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36..K-30;-J0436$D6$343$74.4F$56.$5494=86<<-:$03$83-$<09610J0436$7/-3501-$6$<0/4<<6316$/A6$-3J0/Ai$ 9<458<<6$83-$96<501-$50$76374:$76;@<-$507/A0856<36$384>0$.0>6..0:$-3/A6$.-554>6$0$<0?6<0;6310$-..-$ 714<0-$6$-..-$;6;4<0-$70$?-334$90L$<-<6?-110C$E47r:$03$4566"/#70/*$50$,-;4<8$P4745-$D%''(F:$0.$ 9416<6$343$70$037/<0>6$90L$-.$/631<4$56..-$/0112$<6-.6:$;-$50.-=-$36..4$79-J04$>0<18-.6C$]3/4<-$83-$ >4.1-$0.$9<41-=43071-$I$83$-54.67/6316:$M63s0:$.0/6-.6$=630-.6$;-$/43$9<[email protected];0$50$74/0-.0JJ-J0436:$/A6 $ -..K0;9<4>>074$83$;-11034$70$<07>6=.0-$-.$/631<4$50$83$507-71<4_$NJ:$0.$;4354$0;;-16<0-.6$54>6$I$ 74.014$1<-7/4<<6<6$.-$;-==04<$9-<16$56.$9<49<04$16;94$DZ0=C$)F:$I$71-14$>04.-14$5-$G4>6$,-/A036:$ 83K0316..0=63J-$-<10?0/0-.6$/A6$70$I$0;9-5<4301-$56.$784$-//4831:$65$I$9<6/0901-14$36.$/-47C$NJ$I$ 8@0U84$6$03-??6<<[email protected]:$7>03/4.-14$5-0$.0;010$0;94710$5-$79-J04$6$16;94:$6$/431<4..-$4=30$703=4.4$ 70716;- $6.611<430/4 $56.$9-676_$G4>6 $,-/A036 $70$0;9-5<4307/6 $50$U86714 $03/<[email protected] $94163J0-.6:$ 03=0=-31635470$6$79-35635470$763J-$/431<4..4:$-<<0>-354$-$;03-//0-<6$343$74.4$0.$T0-99436$;-$0.$ ;4354$0316<4C$Z034$-..K0;9.470436$?03-.6C$ !"& :%9;F !.$?-7/034$50$4566"/#70/*$I$18114$36..-$5071490/-$56/471<8J0436$56.$<6-.6:$56..6$786$71<8118<6$6$ /-16=4<06 $ ?435-310: $ 03 $ 83- $ 7433-//A047- $ U841050-3012 $ /A6 $ >0636 $ @<87/-;6316 $ 796JJ-1- $ 5-.$ ;-30?671-<70$50$83$9416<6$03/431<[email protected]$966$,-/A036$7?05-$.-$16<<-$I$U8-314$;-0$<6-.6CCC$G-$;03-//0-$343$1<4>-$90L$ 83-$<-99<67631-J0436$=<-?0/4R-0-;4$03$83$;4354$76;9<6$90L$>0<18-.0JJ-14:$03$/80$=<-J06$-..-$16/34.4=0-$.K4==6114$ 7>-94<-$36..-$9<49<0-$<09<458J0436:$03$34;6$50$U86..-$/A6$I$71-1-$56?0301-$"*&"&%$0$A",,0#*30/%G%2("*';# h<0>-14$560$.0;010$4==6110>0:$.K6.6;6314$--$-..-$56<0>-:$=-..6==0-$03$83$616<6$6.611<430/4$ 79<4>>0714$50$50;6370430$79-J0-.0:$037/<0114$36..-$74.-$16;94<-.012$50$83-$50??870436$071-31-36- **C g86714$.4$7/63-<04$36.$U8-.6$0<<4;9434$0$5<-;;-10/0$6>6310$56..K**$;- h-4.-$"/<4.->6JJ- !"' ! Akira in Giappone fu il film più visto del 1988, e l’anno successivo replicò il successo negli USA e in Europa, dove, osannato da pubblico e critica, a tutt’oggi viene considerato il lungometraggio che ha segnato l’inizio del boom dell’animazione giapponese. $ Susan Napier, Anime from Akira to Howl’s Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 39-48. % Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2001, pp. 3-4. " Il film di Rintar si ricollega all’omonimo manga di Osamu Tezuka del 1949, a sua volta ispirato al capolavoro di Fritz Lang del 1927. Il filo che unisce le tre opere è tuttavia molto tenue, essendo tutte profondamente radicate nel contesto storico all’interno del quale si sono prodotte: rimane la potente dimensione distopica sulla quale il futuro è proiettato, la riflessione sul corpo, sull’essenza e la riproducibilità dell’essere umano, sulle responsabilità di una scienza irrimediabilmente collusa con il potere. Per un approfondimento di queste tematiche si rimanda a Lawrence Bird, “States of Emergency: Urban Space and the Robotic Body in the Metropolis Tales”, Mechademia, vol. 3, 2008, pp. 127- 148. & Tange, lo ricordiamo brevemente, è stato profondamente influenzato dai maestri del modernismo, in particolare da Le Corbusier. ' Lawrence Bird, “States of Emergency: Urban Space and the Robotic Body in the Metropolis Tales”, op. cit. ( Sharalyn Orbaugh, “Emotional Infectivity: Cyborg Affect and the Limits of the Human”, Mechademia, vol. 3, 2008, pp. 150-172. ) Con il termine hibakusha si indicano coloro che riuscirono a sopravvivere al bombardamento atomico di Hiroshima e Nagasaki. * Il tema della perdita dell’innocenza è sottolineato dalla presenza di protagonisti adolescenti come Tima, Kenichi, Tetsuo: figure liminali, sulla soglia fra l’infanzia e l’età adulta, simboleggiano la parte più autentica e fragile dell’umanità, il suo futuro. !# Paul Virilio, Estetica della sparizione, Napoli, Liguori, 1992. In Virilio, per la precisione, l’estetica della sparizione descrive l’attuale derealizzazione dell’esperienza derivante dall’alienazione tecnologica. !! Paul Virilio, Lo spazio critico, Bari, Dedalo, 1998, p. 10. !$ Questo breve saggio rientra in un progetto di ricerca più ampio sul ruolo degli spazi urbani nelle narrative del Giappone contemporaneo. Mi ripropongo di approfondire ulteriormente gli spunti qui proposti, e gli interrogativi rimasti irrisolti in successive pubblicazioni, in particolare Paola Scrolavezza, Punto. Linea. Cerchio. 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,-.2$,-/,$A.1?$<3,.+,=/>E$e.8.+,>?9$,-.1.$/1.$D//=2$,-/,$,-.$V565;-=2/$ /88=:.+,$+..:;$,3$B.$.T-/5;,=A.>?$5+:.1;,33:$B.031.$=,$8/+$B.$1.<1.;.+,.:$=+$2/+C/$`$K5;,$>=6.$QR#$ B.8/2.$<3;;=B>.$3+>?$:.8/:.;$/0,.1$,-.$/,32=8$B32B$-/:$B..+$:13<<.:$3+$U=13;-=2/[email protected]$/;$ ,-.$:=;85;;=3+$/B3A.$-3<.05>>?$;5CC.;,;9$2/+C/$C3.;$B.?3+:$Z5+:.1;,/+:=+C[O$1/,-.19$=,$=;$/$2.:=/$ @-=8-$8/+$C=A.$1=;.$,3$;3>=:/1=,?$B?$;-/1=+C$.23,=3+;$/+:$B?$83225+=8/,=+C$,-=+C;$;5<<1.;;.:$B?$ ,-.$8.+,1/>=L.:$D/>.+C.$+3@$=;$,3$5+03>:$,-=;$Z2/+C/.;45.[$<3,.+,=/>$=+$/$ ;38=/>$2/++.19$@=,-35,$B.=+C$83+;,1/=+.:$B?$/+/8-13+=;,=8$23:.>;$30$1./:=+C$2/+C/$/+:$/+=2.E D/45.>=+.$b.1+:, *^( * Small-press distribution of the first English translation since 1978. See Roger Sabin, “Barefoot Gen in the US and UK: Activist Comic, Graphic Novel, Manga”, in Jaqueline Berndt, Steffi Richter (eds.), Reading Manga: Local and Global Perceptions of Japanese Comics, Leipzig, Leipzig University Press, 2006, pp. 39-58. Bill Randall introduced GEN as “one of the first manga translated, perhaps the most important, and certainly one of the best handled.” See Bill Randall, “Manga in English: For Better or Worse”, The Comics Journal, vol. 5, March 2005, p. 3. % Hadashi no Gen (1983, ca. 83 min.), directed by Masaki Mori; Hadashi no Gen 2 (1986, ca. 83 min.), directed by Toshio Hirata. N Takayuki Kawaguchi, “Barefoot Gen and ‘A-bomb Literature’: Re-recollecting the Nuclear Experience”, in Jaqueline Berndt (ed.), Comics Worlds and the World of Comics, Kyoto, 2010, pp. 233-44 (http://imrc.jp/lecture/2009/12/comics- in-the-world.html). ) Roland Barthes (L’empire des signes, 1970), during his three visits to Japan 1966-1968, missed out on manga as a particular “empire of signs”, although weeklies such as Sh nen Magazine had already a print-run of 1 million copies back then. ^ The animated films have been screened at schools and on TV more frequently than the live-action adaptation which preceded them in 1976. The first animated GEN film is supposed to have influenced the representation of the A-bomb drop in Sh hei Imamura’s film Black Rain (1989). W Brophy includes the first animated GEN film in his guide on “anime”, but Japanese Animation Studies does not necessarily regard all animation made in Japan as “anime”, even if the word is in wide use now, for the sake of convenience. By tendency, “anime” refers to TV series, rendered in the limited (or selective mode) of cel animation, leaning heavily on specialized voice actors and their stylization, addressing non-infant viewers with fantastic narrative settings, inviting empathy or even affective participation on several levels (including mecha designs and erotic “fan service”). See Philip Brophy, “Barefoot Gen (Hadashi no Gen)”, in AA.VV., 100 Anime (BFI Screen Guides), London, BFI, 2005, pp. 40-42. M See Yoshiaki Fukuma,“‘Genbaku manga’ no mediashi” (“A media history of A-bomb manga”), in Kazuma Yoshimura, Yoshiaki Fukuma (eds.),“Hadashi no Gen” ga ita f kei (“The Landscape of Barefoot Gen: War, Manga, and Memory”), Matsudo, Azusa, 2006, p. 24. & Subsequently in Shimin, Bunka hy ron and Ky iku hy ron. For details see Y It , Tomoyuki Omote, Barefoot“ Gen in Japan: An Attempt at Media History”, in J. Berndt, S. Richter (eds.), op. cit., pp. 22-23; K. Yoshimura, Y. Fukuma (eds.) op. cit. ( Available in Japanese today are the book edition by Ch bunsha (10 vols.), a partially revised one by Ch k ronsha (10 vols.), and the “Jump Comics” edition by Sh eisha for convenience stores (2005, 4 vols.) limited to the installments of the first 15 months which were published in Jump magazine. Last Grasp published the complete 10-volume English translation 2004-2009. Fukuma points out that the live-action film (1976) paved the way for recognition by adults, and that the medium of the book was vital as well (as distinct from the medium of the magazine). The first 5 volumes had sold a total of one million copies by 1980. See Yoshiaki Fukuma, op. cit., pp. 29-30. *' This voice-over narrates first, the “pre-history” (before the opening titles), second, the morning of August 6, 1945 focused on the Enola Gay, third, the post-bomb radioactive fall-out due to the “black rain”, and fourth, the events which led to the Nagasaki dropping on August 9, 1945. ** Thomas LaMarre, “Manga Bomb: Between the lines of Barefoot Gen”, in Jaqueline Berndt (ed.), op. cit., pp. 302-03, reprinted as “Believe in Comics: Forms of Expression in Barefoot Gen”, in Timothy Perper, Martha Cornog (eds.), Mangatopia: Essays on Manga and Anime in the Modern World, Englewood, Libraries Unlimited, 2011, pp. 191-207. *% Yoshiaki Fukuma, op. cit., p. 49. *N See Takuya Kimura, “Kioku no f ka to s s ni k shite: Nakazawa Keiji ‘Hadashi no Gen’ o yominaosu” (“Resisting the efflorescence and burial of memory: Re-reading Nakazawa Keiji’s Barefoot Gen”), Image&Gender, vol. 8, 2008, pp. 86-100. *) See Art Spiegelman, “Barefoot Gen: Comics After the Bomb”, in Keiji Nakazawa, Barefoot Gen: Out of the Ashes, vol. 1, San Francisco, Last Gasp, 2004 (first published in 1990). *^ See Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Kako wa shinanai (“The past within us”), Tokyo, Iwanami, 2004, pp. 241-42; Tomoko Ichitani, “Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms. The Renarrativation of Hiroshima Memories”, Journal of Narrative Theory, n. 40, 2010, p. 368. *W Toshiaki Shikata, “‘Ky kai’ de deatta ‘tasha’: gakk nitotte no ‘Hadashi no Gen’” (“‘Strangers’ meeting at the ‘border’: What Barefoot Gen means for the school”), in K. Yoshimura, Y. Fukuma (eds.), op. cit., p.199. *M Ichitani discusses this law in relation to another “A-bomb manga”, Fumiyo K no’s Town of the Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms (2003). See Ichitani, op. cit. pp. 364–90. *& Exactly during the time of GEN’s serialization, Japan’s manga culture makes the crucial transition: magazine-based serialized comics narratives (story-manga) initially featuring minors and addressed to readers of the same age, achieved an increasingly mature readership, including criticism. *( Although not related to the nuclear issue but to sexual abuse, Piano no mori (“The perfect world of KAI”) is a representative example in that regard. Manga by Makoto Isshiki, since 1998 in Young Magazine, later Weekly Morning (21 volumes so far); animated feature film directed by Masayuki Kojima, 2007, produced by NAS. %' Directed by Eiji Okabe, produced by Nippon Animation, aired by TV Asahi. %* Directed by Isao Takahata, produced by Studio Ghibli for Shinch sha. %% See Dale Luciano, “Gen of Hiroshima: Two-Fisted Pacifism (Review)”, The Comics Journal, n. 69, December 1981, pp. 40-43. See also the overtones in Art Spiegelman, “Barefoot Gen: Comics After the Bomb”, op. cit. %N Kazuma Yoshimura, “‘Hadashi no GEN’ no inpakuto: manga no zankoku by sha o meguru hy genteki ichik satsu” (“The impact of Barefoot Gen: A stylistic consideration of cruel depictions in manga”), in K. Yoshimura, Y. Fukuma (eds.), op. cit., pp. 267-75. %) Kinoshita Renz (text) and Sayoko (art), Tokyo: Dynamic Sellers. %^ As distinct from traditions of European literature or Hollywood cinema, in Japan, manga genres have developed primarily according to age and gender, the major ones being sh nen (boys’) manga, sh jo (girls’) manga, and seinen (youth) manga. On a side note, to regard manga in its entirety as a genre (be it as a subcategory or an equivalent to comics) does not find approval among those who are familiar with manga culture in and outside Japan. In a similar way, this applies to anime as well. %W By Katsuhiro tomo, manga serialized in Weekly Young Magazine 1982-90, and feature-length animated movie (1988). !""#$%%&'$()&* !"#$%&#'!((#)$%&# *$+#)$"#,%-(.$/"#0,(1%2$"3$%4$,5$)#/&#(6$,%$..$,(-.&-"$,7171./"#,3#/771%$+# !"#$%&''()*#+'(,-.)/0"*&1*2#*3*4()%&"#67&,,(8#*#+,-./$+.0 !1$23/4.56$.75.-,72,$/11/$5,723/1,$7851,/3,$-.$98:8;<.+/$.1$=$+/3>6$%'**$/$ 87$/@@/3,72,$@/3/-6;;6A$B6+CD$;2/26$@6;;.E.1,$7,1$F./@@67,$@6;2E,11.56$1C/GG,3+/>.67,$-.$87$ 567;,7;6$56;H$,4,+67,$.726376$/11,[email protected]<,$,7,34,2.5<,$;81$7851,/3,I$7676;2/72,$;./$1C87.56$ @/,;,$/1$+67-6$/-$/?,3$,;@,3.26$E6+E/3-/+,72.$/26+.5.$;811,$@36@3.,$5.22JK$B6+,$;.$D$/33.?/2.$ /11/$56;238>.67,$-.$E,7$L)$.+@./72.$7851,/[email protected]$/35.@,1/46$/-$/12.;;.+6$3.;5<.6$;.;+.56 $ ,$56;H$-,7;/+,72,$@6@61/26*K M612/$/22,7>.67,$D$;2/2/$G.763/$3.?612/$/11C,4,+67./$;81$7851,/3,$.;2.28>.67/1.>>/2/$.7$/+E.26$ 4,[email protected] $ N3/@@6326 $ F./@@67,OP;/QI $ @61.2.56 $ N;23/2,4., $ 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