Understanding Definition

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These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Definitions Understanding Definition ��ℎ� �� → Making�� Meaning Clear �� www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Formal vs. Extended • Water is a liquid which consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. • Water is a liquid which consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. It boils at 100 degrees Celsius, and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius. Intensional vs. Extensional www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Denotative vs. Connotative 5 Rules of Connotative Definition 1. Focus on Essential Feature 2. No Circularity 3. Capture Correct Extension 4. Avoid Figurative Language 5. Be Affirmative www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Types of Extensional Definitions •Ostensive: (Extensional) - Merely points out an object referred by a term. (HINT: Red Color) •Quasi-ostensive: (Extensional) - Point object referred to by the term & also describes it. (HINT: Yellow Color - Lemon) •By Example Types of Intensional Definition • Etymological Definition: Origin of Word (Geos + Graphis) • By Synonym: By Meaning • Operational Definition: In Science & Conditional, Something is X • Genus vs. Differentia only and only if…. www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Lexical / Reportive Definition •Existing Meaning of Term •Make term precise ( ) •For Example, •Prime Number: Number�� Divisible + by �� 1 and Itself •How to Define Color Red? Stipulative Definition • Arbitrarily assign meaning to newly introduced symbol • For Example, • CAT - Common Aptitude Test • CAT – Come At Time www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Precising Definition •Eliminate Ambiguity or Vagueness •Senior Citizens will get Discount on Railway Booking. (HINT: Age not Defined) Theoretical Definition • Help in General Understanding or Scientific Practice www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com These Slides Accompany the YouTube Video Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0W6nb9EBBM Persuasive Definition •Influence Attitude or Stir Emotions www.examrace.com www.doorsteptutor.comwww.examrace.com.

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Language and Definitions
This asset is intentionally omitted from this text. It may be accessed at Language and Definitions www.mcescher.com. (Waterfall by 1 Language Functions M.C. Escher) 2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes 3 Disputes and Ambiguity 4 Definitions and Their Uses 5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension 6 Definition by Genus and Difference 1 Language Functions When people reason, they typically do so using language, manipulating proposi- tions in a logical or informative spirit. But language is used in a great variety of ways, only some of which are informative. Without the intention to inform, we may express ourselves using language: “That’s really great!” we may say; and the poet, overcome by the beauty of an ancient city, channels his emotions in writing these lines: Match me such marvel, save in Eastern clime— A rose-red city—“half as old as time.”1 Of course, some expressive discourse also has informative content, and may express attitudes as well as beliefs. Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, The last of life for which the first was made.2 Moreover, some discourse is directive, with or without expressive or informa- tive elements. It seeks to guide or to command. “Step on the scale, please,” we may be told, or we may receive this good advice: Drive defensively. The cemetery is full of law-abiding citizens who had the right of way. A mixture of functions is a natural feature of almost all our uses of language. We can see this in our own speech and writing.
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Language and Definitions 3
M03_COPI1396_13_SE_C03.QXD 10/12/07 11:54 AM Page 71 Language and Definitions 3 3.1 Language Functions 3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes 3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity 3.4 Definitions and Their Uses 3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension 3.6 Definition by Genus and Difference 3.1 Language Functions We reason using language, manipulating propositions in a logical or informative spirit. But language is used in a great variety of ways, only some of which are informative. Without the intention to inform, we may express ourselves using language: “That’s really great!” we may say; and the poet, overcome by the beauty of an ancient city, channels his emotions in writing these lines: Match me such marvel, save in Eastern clime— A rose-red city—“half as old as time.1 Of course, some expressive discourse also has informative content, and may express attitudes as well as beliefs. Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, The last of life for which the first was made2 Moreover, some discourse is directive, with or without expressive or in- formative elements. It seeks to guide or to command. “Step on the scale, please,” we may be told. Or we may receive this good advice: “Drive defensively. The cemetery is full of law-abiding citizens who had the right of way.” A mixture of functions is a natural feature of almost all our uses of lan- guage. We can see this in our own speech and writing. Emotive language may be used to advance our purposes in directing others: “That conduct is utterly 71 M03_COPI1396_13_SE_C03.QXD 10/12/07 11:54 AM Page 72 72 CHAPTER 3 Language and Definitions disgusting!” says parent to child, expressing an attitude, seeking to direct be- havior, and (with those same words) probably reporting a fact.
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Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking Mark Storey Bellevue College Copyright (c) 2013 Mark Storey Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is found at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.txt. 1 Contents Part 1 Chapter 1: Thinking Critically about the Logic of Arguments .. 3 Chapter 2: Deduction and Induction ………… ………………. 10 Chapter 3: Evaluating Deductive Arguments ……………...…. 16 Chapter 4: Evaluating Inductive Arguments …………..……… 24 Chapter 5: Deductive Soundness and Inductive Cogency ….…. 29 Chapter 6: The Counterexample Method ……………………... 33 Part 2 Chapter 7: Fallacies ………………….………….……………. 43 Chapter 8: Arguments from Analogy ………………………… 75 Part 3 Chapter 9: Categorical Patterns….…….………….…………… 86 Chapter 10: Propositional Patterns……..….…………...……… 116 Part 4 Chapter 11: Causal Arguments....……..………….………....…. 143 Chapter 12: Hypotheses.….………………………………….… 159 Chapter 13: Definitions and Analyses...…………………...…... 179 Chapter 14: Probability………………………………….………199 2 Chapter 1: Thinking Critically about the Logic of Arguments Logic and critical thinking together make up the systematic study of reasoning, and reasoning is what we do when we draw a conclusion on the basis of other claims. In other words, reasoning is used when you infer one claim on the basis of another. For example, if you see a great deal of snow falling from the sky outside your bedroom window one morning, you can reasonably conclude that it’s probably cold outside. Or, if you see a man smiling broadly, you can reasonably conclude that he is at least somewhat happy.
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GST203 Final 1__Docx
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Definitions: How to Say What You Mean by Laurie Endicott Thomas, MA, ELS
Definitions: How to Say What You Mean By Laurie Endicott Thomas, MA, ELS ou can use words to convey meaning only if your consider giving them the dictionary definition of that word, to audience understands what you intend those words save them the trouble of looking the word up. If the diction- Yto mean. You can baffle your readers by using words ary definition of a word differs from how that word is com- that mean nothing to them. You can also mislead them by monly used, you may need to give the reportive definition and using words that seem to mean something other than what explain how it differs from the lexical definition. For example, you meant to say. One way to avoid those problems is to use a word may mean something different to medical doctors common words whose meaning would be obvious to anyone. than it means to members of the general public. For example, you would write “itching” instead of “pruritus” When you are editing someone else’s work, look to see in a piece for a lay audience. whether the lexical definitions that the author gave match the Of course, we medical communicators must often dis- dictionary definitions. If they don’t match, query the author. cuss concepts that are unfamiliar to most people. Thus, we Sometimes there are good reasons for a mismatch, such as in must often use words that are new to some members of our cases of stipulative definition. intended audience. Sometimes we must even use familiar • Stipulative definition—a definition that gives a term a words that take on an unusual meaning in a particular con- specific meaning in the context of a particular discussion text.
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Chapter 3-Disputes and Definitions
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