the family Rhizosole- 1996). niaceae in Korea’s coastal waters. Lee (1995) added 2 Ehrenberg (1843) established Rhizosolenia, with R. genera to a checklist of Korean coastal waters: Proboscia americana as the type species. Later, Hustedt (1930), and Pseudosolenia. Since then, others have performed Hasle (1975), Sundström (1986), Round et al. (1990), and further studies of Rhizosolenia and other related taxa in Hernández-Becerril and Meave del Castillo (1996, 1997) Korea. However, the species identifications, synonymies reviewed the genus. The genus Rhizosolenia comprises a and phylogenetic system of the genus Rhizosolenia and number of genera with particular morphologies: Neoca- other related taxa are yet insufficient. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Received 2 February 2011, Accepted 26 April 2011 Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://cre- Corresponding Author ativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted * non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, E-mail: [email protected] provided the original work is properly cited. Tel: +82-2-2287-5152, Fax: +82-2-2287-0098 aPresent address: Laboratory of Plankton Ecology, Korea Insti- tute of Coastal Ecology, Inc., Bucheon 421-808, Korea Copyright © The Korean Society of Phycology 141 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Algae 2011, 26(2): 141-152 The present study examined planktonic diatoms of the RESULTS genus Rhizosolenia from coastal Korea’s waters. We stud- ied morphological details by scanning electron micros- Table 2 summarizes the characteristics we observed copy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) and discussed in the Rhizosolenia species studied here. Each descrip- their taxonomies and distributional data. tion includes references for identification, LM, and SEM. Sundström (1986) suggested the following systematics and phylogenetic allocation of the members of the fam- MATERIALS AND METHODS ily Rhizosoleniaceae. Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel 1878 From August 2008 to February 2009, we collected phy- Order Centrales Hustedt 1930 toplankton samples from Korean coastal waters (Table Suborder Rhizosoleniineae Simonsen 1979 1), by vertically towing a 20 μm mesh net and immedi- Family Rhizosoleniaceae De Toni 1890 ately fixed the samples with neutralized formalin (final Genus Rhizosolenia Brightwell 1858 concentration 5%), glutaraldehyde (final concentration R. pungens (Cleve-Euler) Brunel 1962 2%) and Lugol’s solution. To remove organic matter in R. fallax Sundström 1986 the diatom cells, we used the method described by Hasle R. imbricata Brightwell 1858 and Fryxell (1970) and Simonsen (1974). The resultant Rhizosolenia sp. 1 materials were examined under an Axioskop 40 light mi- Rhizosolenia sp. 2 croscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) and photographed with an MRc 5 camera (Carl Zeiss) and a scanning elec- Rhizosolenia pungens (Cleve-Euler) Brunel, 1962 tron microscope (JSM-5600LV; Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). To (Fig. 1, A-F) analyze diatoms’ sizes, we employed image calcula- tion software (AxioVision AC version 4.5; Carl Zeiss). To Brunel 1962, p. 66, Pl. 4, Figs 5 & 6; Hernández-Becerril identify previous reports of each taxon, we considered 1995, p. 264, Figs 36-40; Hasle and Syvertsen 1996, p. 157, catalogues by Cupp (1943), Hendey (1964), Sundström Pl. 30; Sar 1996, p. 381; Sunesen and Sar 2007, p. 634, Figs (1986), Hasle and Syvertsen (1996). Terminology followed 35-47. general proposals by Ross et al. (1979), Sundström (1986), The cells are solitary or in pairs, cylindrical, bilater- Round et al. (1990) and Hasle and Syvertsen (1996). ally symmetrical, circular in cross-section, and 4.1-16.7 Table 1. Collection site information for the Rhizosolenia specimens examined in the present study Species Sampling date Location Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Rhizosolenia pungens Feb 12, 2009 Jeju Island 33°16.571 126°43.021 May 03, 2009 Daecheon Harbor 36°18.203 126°30.925 May 20, 2009 Wolseng 35°43.836 129°29.225 Jun 25, 2009 Geoje Island 34°59.588 128°40.519 Jul 25, 2009 Oido Island 37°20.731 126°41.181 R. fallax Sep 22, 2008 Yellow Sea 35°30.521 124°10.773 Feb 12, 2009 Jeju Island 33°14.186 126°19.985 Feb 12, 2009 Jeju Island 33°33.087 126°41.016 May 20, 2009 Wolseng 35°43.836 129°29.225 Jun 25, 2009 Geoje Island 34°59.588 128°40.519 Oct 15, 2009 Yangyang 38°07.411 128°37.961 R. imbricata Sep 22, 2008 Yellow Sea 35°30.521 124°10.773 Rhizosolenia sp. 1 Sep 22, 2008 Yellow Sea 35°30.521 124°10.773 Rhizosolenia sp. 2 Sep 22, 2008 Yellow Sea 35°30.521 124°10.773 DOI: 10.4490/algae.2011.26.2.141 142 Table 2. Morphological characteristics of Rhizosolenia species examined in this study Cell Segment Areolae External process Species Diameter Pervalvar axis Horizontal Perpendicular Striation Outline shape Segment in Valve in (μm) length (μm) axis length axis length (velum) 10 μm 10 μm 143 Shape Length Diameter (μm) (μm) (μm) (μm) Narrow silt Rhizosolenia 4.1-16.7 Swollen 36.7-97.5 4.1-16.7 4.0-4.3 Regularly (in valve), 30-45 30 - - etal. Yun pungens (n = 29) needle (n = 21) (n = 29) (n = 2) straight rounded (n = 9) (n = 1) (in segment) Rounded Morphology andDistribution of 2.2-13.9 70.0-248.5 Tapering 3.3-9.1 2.2-13.9 6.0-14.5 Straight in center, 20-42 21-22 R. fallax - rectangular (n = 46) (n = 12) tube (n = 21) (n = 46) (n = 6) curved in side (n = 10) (n = 3) (straight) Rounded 7.3-60.0 246.7-400.0 Narrow 6.7-13.3 7.3-60.0 10.0-18.2 Curved to 21-26 R. imbricata - rectangular - (n = 29) (n = 10) distal tube (n = 12) (n = 29) (n = 23) center (n = 2) (diagonal) Rounded 15.5-35.3 176.5-394.4 Tapering 9.3-10.3 15.5-35.3 11.7-12.8 Straight in center, 30-34 21 Rhizosolenia sp. 1 - rectangular (n = 9) (n = 4) tube (n = 3) (n = 9) (n = 6) curved in side (n = 6) (n = 2) (straight) http://e-algae.kr Rhizosolenia Rounded 7.6-20.8 426.7-437.0 Tapering 9.4-17.5 7.6-20.8 12.0-15.8 Curved to 26-35 26-35 Rhizosolenia sp. 2 - rectangular (n = 26) (n = 2) needle (n = 8) (n = 26) (n = 11) center (n = 10) (n = 5) (diagonal) -, no data. Algae 2011, 26(2): 141-152 A B E C D F Fig. 1. Rhizosolenia pungens. (A) Apical part of valve, light microscopy (LM). (B) Apical part of valve with invisible clasper (arrow), LM. (C) Apical part of valve, external process, clasper (thin arrow), and thin groove shaped contiguous area (thick arrow), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (D) Basal part of external process, which lacks otaria, SEM. (E) Thin, groove-shaped contiguous area (arrow), SEM. (F) Detail of areola, one of the nar- row, slit-shaped areolae in girdle segments, SEM. Scale bars represent: A & C, 10 μm; B, 20 μm; D, 2 μm; E & F, 5 μm. μm in diameter. The valve is sharply sub-conical, elon- areolae are poroid, external areolae with slit-like pores, gated, with a tapering needle-shaped process, almost 30 in 10 μm, and have a secondary quincuncial pattern. straight, basally shallow up to the middle and 36.7-97.5 Scattered pores are circular, occurring in irregular dis- μm in length. A contiguous area is present and otaria are tribution among the areolae or taking the place of some absent.
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