Step Usmle® 1

2015 USMLE Review

THE 25th EDITION OF THE WORLD’S MOST FOR ® POPULAR MEDICAL REVIEW BOOK! THE

FIRST AID FIRST AID Trust 25 years of experience for the most effective USMLE Step 1 preparation possible ®

• 1,250+ must-know topics provide a complete • Extensive faculty review process with Due to Printer: framework for your USMLE preparation nationally known USMLE instructors THIRD PASS 10/31/14 • Test-taking advice with focus on • 1,000+ color photos and diagrams help high-efficiency studying you visualize high-yield concepts

THE FOR Sponsoring • Major revisions in all subject areas based • Expanded guide to high-yield study Catherine Johnson USMLE Editor on feedback from thousands of students resources, including mobile apps ®

USMLE STEP 1 • Free real-time updates and corrections at www.firstaidteam.com INSIDER ADVICE Marketing Jennifer Orlando FOR STUDENTS FROM STUDENTS STEP FOR THE ULTIMATE STEP 1 FOR A COMPLETE 1 Copy REVIEW PACKAGE, REVIEW OF THE Editor John Gerard BE SURE TO BASIC SCIENCES, ALSO GET: TURN TO: 2015 th Editorial 25 Peter Boyle Edition 25th ANNIVERSARY EDITION Supervisor LE

 c More than 1,250 frequently tested topics and mnemonics b

BHUSHAN Art Director Anthony Landi Index c Hundreds of significant high-yield updatesb c 250+ new photographs and diagrams b

978-0-07-174397-6 978-0-07-174402-7 978-0-07-174395-2 978-0-07-174388-4 

C c Updated student ratings of review resources and apps b HAT ISBN 978-0-07-184006-4 MHID 0-07-184006-0 9 0 0 0 0 Visit: FirstAidfortheBoards.com

and FirstAidTeam.com 9 7 8 0 0 7 1 8 4 0 0 6 4 “USMLE” is a registered trademark of the National Board of Medical Examiners. The NBME is not affiliated with McGraw-Hill Education. is a registered trademark of the National Board of Medical Examiners. “USMLE” TAO LE  VIKAS BHUSHAN  Matthew Sochat

A Acebutolol, 305 Acidosis, 538. See also Lactic acidosis; Actinobacillus AA amyloidosis, 231 ACE inhibitors, 555 Metabolic acidosis; bacterial endocarditis and, 298 Abacavir, 194 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 Respiratory acidosis Actinomyces A band in muscle contraction, 423 for cardiomyopathy, 296 cardiac contractility and, 273 as anaerobe, 121 Abciximab, 220, 387, 407 contraindicated with hereditary potassium levels and, 536 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Abdominal aorta, 346 angioedema, 206 primary adrenal insufficiency as in Gram stain algorithm, 127 aneurysms of, 292 filtration fraction, effect on, 530 cause, 324 vs. Nocardia, 133 382 atherosclerosis in, 639 for heart failure, 297 Acid phosphatase, in neutrophils, Actinomyces israelii Acid reflux Abdominal colic, 391 for hypertension, 304 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 gastroesophageal reflux disease Abducens nerve (6th cranial for migraine headaches, 490 pigment production, 122 (GERD), 358–359 nerve), 475 reactions to, 260 Actinomycin D. See Dactinomycin sclerodermal esophageal cavernous sinus and, 477 as teratogens, 560 RNA polymerases and, 68 dysmotility as cause, 358 internuclear ophthalmoplegia Acetaminophen, 444 Actins, 74 Acid suppression therapy, 378 and, 486 antidote to, 257 Action potential Acinetobacter Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 420 N-acetylcysteine as antidote for, 620 pacemaker, 281 as nosocomial infection, 178 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 420 overdose, free radical injury caused ventricular, 308 Acinetobacter baumanii Abetalipoproteinemia, 388 by, 228 Activated carriers, 98 multidrug-resistant, treating, 190 α-blockers for tension headaches, 490 Activation of T cells and B cells, 203 ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) for cocaine dependency, 518 Acetazolamide, 553 Active immunity, 210 injury, 624 Abnormal passive abduction of for glaucoma, 494 Acute chest syndrome, in sickle cell Acne knee, 416 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 anemia, 394 danazol as cause, 597 site of action, 552 Acute closure glaucoma, 480 Abortion in double Y males, 578 409 Acetone in breath, 335 Acute coronary syndrome methotrexate for, prednisone as cause, 412 Acetylcholine, 453 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 407 mifepristone for inducing, 597, 634 tetracyclines for, 185 in Alzheimer disease, 507 heparin for, 405 parental consent laws, 58 Acoustic neuromas, 451 gastric acid, effect on, 354 treatments for, 295 spontaneous. See Miscarriages Acoustic schwannomas, 83 in gastric parietal cell, 355 Acute cystitis, 539 Vitamin A overdose as cause, 560 Acquired hydroceles, 593 in Huntington disease, 502, 507 Acute disseminated (postinfectious) warfarin as cause, 560 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 94 opioid effects on, 494 encephalomyelitis, 489 Abruptio placentae, 548, 582 Acrolentiginous melanoma, 443 507 Acute gastric ulcers, 635 Absence seizures, 489 in Parkinson disease, Acromegaly, 333 359 common treatment, 632 synthesis and signaling of, 249 GH as cause, 317 Acute gastritis, drug therapy for, 496 Acetylcholinesterase, 249 octreotide for, 379 Acute gastroenteritis, 541 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), 50 in cholinesterase toxicity, 250 somatostatin and, 353 Acute glomerulonephritis Abuse. See Child abuse; Sexual abuse drugs resistant to, 250 somatostatin for, 315, 340 intrinsic renal failure caused Acalculia, 461 in neural tube defects, 449 Acromion, 417 by, 550 Acamprosate Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 502 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic Streptococcus pyogenes as for alcoholism, 519 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 96 hormone), 318 cause, 129 Acamprosate for alcohol abuse, 632 Achalasia, 357 circadian rhythm and, 455 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Acanthocytes, 388 esophageal cancer and, 359 cortisol secretion and, 319 Acute hemolytic transfusion Acanthocytosis nitric oxide in, 353 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, reactions, 212 Vitamin E deficiency as cause, 93 Achilles reflex, 473 effect on, 315 Acute inflammation, 225 Acantholysis, 438 Achilles tendon xanthomas, 291, 624 secondary adrenal insufficiency Acute inflammatory demyelinating Acanthosis, 438, 439 Achlorhydria and, 324 polyradiculopathy, 488 Acanthosis nigricans chronic gastritis and, 359 secretion of, 313 Acute intermittent porphyria, 396 neoplasms associated with, 235 stomach cancer and, 360 signaling pathway for, 321 Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, 164 in stomach cancer, 360 VIPoma as cause, 353 Actin, 423–424 Acute lung disease, with respiratory Acarbose, 339 Achondroplasia, 425 Actin filaments in epithelial cells, 437 acidosis, 538 Accessory nerve (11th cranial Acid-base physiology, 538 Acting out (ego defense), 504 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 402, nerve), 475, 476 Acidemia, 554 Actinic keratosis, 443 638 Accuracy vs. precision, 51 Acid-fast organisms, 120 associations, common/ associations, common/ ACE (angiotensin-converting Acidic amino acids, 104 important, 635 important, 638 enzyme), 434 Acidophilic hormones, 313 neoplasms associated with, 235 Philadelphia chromosome and, 638

Acute mania, 521 in osteitis fibrosa cystica, 427 Afferent lymphatics, 198 cardiomyopathy and, 296 Acute mastitis, 590 pituitary, 332, 637 Aflatoxins, 238 cataracts caused by, 480 Acute mesenteric ischemia, 365, 627 pleomorphic, 357 Aspergillus production of, 147 chronic pancreatitis caused by, 376 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 402 Adenoma sebaceum, 491 African sleeping sickness, 150 cirrhosis and, 368 associations, common/ Adenomyomas, 588 Afterload, 273 common treatments for, 632 important, 638 Adenomyosis, 588 Agammaglobulinemia, X-linked, 214 currant jelly sputum and, 627 chromosomal translocation in, 403 Adenopathy, in Whipple disease, 628 Agarose gel electrophoresis, 77 delirium tremens (DTs), 519 Philadelphia chromosome and, 638 Adenosine Agenesis, 559 disorientation caused by, 507 Acute pancreatitis, 376 as antiarrhythmic drug, 310 Age-related systemic amyloidosis, 231 esophageal cancer and, 359 acute respiratory distress syndrome as autoregulation factor, 287 Agnosia, in dementia, 508 esophageal varices caused by, 358 (ARDS) caused by, 613 theophylline, effect on, 621 Agoraphobia, 513 fetal alcohol syndrome caused associations, common/ Adenosine deaminase, 402 Agranulocystosis, 258 by, 561 important, 638 Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 64 sulfa drugs as cause, 260 folate deficiency caused by, 392 DIC caused by, 398 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Agranulocytosis gallstones and, 375 gallstones as cause, 375 in muscle contraction, 423 carbamazepine as cause, 496 gout and, 430 serum markers for, 368 in platelet plug formation, 387 clozapine as cause, 521 gynecomastia caused by, 590 Acute pericarditis, 299 Adenosine diphosphate receptor propylthiouracil/methimazole as hallucinations caused by, 509 Acute-phase proteins, 207 inhibitors, 407 cause, 339 hepatitis serologic markers in, 167 Acute-phase reactants, 205 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Agraphia, 461 hypertension and, 290 Acute poststreptococcal as carrier molecule, 98 AHIA. See autoimmune hemolytic intoxication and withdrawal glomerulonephritis, 540 production of, 98 anemia symptoms, 518 Acute promyelocytic leukemia, 632 in pyruvate kinase deficiency, 394 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency ketone body production in, 112 Acute pulmonary edema, 494 Adenovirus syndrome) Korsakoff amnesia caused by, 507 Acute pyelonephritis, 548 acute cystitis caused by, 547 bacillary angiomatosis in, 301 Korsakoff syndrome caused lab/diagnostic findings, 632 characteristics of, 157 brain lesions in, 631 by, 507 172 renal papillary necrosis and, 549 diarrhea caused by, cachexia in, 234 lobar pneumonia in, 138 157 urine casts in, 539 as naked virus, diagnosis of, 168 Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 358 structure and importance, 158 Acute renal failure, 550 facial nerve palsy in, 478 nonmegaloblastic macrocytic Adherens junction, in epithelial prostaglandins and, 535 heroin addiction and, 519 anemia caused by, 392 cells, 437 Acute respiratory distress syndrome Cryptosporidium in, 149 osteonecrosis caused by, 426 Adhesion, intestinal, 365 (ARDS), 613 Kaposi sarcoma in, 625 pancreatitis caused by, 638 Adjustment disorder, 513 acute pancreatitis as cause, 376 neoplasms associated with, 235 pneumonia in, 172 Adoption studies, 48 eclampsia as cause, 581 opportunistic infections in, 638 porphyria caused by, 396 ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate inhalation injury as cause, 228 PML and, 489 REM sleep and, 455 (ADP) as restrictive lung disease, 611 as retrovirus, 161 sexual dysfunction and, 516 ADPKD. See Autosomal-dominant Acute stress disorder, 513 as sexually transmitted sideroblastic anemia caused by, 391 polycystic kidney disease Acute transplant rejection, 217 infection, 177 subdural hematoma and, 466 (ADPKD) Acute tubular necrosis, 549 Akathisia, 521 as suicide risk factor, 512 Adrenal cortex, 312 intrinsic renal failure caused Akinesia, in Parkinson disease, 459, as teratogen, 560 embryonic development of, 559 by, 550 627 Vitamin B deficiency in, 89 progesterone production by, 573 1 539 625 urine casts in, Adrenal gland crisis, 489 ALA dehydratase in lead wet beriberi as cause, Acyclovir, 193, 478 Adrenal hyperplasia poisoning, 391, 396 withdrawal, drug therapy for, 520 Adalimumab, 446 associations, common/ AL amyloidosis, 231 withdrawal treatments, 632 for Crohn disease, 362 important, 636 Alanine, 105 Aldesleukin, 219 Addison disease, 324 congenital, 579 Albendazole Aldolase B, 103 clinical presentation of, 627 Adrenal hyperplasias, 318 for tapeworms, 154 Aldose reductase, 104 glucocorticoids for, 340 Adrenal insufficiency, 324 Albinism, 84 Aldosterone metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 anovulation caused by, 585 genetics of, 80 adrenal insufficiency and, 324 Adductor longus muscle, 350 Adrenal medulla, 312 neoplasms associated with, 235 in Liddle syndrome, 533 Adenine methylation, 62 tumors in, 325, 639 ocular, 84 in nephron physiology, 532 Adenocarcinomas, 234 Adrenal steroids, 318 Albright hereditary in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone of esophagus, 358, 359, 637 Adrenocortical adenoma, 636 osteodystrophy, 331 system, 534 Krukenberg tumor and, 587 Adrenocortical insufficiency, 258 Albumin, 205, 319 signaling pathway for, 321 of lungs, 630 Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Albuminuria, 529 synthesis of, 318 of lungs, 619 See ACTH Albuterol, 253, 621 Alemtuzumab, 220 of pancreas, 630 (adrenocorticotropic Alcoholic cirrhosis, 369, 519, 638 Alendronate, 445 pectinate line and, 349 hormone) gallstones and, 375 Aliskiren, 555 of prostate, 594 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 489 Alcoholic hepatitis, 369 Alkalemia, 554 of stomach, 359, 360, 639 Adriamycin. See Doxorubicin anatomical site of, 349 Alkaline phosphatase, 368 urachal cysts and, 563 Adult T-cell lymphoma, 400 Alcoholic liver disease, 369 in hyperparathyroidism, 332 of vagina, 560, 636 Advance directives, 57 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 in thyroid storm, 329 Adenohypophysis, 313, 454, 559 Aedes mosquitoes, 162 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 632 as tumor marker, 237 Adenomas, 234 Aerobes, 121 Alcohol use. See also Substance Alkalosis, 538. See also Metabolic of adrenal cortex, 639 Aerobic bacteria. See Aerobes abuse alkalosis; See hepatic, 370 Afferent arteriole, 528 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 also Respiratory allkalosis hyperparathyroidism caused constriction effects, 530 alcoholism, 519 bulimia nervosa as cause, 516 by, 332, 639 furosemide, effect on, 553 atrial fibrillation caused by, 284 potassium and, 536

Alkaptonuria, 108 α-hemolytic bacteria, 128 clearance of, 531 for mucormycosis, 147 Alkylating agents, 238, 410 α-methyldopa, 395 excretion, in Fanconi for Naegleria fowleri, 150 as teratogens, 560 for gestational hypertension, 581 syndrome, 533 renal tubular acidosis caused Allantois, 271 α-synuclein Aminoaciduria in pregnancy, 531 by, 539 Allelic heterogeneity, 80 Lewy body dementia and, 487 Aminocaproic acid for systemic mycoses, 145 Allergic bronchopulmonary in Parkinson disease, 459 as antidote, 257 Ampicillin, 181 aspergillosis, 610 α-thalassemia, 390 for thrombolytic overdose, 406 for enterococci, 633 Allergic bronchopulmonary Heinz bodies in, 389 Aminoglycosides, 184 Clostridium difficile, and, 131 aspergillosis (ABPA), 147 α toxin, 125, 131 acute tubular necrosis caused Ampulla of Vater, 350 Allergic contact dermatitis, 439 Alport syndrome, 541 by, 549 Amygdala, 456 Allergic reactions. See clinical presentation of, 626 avoiding in pregnancy, 195 Amylase, 368 also Hypersensitivity collagen defect in, 75 mechanism of action, 180 in chronic pancreatitis, 376 disorders as glomerular disease, 540 oxygen requirement of, 121 Amylin analogs, 339 to blood transfusion, 212 Alprazolam, 497 protein synthesis inhibition by, 184 Amyloid angiopathy rhinitis as, 439 Alteplase, 406 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 634 in Alzheimer disease, 487 Allografts, 217 Alternative hypothesis, 53 as teratogens, 560 intraparenchymal hemorrhage Allopurinol Alternative pathway for complement Aminopenicillins, 181 and, 466 for chronic gout, 633 activation, 206 Aminotransferases, 368 Amyloid-β protein, 231 for gout, 430, 446 Altitude sickness, 553 Amiodarone, 309 Amyloidosis, 205, 231 for kidney stones, 544 Altruism (ego defense), 505 reactions to, 258, 259, 260 cardiomyopathy caused by, 296 for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 64 Aluminum hydroxide, 379 restrictive lung disease caused chronic inflammation as cause, 225 All-trans retinoic acid Alveolar ducts, 600 by, 611 as glomerular disease, 540 for acute myelogenous Alveolar gas equation, 606, 641 Amitriptyline, 523 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 leukemia, 402 Alveolar sacs, 600 for chronic tension headaches, 490 multiple myeloma and, 401 for acute promyelocytic Alveolar ventilation, 602 for migraine headaches, 490 Amyloid precursor protein, in leukemia, 632 Alveoli AML. See Acute myelogenous Alzheimer disease, 487 Alopecia collapsing pressure, 600 leukemia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 638 cancer drugs causing, 411 functional dead space in, 602 Amlodipine, 304 spinal cord lesions in, 471 doxorubicin as cause, 410 pneumocytes in, 600 Ammonia intoxication, 106 Anabolic steroids, 370 drug therapy for, 597 in respiratory tree, 600 Ammonium chloride, as antidote, 257 Anaclitic depression in infants, 506 male-pattern baldness, 597 Alzheimer disease, 487 Ammonium magnesium phosphate, Anaerobes, 121. See Anaerobes minoxidil for, 598 amyloidosis in, 231 in kidney stones, 544 antimicrobials for, 183, 185, 187 taxols as cause, 411 anticholinesterases for, 250 Ammonium transport, 105 pneumonia caused by, 172 Vitamin A toxicity as cause, 89 dementia caused by, 508, 637 Amnesia, 507 Anal atresia, 559

Vitamin B5 deficiency as cause, 90 drug therapy for, 502 electroconvulsive therapy as Anal carcinoma Vitamin B7 deficiency as cause, 91 hydrocephalus ex vacuo in, 468 cause, 512 oncogenic microbes, 237 ALP (alkaline phosphatase) lab/diagnostic findings, 630, 631 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as Anal fissures, 349 in chronic myelogenous neurotransmitters in, 453, 507 cause, 461 in Crohn disease, 362 leukemia, 402 Amanita phalloides toxicity, 68 Amnionitis, 132 Analgesics in hyperparathyroidism, 332 Amantadine, 500 Amniotic band syndrome, 559 acetaminophen as, 444 in neutrophils, 382 Ambien. See Zolpidem Amniotic fluid aspirin as, 407 in osteomalacia/rickets, 425 Amebiasis, 149 abnormalities in, 583 butorphanol as, 495 in Paget disease of bone, 426 Amenorrhea. See also Dysmenorrhea α-fetoprotein in, 629, 630 NSAIDs as, 445 in thyroid storm, 329 anorexia nervosa as cause, 516 emboli, 609, 613 opioids as, 494

α1-antagonists, 594 associations, common/ lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio Anal pruritus, 153 α1-antitrypsin deficiency important, 638 in, 613 Anal wink reflex, 473 genetics of, 80 ketoconazole/spironolactone as testing for lung maturity, 600 Anaphase, 72

α1-antitrypsin deficiency cause, 597 Amoebic dysentery Anaphylactic and atopic emphysema and, 610 Müllerian duct anomalies as Escherichia histolytica as cause, 172 hypersensitivity α-agonists, 494 cause, 567 Amoxapine, 523 (type I), 201, 211 α-amanitin, 68 pituitary prolactinoma as Amoxicillin, 181 disorders of, 212 α-amylase, 355 cause, 315 Amphetamines mast cells in, 383 α-antagonists Sheehan syndrome as cause, 626 for ADHD, 520, 632 Anaphylaxis for pheochromocytomas, 634 Turner syndrome as cause, 578 antidote to, 257 as blood transfusion reaction, 212

α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 371 Americans with Disabilities Act clinical use, 253 complement and, 206 α-blockers, 255 (ADA), 41 elimination of, 244 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 for hypertension, 304 α-methyldopa, 254 intoxication and withdrawal medications for, 253 priapism caused by, 592 Amides, 499 symptoms, 518 Anaplasia, 233 α cells, 313 Amifostine, 411 mechanism, 249 Anaplasma, 142, 143 glucagonomas of, 335 Amikacin, 184 for narcolepsy, 517 transmission of, 140 glucagon production by, 315 Amiloride, 554 pulmonary hypertension caused Anaplasmosis, 142, 143 α-fetoprotein for diabetes insipidus, 333, 633 by, 614 Anaplastic thyroid cancer, 330 in amniotic fluid, 629, 630 for Liddle syndrome, 533 Amphotericin B, 190 Anastrozole, 596, 633 in anencephaly, 449 Amine whiff test, 142 for Candida, 147 Anatomy in neural tube defects, 449 Amino acid derivatives, 106 for Candida albicans, 633 cardiovascular, 272 as tumor marker, 237, 587 Amino acids, 104 effect on fungi, 190 endocrine, 312–315 α-glucosidase inhibitors, 339 blood-brain barrier and, 453 for leishmaniasis, 152 gastrointestinal, 343–352

Anatomy (continued) intravenous, 498 Ankle edema, in cirrhosis, 368 Antianginal therapy, 305 hematologic/oncologic, 382–384 local, 499 Ankylosing spondylitis, 432 Antiarrhythmics, 308–310 musculoskeletal, 416–426 neuromuscular blocking drugs, 499 Crohn disease as cause, 362 β-blockers, 309 neurological, 451–486 Aneurysms, 465 etanercept for, 446 calcium channel blockers, 310 renal, 528 aortic, 77, 292, 635 HLA-B27 and, 201, 637 potassium channel blockers, 309 reproductive, 569–571 as atherosclerosis complication, 292 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 reactions to, 257 respiratory, 600–601 berry, 77 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 sodium channel blockers, 308 Anchovy paste exudate in liver left ventricular, in MI, 294 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 torsades de pointes, as reaction, 257 abscess, 149 as MI complications, 295 Annular pancreas, 343 Anti-basement membrane Ancylostoma duodenale, 153 superior vena cava syndrome as Anopia, 486 antibodies, 213 Androgen-binding protein cause, 618 Anorectal varices, 348 Antibiotics secretion of, 572 syphilis as cause, 299 portal hypertension as cause, 368 antitumor, 410 Androgen insensitivity syndrome, 579 thoracic aortic, 272 Anorexia nervosa, 516 effect on purine synthesis, 63 Androgen-receptor complex, 595 Angelman syndrome common treatments for, 632 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 141 Androgens, 577 chromosome associated with, 87 hypothalamus and, 454 name suffix, 261 defective receptor, diagnosing, 579 AngelMan syndrome, 81 Anorgasmia, 516 which to avoid in pregnancy, 195 exogenous, in pregnancy, 579 Angina, 293 Anosmia, 638 Antibodies in genital embryology, 567 aortic stenosis and, 279 Kallmann syndrome as cause, 579 autoantibodies, 213 in menopause, 576 as atherosclerosis symptom, 292 zinc deficiency as cause, 94 B cell production of, 201 secretion of, 595 calcium channel blockers for, 304 ANOVA, 55 diversity, generation of, 204 synthesis of, 318 clinical presentation of, 624 Anovulation. See also Ovulation to hepatitis viruses, 167 Androstenedione, 577 common treatments for, 635 causes of, 585 in lab findings, 628–631 secretion of, 595 drug therapy for, 305 clomiphene for, 596 structure and function, 204 in sex development disorders, 579 GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors for, 407 ANP. See Atrial natriuretic peptide therapeutic, 220 synthesis of, 318 hydralazine as cause, 304 Antacids, 379 Anticardiolipin antibodies, 433 305 Anemia, 390. See also Pernicious nitroglycerin for, in gastrointestinal system, 377 Anticentromere antibodies, 213, 628 407 anemia prophylaxis for, metabolic alkalosis caused by, 538 in CREST syndrome, 436 unstable, treatments for, 295 anorexia nervosa as cause, 516 Antagonists Anticholinergic agent toxicity, 250, Angina pectoris, 256 aplastic, 185, 339, 393, 627 α-antagonists, 256 257 Angiodysplasia, 365 autoimmune hemolytic, 212, 402 β-antagonists, 256 Anticholinesterases, 250 Angioedema Babesia as cause, 151 efficacy of, 246 Anticipation (genetics), 80 ACE inhibitors as cause, 555 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 muscarinic, 251 Anticoagulants, 386, 634. See Angiotensin II receptor blockers blood transfusions for, 399 Anterior cerebral artery, 462 also Heparin for, 555 blood viscosity in, 274 in cavernous sinus, 477 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 danazol for, 597 chloramphenicol as cause, 185 cingulate herniation compression during pregnancy, 632 hereditary, 206 of chronic disease, 393 of, 493 priapism caused by, 592 Angiogenesis, tissue mediators in, 229 cirrhosis as cause, 368 in Circle of Willis, 462 warfarin as, 405 Angiokeratomas cold agglutinin disease as stroke effects, 464 Anticonvulsants, for fibromyalgia, 434 Fabry disease as cause, 111 cause, 626 Anterior clinoid process, 477 Antidepressants, 522 Angiomatosis, 627 erythrocyte sedimentation rate Anterior communicating artery, 465 atypical, 524 Angiosarcomas, 234, 301, 370 (ESR) and, 230 624 bipolar disorder and, 510 Angiotensin I, 534 Anterior cruciate ligament injury, 627 416 434 Fanconi, Angiotensin II Anterior drawer sign, for fibromyalgia, 588 fibroid tumors as cause, filtration fraction, effect on, 530 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle, 468 for obsessive-compulsive hemolytic, 93, 195, 260, 373, 394 receptor blockers, 304 Anterior horn of spinal cord, 469 disorder, 513 hypochromic, 630 in nephron physiology, 532 in poliomyelitis/Werdnig-Hoffman for panic disorder, 512 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 in noradrenergic nervous disease, 471, 472 for phobias, 513 lab values, 395 system, 249 Anterior hypothalamus, 454 for postpartum depression, 511 lead poisoning as cause, 391 in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Anterior interior cerebellar artery for postpartum psychosis, 511 megaloblastic, 91, 92, 186, 388, system, 534 in Circle of Willis, 462 for post-traumatic stress 392 signaling pathway for, 321 stroke effects, 464 disorder, 513 microcytic, 630 Angiotensin II receptor blockers, 555 Anterior pituitary, 313 priapism caused by, 592 multiple myeloma as cause, 401 Angiotensinogen, 534 reproductive hormones and, 595 Antidesmoglein antibodies, 628 oxygen content of blood, 605 Angiotension II receptor blockers Anterior spinal artery, 469 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 317 pernicious, 92, 212, 354, 359, 392 for migraine headaches, 490 in Circle of Willis, 462 Antidotes, 257 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as Anhedonia, 511 lesions in, 471 Anti-dsDNA antibodies, 213 cause, 625 as drug withdrawal symptom, 518 stroke effects, 464 in lupus, 433 recombinant cytokines for, 219 Anhidrosis, in Horner syndrome, 483, Anterior spinothalamic tract, 469 Antiemetics renal failure as cause, 550 617, 627 Anterior urethra, 571 metoclopramide as, 380 sideroblastic, 90, 388 Anidulafungin, 191 Anterograde amnesia, 507 for migraine headaches, 490 Anencephaly, 449 Anidulfungin, 190 electroconvulsive therapy as ondansetron as, 380 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Aniline dyes, as carcinogen, 547 cause, 512 Antiendomysial antibodies, 213 polyhydramnios and, 583 Animals, diseases transmitted by, 142, Anthracosis, 611, 612 Anti-flea/louse therapy, 192 Anergy, 209 143, 165 Anthrax, 124, 132. See also Bacillus Antifungal drugs, 190, 261 Anesthetics Anisocytosis, 382 anthracis Antigen-presenting cells benzodiazepines as, 497 in β-thalassemia, 391 bacterial spores causing, 130 B cells as, 384 general principles for, 497 Anitschkow cells, in rheumatic Anti-ACh receptor, 213 dendritic cells as, 384 inhaled, 498 fever, 299 Antiandrogens, 597 in T- and B-cell activation, 203

Antigens Antisocial personality disorder, 515 Aortic regurgitation Arachidonic acid type and memory, 205 conduct disorder as precedent ankylosing spondylitis as cause, 432 products of, 444 variations, 209 for, 506 clinical presentation of, 624 in thrombogenesis, 387 Anti-glomerular basement membrane Antithrombin, 386 murmur indicating, 278, 279 zileuton, effect on, 621 antibodies, 628 heparin, effect on, 405 pulse pressure in, 272 Arachnodactyly, in Marfan Antihelminthic therapy, 192 Antithrombin III deficiency, 398 Aortic root calcification in syndrome, 624 Antihistone antibodies, 213, 628 Antithrombotics syphilis, 299 Arachnoid cells, 492 in lupus, 433 for atrial fibrillation, 284 Aortic stenosis Arches, branchial, 564 Antihypertensives, 245, 304 Antithymocyte globulin, for anemia caused by, 395 derivatives of, 565 for eclampsia, 581 anemia, 393 calcific, 226 Arcuate artery, 528 for gestational hypertension, 581 Antithyroid drugs, 322 clinical presentation of, 628 Arcuate fasciculus, 460 sexual dysfunction and, 516 Anti-topoisomerase antibodies, 629 ejection click caused by, 637 Arcus senilus, 291 Anti-IgG antibodies, 628 Antitoxins murmur indicating, 278, 279 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress Anti-Jo-1 antibodies, 213 for Clostridium botulinum, 633 paradoxical splitting in, 277 syndrome (ARDS) in polymyositis/ for Clostridium tetani, 633 presystolic gallop caused by, 639 Area postrema, 453, 454 dermatomyositis, 435 Anti-transglutaminase antibodies, 629 pulse pressure in, 272 Arenaviruses, 161

Antileukotrienes, for asthma, 621 α1-antitrypsin, 77 Williams syndrome and, 290 negative-stranded, 162 Antilipid drugs, 245 Anti-TSH receptors, 213 Aortic valve segmented, 162 Antimetabolites, 408, 409 Antitumor antibiotics, 410 bacterial endocarditis and, 637 Argatroban, 405 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 Anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 213 development of, 269 Arginine, 104 Antimicrobials, 180, 180–194. Anti-vascular endothelial growth sclerosis of, 278 Argyll Robertson pupil See also specific factor injections, 481 in Turner syndrome, 578 clinical presentation of, 627 antimicrobials Antiviral therapy, 192 Aortitis, in syphilis, 141 spinal cord lesions and, 471 drug name suffixes, 261 Anus, 348 APC gene, 83 in syphilis, 141 mechanisms of action, 180 dermatome at, 473 in colorectal cancer, 367 Aripiprazole, 521 prophylaxis for, 189 Anxiety. See also Depression APCs. See Antigen-presenting cells Aromatase, 577, 579 Antimitochondrial antibodies, 213, adjustment disorder as cause, 513 “Ape hand”, 418 Aromatase inhibitors, 633 628 barbiturates for, 497 Apgar score, 59 Aromatic amines, 238 Anti-müllerian hormone, 572 benzodiazepines for, 497 Aphasia, 460 ARPKD. See Autosomal-recessive Antimuscarinics, 260, 500 as drug withdrawal symptom, 518– dementia as cause, 508 polycystic kidney disease antidote to, 257 519 Pick disease as cause, 487 (ARPKD) Antimycin A, 101 ego defenses resulting from, 504– stroke as cause, 464 Arrhythmia. See Cardiac arrhythmia Antimycobacterial drugs, 188 505 temporal lobe encephalitis as Arsenic Antineoplastics, 408 generalized anxiety disorder as cause, 159 angiosarcomas caused by, 370 effect on purine synthesis, 63 cause, 513 Apixaban, 406 as carcinogen, 238 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies MAO inhibitors for, 523 Aplasia, 559 glycolysis, effect on, 98 (ANCAs), 628 neurotransmitters in, 453, 507 Aplasia cutis congenita, 560 lipoic acid inhibition, 99 Antinuclear antibodies, 213, 629 Anxiety disorders, 512. See Aplastic anemia, 393 poisoning, antidote for, 257 in lupus, 433 also specific disorders carbamazepine as cause, 496 squamous cell carcinoma and, 443 in polymyositis/ atypical antipsychotics for, 521 chloramphenicol as cause, 185 Arteries dermatomyositis, 435 cluster C personality disorders as drug reaction, 258 cerebral, 462 in Sjögren syndrome, 430 and, 515 Fanconi anemia as cause, 627 gastric, 347 Antioxidants, 228 Aorta, 282 neutropenia caused by, 395 mesenteric, 346 Antiparietal cells, 213 abdominal, 346 propylthiouracil/methimazole as pulmonary, 600, 601 Antiplatelet antibodies, 629 ascending, 268 cause, 339 renal, 346 Antiplatelet therapy coarctation of, 289 Aplastic crisis, 391 umbilical, 271, 563 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 diaphragm and, 601 hereditary spherocytosis as Arterioles, 274 Antiprotozoan therapy, 191 in fetal circulation, 271 cause, 394 TPR and, 274 Antipseudomonals, 181 overriding, 288 in sickle cell anemia, 394 Arteriolosclerosis, 291, 334 mechanism of action, 180 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 Apnea. See Sleep apnea Arteriosclerosis, 272, 291 Antipsychotics, 521. See also Atypical “tree bark” appearance, 299 Apolipoproteins, 115 Arteritis, 302, 490 antipsychotics Aortic aneurysms, 77 Aponeurosis of external oblique Artesunate dantrolene as antidote for, 499 associations, common/ muscle, 351 for malaria, 151 for delirium, 508 important, 635 Apoptosis, 222 Arthralgias galactorrhea caused by, 315 hypertension and, 290 Appendicitis, 363 Henoch-Schönlein purpura as for postpartum psychosis, 511 Aortic arch clinical presentation of, 627 cause, 303 reactions to, 259, 260 derivatives of, 564 vs. ectopic pregnancy, 583 Whipple disease as cause, 361 for schizophrenia, 520, 634 receptors in, 286 Appendix Arthritis. See also Rheumatoid for Tourette disorder, 520 Aortic coarctation, 631 carcinoid syndrome and, 336 arthritis for Tourette syndrome, 506, 520 Aortic dissection, 293 Appetite regulation, 317 gonococcal, 432 Antipyretics diagnosing, 272 “Apple core” lesion on X-ray, 629 HLA-B27 and, 637 acetaminophen as, 444 hypertension and, 290 Apple peel atresia, 342 immunosuppressants for, 218 aspirin as, 407 Marfan syndrome and, 290, 624 Apraxia, 508 infectious, 432 NSAIDs as, 445 Aortic insufficiency, 290 Apthous ulcers lupus and, 433 Anti-Scl-70 antibodies, 213 Aorticopulmonary septum Crohn disease as cause, 362 Paget disease of bone as cause, 624 Anti-Smith antibodies, 213 development of, 559 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 psoriatic, 432 in lupus, 433 in transposition of great vessels, 288 Aqueous humor pathway, 479 reactive, 138, 628

Arthritis (continued) Churg-Strauss syndrome as myxomas in, 300 Autoantibodies, 213 rheumatic fever as cause, 299 cause, 303 smooth parts, 268 Autografts, 217 septic, 136 cromolyn sodium for, 383 trabeculated left and right, 268 Autoimmune diseases. See Sjögren syndrome as cause, 625 drug therapy for, 621 Atrial fibrillation, 636 also specific diseases spondyloarthropathies, 432 eczema and, 439 cardiac glycosides for, 307 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 Whipple disease as cause, 628 eosinophilia caused by, 383 ECG tracing, 284 cell apoptosis in, 222 Arthus reaction, 211, 212 GERD as cause, 358 hypertension and, 290 neoplasms associated with, 235 Arylcyclohexylamines, 498 glucocorticoids for, 340 ischemic stroke caused by, 467 pulmonary hypertension caused Arylsulfatase, 383 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 potassium channel blockers by, 614 Asbestos, as carcinogen, 238 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 for, 309 Autoimmune disorders Asbestos bodies, 612 methacholine challenge test, 250, warfarin in, 405 erythrocyte sedimentation rate Asbestosis, 612 621 Atrial flutter, 284 (ESR) and, 230 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 pulsus paradoxus in, 299 Atrial myocytes, 285 Autoimmune hemolysis, 389 as restrictive lung disease, 611 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 Atrial natriuretic peptide, 285, 534 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 395, Ascaris lumbricoides, 153, 637 Astigmatism, 479 signaling pathway for, 321 402 Ascending aorta, 268 Astrocytes, 451 Atrial septal defect, 289 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Ascending cholangitis development of, 559 cyanosis and, 636 Autoimmune hepatitis, 213 gallstones as cause, 375 origins of, 448 Down syndrome and, 290 Autonomic drugs, 249 Ascending colon Astrocytomas, 636 Eisenmenger syndrome and, 638 ACh receptors, 247 angiodysplasia in, 365 oncogene for, 236 murmur indicating, 278 α-blockers, 255 Aschoff bodies Ataxia Atrioventricular block atropine, 251 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 carbamazepine as cause, 496 calcium channel blockers as β-blockers, 256 rheumatic fever and, 299 gabapentin as cause, 496 cause, 304 central and peripheral nervous Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C hydrocephalus as cause, 468 ECG tracings, 284–285 system effects, 247 Aseptic meningitis, 161 metachromatic leukodystrophy as Atrioventricular node, 282 cholinesterase inhibitor mumps as cause, 165 cause, 111 Atrophy, 225 poisoning, 250 250 Ash leaf spots, 491 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics as Atropine, 251, 354 cholinomimetic agents, G-protein-linked 2nd ASO titer, 129 cause, 497 as antidote, 257 messengers, 248 Aspartate, in purine synthesis, 63 phenytoin as cause, 496 in cholinesterase inhibitor indirect agonists, 250 Aspartic acid, 104 prions as cause, 171 toxicity, 250 muscarinic antagonists, 251 Aspart insulin, 338 Rett disorder as cause, 507 in gastric parietal cell, 355 name suffixes, 261 Aspergillosis stroke as cause, 464 reactions to, 260 norepinephrine vs. caspofungin/micafungin for, 191 in syphilis, 141 toxicity, 251 isoproterenol, 254 Aspergillus Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as Attention-deficit hyperactivity sympatholytics, 254 as catalase-positive organism, 122 cause, 461, 519 disorder, 506 sympathomimetics, 253 chronic granulomatous disease Ataxia telangiectasia, 67 clonidine for, 254 Autonomic ganglia, 247 and, 637 Atazanavir, 194 CNS stimulants for, 520 Autonomic nervous system as immunodeficiency Atelectasis, 600, 614 common treatments, 632 development, 559 infection, 216 Atenolol, 256, 309 drug therapy for, 520 Autonomy, as ethical principle, 56 Aspergillus fumigatus, 147 Atherosclerosis, 292 maternal smoking as cause, 560 Autoregulation of blood flow, 287 407 445 abdominal aortic aneurysms treatment for, 253 Aspirin, , Autosomal dominant diseases, 83 292 640 asthma induced by, 621 and, Attributable risk, Autosomal-dominant diseases elimination of, 244 angina and, 293 Attributable risk (AR), 50 multiple endocrine neoplasia for Kawasaki disease, 634 aortic aneurysms and, 635 Atypical antidepressants, 524 (MEN) as, 337 reactions to, 258 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 Atypical antipsychotics, 521. See Autosomal dominant polycystic Reye syndrome caused by, 369 myocardial infarction and, 293 also Antipsychotics kidney disease thrombogenesis, effect on, 387 retinal vein occlusion caused for bipolar disorder, 510, 520 (ADPKD), 83 Asplenia by, 481 postpartum psychosis and, 511 Autosomal-dominant polycystic Howell-Jolly bodies in, 389 sites of, 639 for schizophrenia, 509 kidney disease target cells in, 389 Athetosis, 459 Atypical depression, 511 (ADPKD), 551 Asplenic patients. See Atomoxetine MAO inhibitors for, 523 Berry aneurysm and, 465 also Splenectomies for attention-deficit hyperactivity Atypical pneumonia. See Interstitial subarachnoid hemorrhage and, 466 babesiosa risk, 151 disorder, 520 pneumonia Autosomal inheritance, 82 encapsulated bacterial infection Atonic seizures, 489 Auditory cortex, 460 Autosomal recessive diseases, 84, 103 risk, 122 Atopic disorders (type I Auditory hallucinations, 509 Autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney microorganisms affecting, 179 hypersensitivity Auditory meatus, 564 disease (ARPKD), 551 Assisted suicide, 58 disorders), 212 Auditory physiology, 477 Potter syndrome caused by, 526 Asterixis Atorvastatin, 306 Auerbach plexus, 357 Autosomal trisomies, 86 cirrhosis as cause, 368 Atovaquone, 151 Auer rods Autosplenectomy, 635 Wilson disease as cause, 373 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate in acute myelogenous Avascular necrosis, 426 Asteroid bodies, 434 (ATP) leukemia, 402 of scaphoid bone, 417 Asthma, 610 ATPase, 377 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 in sickle cell anemia, 394 anticholinergic medications ATP synthase inhibitors, 101 Auramine-rhodamine stain, 120 AV block. See Atrioventricular block for, 251 Atria Auscultation of the heart, 278 Avoidant personality disorder, 515 β-blockers and, 256 “ball valve” obstructions, 300 Auspitz sign, in psoriasis, 439 Axillary lymph node, 198 breastfeeding reducing risk of, 576 enlargement of, 272 Autism spectrum disorder, 507 Axillary lymph nodes, in breast cholinomimetic agents and, 250 morphogenesis of, 268 double Y males and, 578 cancer, 590

Axillary nerve, 418, 422 oncogenic, 237 Basal electric rhythm, 345 Bence Jones protein, 401 Azathioprine, 218 pigment-producing, 122 Basal ganglia, 458 Bendazoles as antimetabolite, 409 resistant, treating, 190 degeneration of, 373 for enterobius vermicularis, 153 for Crohn disease, 362 special culture requirements, 121 intracerebral hemorrhage in, 467 for nematodes, 153 pancreatitis caused by, 258 spirochetes, 140 intraparenchymal hemorrhage for trichinosis, 153 Azithromycin, 186 structures, 118 and, 466 Beneficence, 56 for Babesia, 151 taxonomy, 119 lesions in, 459, 461 Benign hepatic cysts, 551 for chlamydiae, 144 urease-positive, 122 thalamic connections, 456 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 594, 638 as mycobacterial prophylaxis, 188 vaccines for, 122 Basal lamina, as collagen, 75 common treatments for, 632 Azoles, 191 zoonotic, 142 Basal metabolic rate, 322 finasteride for, 597 for Candida, 147 Bacterial endocarditis, 298 Basal nucleus of Meynert, 453 Benign tumors, 234 for Candida albicans, 633 associations, common/ Base excision repair (DNA), 67 Benzene Azoospermia, 577 important, 637 Basement membrane aplastic anemia caused by, 393 Azotemia clinical presentation of, 628 autoantibodies targeting, 213 myelodysplastic syndromes caused drug-induced interstitial nephritis heart valve involved in, 637 as collagen, 75 by, 401 as cause, 548 Bacterial genetics, 126 of kidney, 528 reactions to, 258 hydronephrosis and, 545 Bacterial meningitis, 636 membranous glomerulonephritis Benzodiazepines, 497 nephritic syndrome and, 540 Bacterial spores, 118, 130 and, 632 for alcohol withdrawal, 520, 632 AZT. See Zidovudine (ZDV) Bacterial vaginosis, 142, 174 tram-track appearance, 632 antidote to, 257 Aztreonam, 183 as sexually transmitted Basic amino acids, 104 for delirium tremens, 518 Azygos system, 348 disease, 177 Basilar artery, 464 for epilepsy, 496 Azygos vein, 601 Bacterial variation, 209 Basiliximab, 218 for generalized anxiety Bacterial virulence factors, 123 Basophilia, in apoptosis, 222 disorder, 513 B Bacteriology. See also Bacteria Basophilic hormones, 313 intoxication and withdrawal B19 virus, 158 basic, 118–126 Basophilic stippling, 388, 629 symptoms, 518 127–142 391 498 Babesia, 151 clinical, lead poisoning as cause, as intravenous anesthetic, Basophils, 382, 383 name suffix, 261 anemia caused by, 395 Bacteroides as anaerobe, 121 antibody binding of, 205 for panic disorder, 512, 520 Babesiosis, 151 antimicrobials for, 187 in chronic myelogenous REM sleep and, 455 Babies. See Neonatology; pediatrics; in bacterial taxonomy, 119 leukemia, 402 Benztropine, 500 pregnancy lung abscesses caused by, 617 BAX protein, 222 for antipsychotic toxicity, 521 Babinski reflex, 59 Bacteroides fragilis B cells, 384 clinical use, 251 Babinski sign, 470, 473, 626, 628 antimicrobials for, 185 activation of, 203 Berger disease, 541, 637. See Bacillary angiomatosis, 301 as normal flora, 171 adaptive immunity and, 200 also Buerger disease transmission and source, 142 “Bag of worms” appearance of anergy, 209 as glomerular disease, 540 Bacilli bacteria, 119 scrotum, 592 class switching, 203 Henoch-Schönlein purpura Gram-negative, antimicrobials Baker cyst, 416 cytokines secreted by, 207 and, 303 for, 183, 184, 187 Baker cysts, 421, 429 deficiencies, infections caused Beriberi, 89 Bacillus BAK protein, 222 by, 216 Berkson bias, 52 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Baldness. See Alopecia disorders of, 214–215 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 387, 397, in Gram stain algorithm, 127 Bamboo spine, 432, 629 localization and proliferation, in 636 Bacillus anthracis. See also Anthrax Band cells, 382, 399 lymph node, 198 Berry aneurysms, 77, 465 anthrax caused by, 132 Barbiturates, 497 major functions of, 201 Berylliosis, 230, 612 as bacterial spore, 130 intoxication and withdrawal mononucleosis effect on, 159 β2-agonists, 621 capsule composition, 118 symptoms, 518 neoplasms of, 400 β-adrenergic receptors, 327 exotoxin produced by, 124 as intravenous anesthetic, 498 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 399 β-antagonists, 256 spore-forming nature of, 130 name suffix, 261 in Peyer patches, 356 name suffix, 261 Bacillus cereus, 132 REM sleep and, 455 in spleen, 199 β-blockers, 256 as bacterial spore, 130 Baroreceptors, 286 surface proteins, 209 as antiarrhythmics, 309 food poisoning caused by, 171, 637 Barrett esophagus, 358 BCL-2 gene, 236 antidote to, 257 Bacitracin esophageal cancer and, 359 follicular lymphoma and, 400, 403 for atrial fibrillation, 284 Group A strep sensitivity to, 129 neoplasms associated with, 235 Bcl-2 protein, 222 for atrial flutter, 309 Group B strep resistance to, 129 sclerodermal esophageal bcr-abl gene, 402 cocaine and, 253 streptococci response to, 127, 629 dysmotility as cause, 358 Becker muscular dystrophy, 84, 85 for essential tremor, 459 Back pain Bartonella, 142 Beck triad for glaucoma, 494 aortic aneurysm and, 292 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 cardiac tamponade as cause, 299 for heart failure, 297 Baclofen, 488 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 clinical presentation of, 626 for hypertension, 304 Bacteremia Bartonella henselae Beckwith-Wiedemann for hypertrophic daptomycin for, 187 bacillary angiomatosis caused syndrome, 546 cardiomyopathy, 296 Bacteria by, 301 Beclomethasone, 340 juxtaglomerular apparatus and, 535 α-hemolytic, 128 as granulomatous disease, 230 Bedwetting, 455 for pheochromocytomas, 326 β-hemolytic, 128 transmission and source, 142 Behavioral science for social phobias, 520 emboli, 609 Bartter syndrome, 533 development, 59–60 for thyroid storm, 329 exotoxins, 124–125 Basal cell carcinoma epidemiology/biostatistics, 48–56 β-catenine, in colorectal cancer, 367 lactose-fermenting enteric, 135 diseases associated with, 235 ethics, 56–58 β cells, 313 normal flora, 171 Basal cell carcinomas Bell palsy, 478 in diabetes mellitus, 335 obligate aerobes, 121 5-FU for, 409 sarcoidosis and, 434 insulinomas in, 336 obligate anaerobes, 121 of skin, 443 Bell-shaped distribution, 53 insulin production by, 314

β-endorphins, and hypothalamic- metabolism, 95–116 macular degeneration as cause, 481 cortisol, effect on, 319 pituitary hormones, 315 molecular, 62–71 temporal arteritis as cause, 302, 639 embryonic development of, 559 β-glucoronidase, 382 nutrition, 88–94 Blistering skin disorders, 441–442 formation of, 424 β-hCG, as tumor marker, 237 Biostatistics. See Epidemiology/ Blood giant cell tumors of, 632 β-hemolytic bacteria, 128 biostatistics chocolate-colored, 604 lytic lesions in, 631 488 β-interferon for multiple sclerosis, Biotin. See Vitamin B7 embryonic development of, 559 metastases to, 240 β-lactamase inhibitors, 181 Biphosphonates, 445 oxygen content of, 605 thyroid hormones, effect on, 322 β-prophage drug name suffixes, 261 pH level, 554 tumor associations, 639 Corynebacterium diphtheriae for osteoporosis, 425 Blood agar, 128 Bone cancer and, 130 Bipolar disorder, 510 Blood-brain barrier, 453 osteosarcomas, 236 β-thalassemia, 391 atypical antipsychotics for, 521 astrocytes in, 451 soap bubble appearance, 632 genetics of, 80 common treatments for, 633 Blood cancer tumor nomenclature, 234 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 drug therapy for, 520 carcinogens affecting, 238 tumors in, 428–429 Betaxolol, 256 gabapentin for, 496 tumor nomenclature, 234 Bone disorders, 425–426 for glaucoma, 494 lithium for, 522 Blood coagulation. See Coagulation lab values in, 427 Bethanechol, 250 as mood disorder, 510 Blood flow. See Circulation serum markers in, 368 Bevacizumab, 220, 412 postpartum psychosis and, 511 Blood groups, 385 Bone lesions Bezafibrate, 306 valproic acid for, 496 Blood pressure, 274. See hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Bias, 52 Birbeck granules, 403, 632 also Hypertenson; Langerhans cell histiocytosis as Bicarbonate “Bird’s beak” on barium swallow, 357 Hypotension cause, 403 as antidote, 244, 257 Birth. See Childbirth; Pregnancy α-blocker effect on, 255 Bone marrow excretion, in Fanconi Birth weight, low, 59 capillary fluid exchange, 287 in aplastic anemia, 393 syndrome, 533 Bismuth, 378 cortisol, effect on, 319 B cell production, 384 in nephron physiology, 532 in gastrointestinal system, 377 fenoldopam, effect on, 304 “crew cut” appearance of, 391, 394 transport of, 607 Bite cells, 102 in heart disease, 297 failure of, 388 for tricyclic antidepressant in G6PD deficiency, 394 measurement of, 286 fibrosis, in hairy cell leukemia, 402 toxicity, 523 Heinz bodies and, 389 nitrates and β-blockers, effect megakaryocytes in, 397 419 Biceps brachii muscle, Bivalirudin, 405 on, 305 multiple myeloma in, 401 Biceps reflex, 473 BK virus, 158 normal, 286 in myelofibrosis, 404 Bicornuate uterus, 568 Black eschar, in mucormycosis, 147 pulsus paradoxus, 299 recovery, recombinant cytokines Bicuspid aortic valve Black lung disease, 612 vasopressin, effect on, 317 for, 219 Turner syndrome and, 290, 578 Black plague. See Plague Blood stasis, 637 stem cell growth and Biguanides, 338 Black vomitus, in yellow fever, 162 Blood-testis barrier, 453 differentiation, 207 Bilaminar disc in fetal Bladder Blood transfusions, 399 T cell precursors in, 202 development, 558 acute cystitis in, 547 for aplastic anemia, 393 teardrop cells in, 389 Bilateral acoustic schwannomas, 492 in female reproductive for β-thalassemia, 391 Bone marrow transplant Bilateral hilar adenopathy, 434, 624 anatomy, 570 DIC caused by, 398 for aplastic anemia, 393 Bilateral internuclear Bladder cancer, 155 hepatitis C (HCV) and, 637 for osteopetrosis, 425 ophthalmoplegia, 626 carcinogens affecting, 238 reactions to, 212 for sickle cell anemia, 394 Bilateral renal agenesis drug therapy for, 411 risks of, 399 Bone spurs. See Osteophytes oligohydramnios and, 583 hematuria in, 539 for thrombotic thrombocytopenic Bone tumors, 428–429 Potter syndrome caused by, 526 oncogenic microbes, 237 purpura, 397 Boot-shaped heart, 288, 629 Bile, 356 Blood viscosity, 274 505 Bile acid resins, 306 transitional cell carcinoma Borderline personality disorder, , 515 Bile canaliculus, 349 and, 547 Bloody diarrhea Bile ducts, 344, 349 Bladder exstrophy, 342 Entamoeba histolytica as cause, 149 dissociative identity disorder obstructions of, 350 Bladder incontinence organisms causing, 172 and, 510 Bile salts, and gallstones, 375 hydrocephalus as cause, 468 transmission and source, 142 Bordetella, 119 Bile stasis, 375 multiple sclerosis as cause, 488 Bloody tap, 629 Bordetella pertussis Biliary cirrhosis during sleep, 455 Blotting procedures, 78 culture requirements, 121 autoantibodies associated with, 213 Blast crisis, 402, 636 Blown pupils, 485 exotoxin produced by, 124 Biliary colic, 375 Blastomyces “Blue babies”, 288 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Biliary structures, 350 Amphotericin B for, 190 Blueberry muffin rash, 163, 175 macrolides for, 186 Biliary tract disease, 374 itraconazole for, 191 “Blue bloater”, 610, 626 Bordet-Gengou agar, 121 cirrhosis and, 368 Blastomycosis, 145 “Blue kids”, 289 Borrelia hyperbilirubinemia and, 371 Bleeding time (BT) in platelet Blue sclera, 76 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 serum markers for, 368 disorders, 397 BMPR2 gene, 614 as spirochete, 140 Biliary tract infections, 130 Bleomycin, 408, 410 BNP. See Brain natriuretic peptide stains used for, 120 Bilirubin, 357 reactions to, 260 Body dysmorphic disorder, 513 Borrelia burgdorferi, 142 in bile, 356 restrictive lung disease caused BoerHaave syndrome, 358 antimicrobials for, 185 in extravascular hemolysis, 393 by, 611 Bohr effect, 607 Lyme disease caused by, 140 gallstones, effect on, 375 toxicities of, 413 Bombesin Borrelia recurrentis, 142 in jaundice, 371 Blepharoplasts, 493 in neuroblastomas, 325 Bosentan, 620, 634 Bimodal distribution, 53 Blepharospasm, 459 Bone. See also Musculoskeletal Botulinum toxin, 124 Bioavailability of drugs, 243 Blindness. See also Vision loss system antibodies for, 210 Biochemistry conversion as cause, 514 brown tumor of, 629 lysogenic phage encoding, 126 genetics, 80–87 Chlamydia trachomatis as cell biology of, 424 mechanism, 249 laboratory techniques, 77–79 cause, 144 as collagen, 75 neurotransmitters, effect on, 247

Botulism, 131. See also Clostridium Branching filamentous bacteria, 119 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 228 Buspirone, 522 botulinum BRCA genes, 590 Bronze diabetes, 373, 637 for generalized anxiety bacterial spores causing, 130 BRCA1, 80 Brown-Séquard syndrome, 472 disorder, 513, 520, 633 Bouchard nodes, 628 BRCA2, 236 Horner syndrome and, 483 Busulfan, 410 osteoarthritis as cause, 429 Breast cancer, 590, 591 “Brown tumors” of bone, 427 reactions to, 260 Boutonnière deformities, 429 anastrozole/exemestane for, 596 Brucella, 142 restrictive lung disease caused Bowel incarceration, 352 angiosarcomas in, 301 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 by, 611 Bowel stenosis, in diverticulitis, 363 associations, common/ as facultative intracellular bug, 122 toxicities of, 413 Bowen disease, 592 important, 636 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Butorphanol, 495 Bowenoid papulosis, 592 incidence/mortality of, 239 Brucellosis, 142 Butterfly facial rash, 624 Bowman capsules, 629 lactation reducing risk for, 576 Brugada syndrome, 283 Butterfly gliomas, 492 Brachial artery, 422 metastases to bone, 638 sudden cardiac death and, 293 Butyrophenones, 261 Brachial plexus lesions, 419 metastases to brain, 638 Brunner glands, 345 Bradycardia microtubule inhibitors for, 411 in peptic ulcer disease, 360 C atropine for, 251 oncogene for, 236 Bruton agammaglobulinemia, 84 C1 esterase inhibitor, 206. See baroreceptor-induced, 286 paraneoplastic syndromes clinical presentation of, 626 also Hereditary angioedema cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning associated with, 238 Bruxism, 455 C3b, in splenic dysfunction, 199 as cause, 250 radiation exposure and, 235 B-type natriuretic peptides, 285 C3 deficiency, 206 clonidine as cause, 254 tamoxifen for, 412, 596 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 370 C5-C9 deficiencies, 206 dopamine for, 253 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 clinical presentation of, 624 CA 19-9, as tumor marker, 237 hypothyroidism as cause, 327 trastuzumab for, 413 Budesonide, 621 CA 125, as tumor marker, 237 RCA infarct as cause, 272 treatments, common, 633 Buerger disease, 302, 541, 639. See Cabergoline, for pituitary Bradykinesia tumor markers, 237 also Berger disease adenoma, 332 antipsychotics as cause, 521 tumor suppressor genes, 236 common treatments for, 633 Cachectin. See TNF-α Parkinson disease as cause, 459 Breast conditions, 590 Bug hints, 179 Cachexia, 207, 234 386 534 Bradykinin, , Breast milk. See also Lactation Bulbourethral glands, 568 CaEDTA, as antidote, 257 BRAF gene, 236 205 immunoglobulin in, Bulbus cordis, 268 Café-au-lait spots, 83 BRAF kinase, 443 oxytocin for let-down Bulimia nervosa, 516 McCune-Albright syndrome as Brain. See also entries beginning with stimulation, 340 bupropion side effects in, 524 cause, 624 Cerebral production of, 576 drug therapy for, 520 neurofibromatosis type I as autoregulation factors, 287 prolactin, effect on, 316 Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 358 cause, 491, 624 development of, 559 vitamin D in, 93 SSRIs for, 523 Caffeine intoxication and withdrawal hemispheres of, 448 Breast pathology, 589 Bulla, 437 symptoms, 518 in hypothyroidism, 328 Breast tumors Bull neck. See Lymphadenopathy Calcific aortic stenosis, 226 ischemia-susceptible areas, 224 associations, common/ Bullous impetigo, 440 Calcification, 226 metabolism of, 314 important, 636 Bullous pemphigoid, 437 Calcinosis, in CREST syndrome, 436 metastases to, 240 benign, 589 in epithelial cells, 437 Calcitonin, 237, 321 regional specification of, 448 malignant, 590, 591 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 for osteoporosis, 425 soap bubble lesions in, 147 Brenner tumors, 586 Bull’s eye rash, 140, 626. See signaling pathway for, 321 thyroid hormones, effect on, 322 Bretylium, 249 also Lyme disease as tumor marker, 237 Brain abscesses, 173 Bridging veins BUN (blood urea nitrogen), 550 Calcium Brain injury rupture of, 637 282 albumin and, 319 epidural hematoma and, 626 subdural hematoma and, 466 Bundle of His, 161 calcitonin and, 321 hypopituitarism caused by, 334 Brimonidine, for glaucoma, 494 Bunyaviruses, cardiac contractility and, 273 Brain lesions, 461. See also Motor Broad ligament of the uterus, 570 negative-stranded, 162 537 neuron signs Broca aphasia, 460 segmented, 162 disturbances in, in AIDS, 631 Broca area, 460 Bupivacaine, 499 furosemide, effect on, 553 vertigo caused by, 490 stroke effects, 464 Buprenorphine, 518, 519 homeostasis, 319, 320 Brain natriuretic peptide, 534 Bromocriptine, 500 for heroin addiction, 494 hydrochlorothiazide, effect on, 554 Brain stem for neuroleptic malignant receptor binding, 246 in hyperparathyroidism, 332 cranial nerve nuclei in, 474 syndrome, 521 Bupropion, 524 in kidney stones, 544, 638 dorsal view, 474 for pituitary adenoma, 332 for depression, 520 in nephron physiology, 532 ventral view, 474 for prolactinomas, 634 for major depressive disorder, 511 in osteomalacia/rickets, 425 Brain tumors Bronchi reactions to, 259 for osteoporosis, 425 of adulthood, 492 bronchiectasis in, 610 Burkitt lymphoma, 400, 639 pathologies of, 331 associations, common/ pulmonary artery and, 601 chromosomal translocation in, 403 PTH, effect on, 320 important, 636 relative sizes of, 601 Epstein-Barr virus and, 159 in urine, 554 of childhood, 493 in respiratory tree, 600 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Vitamin D3 and, 319 drug therapy for, 410 Bronchial carcinoid tumors, 619 oncogene for, 236 Calcium carbonate, 379 hallucinations caused by, 509 Bronchiectasis, 610 oncogenic microbes, 237 Calcium channel blockers, 304 pseudopalisading cells, 631 Kartagener syndrome as cause, 74 Burns for angina, 305 Branchial apparatus, 564 Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma child abuse as cause, 506 as antiarrhythmic drugs, 310 Branchial arches, 564 of lung, 619 edema caused by, 287 for atrial fibrillation, 284 derivatives of, 565 Bronchitis pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cardiac contractility and, 273 Branchial clefts, 564 chronic (“blue bloater”), 610 and, 137 for hypertension, 304 derivatives of, 564 clinical presentation of, 626 Burton lines for migraine headaches, 490 Branchial pouches, 564 Bronchogenic carcinoma, 612 clinical presentation of, 624 reactions to, 257 derivatives of, 566 Bronchopneumonia, 616 lead poisoning as cause, 391 for variant angina, 293

Calcium channels Capillary lumen, in blood-brain hyperparathyroidism caused by, 639 Cardinal vein, 268 epilepsy drugs, effect on, 496 barrier, 453 in osteitis fibrosa cystica, 427 Cardiobacterium in insulin secretion, 314 Capillary pressure, 287 ovarian, 587 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 in muscle contraction, 423 Capitate bone, 417 squamous cell, 349 Cardiogenic shock, 295 opioid effects on, 494 Caplan syndrome, 612 of thyroid, 630 Cardiomegaly, 629 ventricular action potential Capsule of lens, 479 Carcionoids Cardiomyopathies, 296–297 and, 280 Capsule of lymph node, 198 somatostatin and, 353 hypertrophic, 278 Calf pseudohypertrophy, 624 Capsules, bacteria, 118. See Cardiac. See also entries beginning Kussmaul sign in, 300 Caliciviruses, 161 also Encapsulated bacteria with Heart Cardiomyopathy as naked virus, 157 Captain’s wheel yeast, 145 Cardiac anomalies, 636 as drug reaction, 257 California encephalitis, 161 Caput medusae, 348 Cardiac arrest, caused by magnesium Cardiovascular system. See Call-Exner bodies portal hypertension as cause, 368 hydroxide, 379 also Cardiac; Heart in granulosa cell tumors, 587 Carbachol, 250 Cardiac arrhythmia, 523 anatomy, 272 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 for glaucoma, 494 associations, common/ drug name suffixes, 261 Calor (heat), 225 Carbamazepine important, 636 drug reactions in, 257

cAMP for bipolar disorder, 510, 633 β2-agonists as cause, 621 embryology, 268–270 cilostazol/dipyridamole, effect for epilepsy, 496 calcium channel blockers for, 304 pathology, 288–303 on, 407 reactions to, 258, 259 common treatments for, 632 pharmacology, 304–310 endocrine hormones and, 321 as teratogen, 560 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 physiology, 272–287 in gastric parietal cell, 355 for tonic-clonic seizures, 635 drug therapy for, 308–310 Carmustine, 410 in gastrointestinal system, 377 for trigeminal neuralgia, 635 hyperthyroidism as cause, 327 Carnitine acyltransferase, 96 in hyperparathyroidism, 332 Carbaminohemoglobin transport, 607 L-dopa as cause, 501 Carotid artery theophylline, effect on, 621 Carbamoyl phosphate, 63 levothyroxine/triiodothyronine as as aortic arch derivative, 564 CAMP factor, 129 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase cause, 339 atherosclerosis in, 639 Campylobacter, 142 II, 96 in myocardial infarction, 295 in Circle of Willis, 462 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Carbapenems, 183 tricyclic antidepressants as Carotid sinus, 286 diarrhea caused by, 172 mechanism of action, 180 cause, 523 Carpal bones, 417 reactive arthritis and, 432 Carbidopa, 500, 501 Cardiac cirrhosis, 297 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 417, 418 Campylobacter jejuni, 138 Carbohydrate absorption, 355 Cardiac contractility, 273 Carteolol, for glaucoma, 494 acute inflammatory demyelinating Carbol fuchsin. See Ziehl-Neesen in heart failure, 297 Cartilage, 75 polyradiculopathy stain nitrates and β-blockers, effect damage as drug reaction, 259 and, 488 Carbon dioxide on, 305 Caseating granuloma, 133 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 as autoregulation factor, 287 Cardiac cycle, 276 Case-control studies, 48 Canagliflozin, 339 exercise, response to, 607 Cardiac death, sudden, 293 Caseous necrosis, 223 Canal of Schlemm, 479 transport of, 607 Cardiac depression Caspofungin, 190, 191 c-ANCA antibodies Carbonic anhydrase antiarrhythmics as cause, 308 for Candida, 147 in rapidly progressive in carbon dioxide transport, 607 calcium channel blockers as Casts in urine, 539 glomerulonephritis, 541 in gastric parietal cell, 355 cause, 304 Catalase, 208 in Wegener granulomatosis, 302 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 532 Cardiac embryology, 268 Catalase-positive organisms, 122 Cancer. See also specific cancers; See Carbon monoxide Cardiac function curves, 275 Cataplexy, 517 also Neoplasia antidote to, 257 Cardiac glycosides, 307 Cataracts, 480 cachexia in, 234 carboxyhemoglobin and, 604 Cardiac morphogenesis, 268–269 Alport syndrome as cause, 626 drug therapy, cell cycle for, 408 as electron transport inhibitor, 101 Cardiac muscle diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 drug therapy for, 408–413 poisoning by, 605 action potential of, 280 infantile, 103 epidemiology of, 239 Carbon tetrachloride innervation of, 247 Cat bite infections, 625 ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation as carcinogen, 238 cells as target of noradrenergic Catecholamines rate) in, 230 free radical injury caused by, 228 signaling, 249 nervous system role, 247 neoplastic progression, 232 Carboplatin, 411 Cardiac myocytes, 280 thyroid storm, 329 potassium shifts in, 536 toxicities of, 413 Cardiac output, 272 Catecholamine synthesis, 107 tumor grade vs. stage, 233 Carboxyhemoglobin, 604 equation for, 641 Cat scratch disease. See Bartonella Candesartan, 555 Carboxylases, 96 in heart failure, 297 henselae Candida Carboxylation enzymes, 91 inotropy curve for, 275 Caudal medulla, effects of stroke Amphotericin B for, 190 Carboxypeptidases, 355 in tamponade, 299 on, 464 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 Carcinoembryonic antigen variables in, 273 Caudal regression syndrome, 560 caspofungin/micafungin for, 191 (CEA), 237 Cardiac rhabdomyomas Caudate basal ganglia, 458 as catalase-positive organism, 122 Carcinogens, 238 diseases associated with, 235 in Huntington disease, 459, 624 as immunodeficiency Carcinoid syndrome, 336 in tuberous sclerosis, 491 Causes of death, 60 infection, 216 bronchial carcinoid tumors Cardiac shunts Cavernous hemangiomas, 370 vulvovaginitis caused by, 174 and, 619 left-to-right, 289, 614 in von Hippel-Lindau disease, 491 Candida albicans, 147 clinical presentation, 625 right-to-left, 288 Cavernous sinus, 467, 477 chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis somatostatin for, 340 Cardiac stress testing, 253 Cavernous sinus syndrome, 477 caused by, 214 treatment for, 633 Cardiac tamponade, 272, 299 Cavernous sinus thrombosis common treatments for, 633 Carcinoid tumors Kussmaul sign in, 300 Mucor as cause, 147 SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 339 octreotide for, 379 pulse pressure in, 272 C cells of thyroid, 321 Capillaries Carcinoma in situ, 232, 584 Cardiac troponin I, 295 CD20 antibodies, 412 area and velocity of, 274 Carcinomas Cardiac tumors, 300, 636 CDKs, in cell cycle regulation, 72 Capillary fluid exchange, 287 cervical, 584 Cardinal ligament, 570 CEA tumor marker, 237

Cecum Central nervous system Cervical lymph node, 198 Chief cells, 354 angiodysplasia in, 365 autonomic drugs affecting, 247 Cervical mucus, 573 Child abuse, 506. See also Sexual volvulus at, 364 development of, 559 Cervical sinuses, 564 abuse Ceftaroline, for MRSA, 190 drug name suffixes, 261 Cervix ego defenses resulting from, 504 Ceftriaxone origins of, 448 diagram of, 570 exceptions to confidentiality, 57 for Lyme disease, 140 Sonic hedgehog gene and, 558 pathology of, 584 osteogenesis imperfecta confused for meningitis, 173 stimulants affecting, 520 Cesarean delivery, and neonatal for, 76 for Neisseria gonorrhea, 634 Central pontine myelinolysis, 456 respiratory distress Childbirth. See also Neonatology; for Neisseria meningitidis, 634 SIADH as cause, 333 syndrome, 613 Pregnancy Celecoxib, 445 Central post-stroke pain Cestodes (tapeworms), 154 Erb-Duchenne palsy caused as sulfa drug, 260 syndrome, 465 Cetirizine, 620 during, 419 Celiac artery. See Celiac trunk Central retinal artery, 479 Cetuximab, 220 labor induction drugs, 379 Celiac disease, 361 occlusion of, 482, 624 CFTR gene, 84 pain management in, 495 autoantibodies associated with, 213 Central retinal vein, 475 cGMP postpartum hemorrhage, 583 HLA subtype associated with, 201 Central sleep apnea, 613 endocrine hormones and, 321 premature delivery, 59, 279 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Central vertigo, 490 hydralazine, effect on, 304 Childhood disorders, 506 Celiac ganglion development, 559 Centriacinar emphysema, 610 in male sexual response, 571 Child neglect, 506 Celiac lymph node, 198 Centromeres, 213 natriuretic peptides and, 285 “Chipmunk” facies, 391 Celiac trunk, 347 Cephalosporins, 182 nitroglycerin, effect on, 305 Chi-square (χ2), 55 structures supplied by, 346 mechanism of action, 180 Chagas disease, 152 Chlamydia Cell biology of bone, 424 reactions to, 260 achalasia caused by, 357 antimicrobials for, 186 Cell cycle phases, 72 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 635 cardiomyopathy and, 296 Gram stain limitations, 120 Cell injury, 224 Ceramide, 111 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 microbials for, 185, 186 Cell lysis, 206 Ceramide trihexoside, 111 Chancre, in syphilis, 141 as obligate intracellular bug, 122 Cell-mediated immunity, 210 Cerebellar lesions, 461 Chancroid, 177 pneumonias caused by, 616 118 Cell membranes, vertigo caused by, 490 Chandelier sign, 178 reactive arthritis and, 432 Cells Cerebellar peduncles, effects of stroke Chaperone protein, 71 stains used for, 120 apoptosis, 222 on, 464 Charcoal yeast extract agar, 121, 137 Type III secretion system and, 123 free radical injury, 228 Cerebellar tonsillar herniation, 493 Charcot-bouchard Chlamydia, 639 necrosis, 223 associations, common/ microaneurysms, 465 prophylaxis for newborns, 189 Cell surface markers important, 636 Charcot joint as sexually transmitted for dendritic cells, 384 Cerebellar vermis lesions, 461 spinal cord lesions and, 471 infection, 177 for macrophages, 383 Cerebellum, 457 in syphilis, 141 Chlamydiae, 144 for T cells, 384 development of, 448 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 610 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Cell surface proteins, 209 thalamic connections, 456 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 489 Chlamydia pneumoniae, 144 Cell trafficking, 73 Cerebral. See also entries beginning Charcot triad, 375, 488 pneumonia caused by, 172 Cell types, 72 with Brain Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 215 Chlamydia psittaci, 144 Cellular biochemistry, 72–77 Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, 468 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Chlamydia trachomatis, 144, 177 cell cycle phases, 72 Cerebral arteries Cheilosis, 89 common treatments for, 633 cell trafficking, 73 Circle of Willis, 462 glucagonoma as cause, 335 pelvic inflammatory disease caused cilia structure, 74 462 Chelation by, 178, 638 collagen, 75–76 cortical distribution, 397 pneumonia caused by, 172 cytoskeletal elements, 74 Cerebral cortex for iron poisoning, 286 144 immunohistochemical stains, 74 in Alzheimer disease, 487 Chemoreceptors, serotypes of, microtubule, 74 functions of, 460 Chemotaxis, 207 Chlamydophila psittaci, 142 peroxisome, 73 Cerebral edema Chemotherapy Chloasma, 438 plasma membrane composition, 75 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 acute myelogenous leukemia Chloramphenicol, 185 proteasome, 73 hypernatremia and, 456 caused by, 402 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 rough endoplasmic reticulum, 72 SIADH as cause, 333 drug potency, 245 in pregnancy, 195 smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 72 treatment for, 463 drugs for, 408–413 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 184 sodium-potassium pump, 75 Cerebral hemispheres, 448 myelodysplastic syndromes caused reactions to, 258 Cellular component of Cerebral infarct by, 401 for Rickettsia rickettsii, 634 inflammation, 225 dementia caused by, 508 neutropenia caused by, 395 Chlordiazepoxide, 497 Cellular structures Cerebral perfusion regulation, 463 for pancreatic cancer, 377 for alcohol withdrawal, 520 cilia, 74 Cerebrospinal fluid Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly Chlorhexidine, 195 cytoplasm, 95 lumbar puncture for, 469 and, 401 Chloride ion, in cystic fibrosis, 84 endoplasmic reticulum, 72 in poliomyelitis, 472 Chemotoxicities, 413 Chloroquine, 192 Golgi apparatus, 73 production of, 468 Cherry hemangiomas, 301 for malaria, 151, 634 microtubules, 74 yellowish, 632 Cherry red epiglottis, 179 Chlorpheniramine, 620 mitochondria, 95 Cereulide, 132 Cherry-red spot on macula, 624 Chlorpromazine, 521 peroxisome, 73 Ceruloplasmin, 368, 631 Chest pain Chlorpropamide, 338 plasma membrane, 75 in Wilson disease, 373 angina as cause, 624 Chocolate agar, 136 proteasome, 73 Cervical cancer, 637 Dressler syndrome as cause, 624 Chocolate-colored blood, in Cellulitis, 440 carcinogens affecting, 238 Chest wall, physiology of, 603 methemoglobinemia, 604 Streptococcus pyogenes as hydronephrosis and, 545 CHF. See Heart failure “Chocolate cysts” in ovaries, 629 cause, 129 incidence of, 583 Chiari malformation, 636 Cholangiocarcinomas Cell walls, 118 oncogenic microbes, 237 Chiari I, 471 hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 371 bacteria lacking, 119 Cervical lymphadenitis, 134 Chiari II (Arnold-Chiari), 449 oncogenic microbes, 237

Cholecalciferol, 93 catalase-positive microbes Ciliary muscle, 479 Claw hand Cholecystitis, 375 causing, 179 Cilia structure, 74 in Klumpke palsy, 419 gallstones as cause, 375 as immunodeficiency disease, 215 Cilostazol, 407 nerve lesions causing, 420 porcelain gallbladder caused by, 376 recombinant cytokines for, 219 Cimetidine Clearance of drugs, 243, 640 Cholecystokinin, 353 Chronic hepatitis, 633 gynecomastia caused by, 590 Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

Cholelithiasis. See Gallstones Chronic inflammation, 225 as H2 blocker, 378 associations, common/ Cholera toxin, 124 Chronic ischemic heart disease, 293 Cinacalcet, 340 important, 636 lysogenic phage encoding, 126 Chronic kidney disease Cinchonism exogenous estrogen and, 596 Cholestasis, as drug reaction, 258 glomerular filtration rate in, 529 as drug reaction, 259 Cleft lip, 566 Cholesterol Chronic lung disease, 538 sodium channel blockers as Cleft palate, 566 adrenal gland synthesis of, 318 Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, 638 cause, 308 in 22q11 deletion syndromes, 88 in bile, 356 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 402 Cingulate gyrus, 456 holoprosencephaly as cause, 449 drug therapy for, 306 anemia caused by, 395 Cingulate herniation, 493 Patau syndrome as cause, 626 excretion of, 356 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 Ciprofloxacin, 187 Vitamin A overdose as cause, 560 gallstones, effect on, 375 prednisone for, 412 Circadian rhythm, 454, 455 Clefts, branchial, 564 synthesis of, 96, 114 Chronic mucocutaneous pineal gland and, 474 Clevidipine, 304 Cholesterol absorption blockers, 306 candidiasis, 214 Circle of Willis, 462 Clindamycin, 185 Cholesterol ester transfer protein, 114 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 402 Berry aneurysms and, 465 Clostridium difficile and, 131 Cholestyramine, 306 associations, common/ Circular bacteria. See Cocci bacteria for lung abscesses, 617 Choline acetyltransferase, 249 important, 638 Circulation as protein synthesis inhibitors, 184 Cholinergic drugs, 249 band cells in, 382 autoregulation of, 287 reactions to, 258 for ileus, 365 basophilia in, 383 Circulatory system, fetal, 271 Clinical bacteriology, 127–142 Cholinesterase inhibitors, 250 busulfan for, 410 Circumcision, and penile cancer, 592 Clinical reflexes, 473 Cholinoceptors, 249 chromosomal translocation in, 403 Cirrhosis, 368 Clinical trials, 48 Cholinomimetics, 250 death, causes of, 636 alcoholic, 369, 519, 638 “Clock face” chromatin, 401 for glaucoma, 494 hydroxyurea for, 411 autoantibodies associated with, 213 Clofazimine, for Hansen’s Chordae rupture imatinib for, 412 blood transfusions for, 399 disease, 134 mitral valve prolapse in, 279 vs. leukemoid reaction, 399 cardiac, 297 Clofibrate, 306 Chorea, 459 oncogene for, 236 fructose intolerance as cause, 103 gallstones and, 375 Huntington disease as cause, 459, Philadelphia chromosome and, 638 furosemide for, 553 Clomiphene, 258, 596 624 treatment for, 633 gallstones and, 375 Clomipramine, 523 Choriocarcinomas, 587, 593 Chronic myeloproliferative hemochromatosis in, 373 for obsessive-compulsive drug therapy for, 409 disorders, 404 hepatic, 615 disorder, 513, 520 hCG and, 576 Chronic nephrolithiasis Hepatitis C as cause, 166 Clonidine, 254 hydatidiform moles and, 580 squamous cell carcinoma of the hepatocellular carcinoma and, 637 Cloning methods, 79 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 bladder and, 547 hyperbilirubinemia and, 371 Clonorchis sinensis, 155, 237 theca-lutein cysts and, 585 Chronic obstructive pulmonary lab/diagnostic findings, 628 Clopidogrel, 407 tumor markers, 237 disease neoplasms associated with, 235 in thrombogenesis, 387 Choriostomas, 234 cholinomimetic agents and, 250 in Wilson disease, 373 Closed angle glaucoma, 480 Choroid plexus, 468 chronic bronchitis as, 610 Cisplatin, 408, 411 Clostridia (with exotoxins), 131 Chromaffin cells, 312 emphysema as, 610 acute tubular necrosis caused Clostridium development of, 559 medications for, 251 by, 549 as anaerobe, 121 pheochromocytomas and, 326 muscarinic antagonists for, 621 reactions to, 260 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Chromatin pulmonary hypertension and, 614 toxicities of, 413 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 “clock face” appearance, 401 Chronic pancreatitis, 376 Citalopram, 523 Clostridium botulinum, 131. See structure of, 62 associations, common/ Citrate also Botulism Chromatolysis, 225 important, 638 for kidney stones, 544 as bacterial spore, 130 Chromogranin, 237 pancreatic insufficiency caused Citrate synthase, 97 exotoxin produced by, 124 Chromosomal abnormalities, 87 by, 361 Citrobacter food poisoning caused by, 171 Chromosomes Chronic pyelonephritis, 548 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 treatment for, 633 sex, disorders of, 578 Chronic renal failure, urine casts as lactose fermenter, 135 Clostridium difficile, 131 translocations, 403 in, 539 c-kit gene, 236 antimicrobials for, 183, 187 Chronic arrhythmia, 636 Chronic transplant rejection, 217 Cladribine, for hairy cell as bacterial spore, 130 Chronic atrophic gastritis Chrymotrypsin, 355 leukemia, 402 clinical presentation, 624 associations, common/ Churg-Strauss syndrome, 303 Clara cells, 600 common treatments for, 633 important, 636 as granulomatous disease, 230 Clarithromycin, 186, 195 diarrhea caused by, 172 Chronic bronchitis, 610 lab/diagnostic findings, 628 Clasp knife spasticity, 470 as nosocomial infection, 178 clinical presentation of, 626 Chvostek sign, 331, 625 Class IB antiarrhythmics, 632 proton pump inhibitors and, 378 Chronic closure glaucoma, 480 Chylomicron, 115 Classical conditioning, 504 Clostridium perfringens, 131 Chronic cystitis, 547 Chylothorax, 615 Classical pathway for complement antimicrobials for, 185 Chronic gastritis, 359 Ciazepam, 496 activation, 206 as bacterial spore, 130 stomach cancer and, 360 Cidofovir, 193 Classic galactosemia, 103 diarrhea caused by, 172 Chronic gout, 633 Cigarette use. See Smoking Class switching exotoxin produced by, 125 Chronic granulomatous disease Cilastatin, 259 B-cell, 203 food poisoning caused by, 171 aspergillosis and, 147 Ciliary body, 479 cytokines promoting, 207 Clostridium tetani, 131. See associations, common/ Ciliary epithelium, 479 Claudication, in atherosclerosis, 292 also Tetanus important, 637 Ciliary ganglion, 483 Clavulanic acid, 181 as bacterial spore, 130

common treatments for, 633 for generalized anxiety metastases to liver, 638 Congenital hepatic fibrosis, 551 exotoxin produced by, 124 disorder, 513 molecular pathogenesis of, 367 Congenital hypothyroidism Clotrimazole, 191 for major depressive disorder, 511 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 (cretinism), 328, 636 Clotting factors, 94 for obsessive-compulsive tumor markers, 237 Congenital long QT syndrome, 283 Clozapine, 258, 521 disorder, 520 tumor suppressor gene, 236 Congenital nevus, 437 Clue cells, 632 for panic disorder, 512 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 Congenital pyloric stenosis, 342 in bacterial vaginosis, 142, 174 for postpartum depression, 511 Colorectal polyps Congenital rubella Cluster A personality disorders, 515 Cognitive dysfunction, delirium acromegaly and, 333 cardiac defects associated Cluster B personality disorders, 515 as, 508 Colostrum, 205 with, 290 Cluster C personality disorders, 515 Cohort studies, 48 Colovesical fistulas, 363 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Cluster headaches, 490 Colchicine Coma in, 279 sumatriptan for, 502 for acute gout attack, 632 brain lesion causing, 461 Congenital syphilis, 141 vs. trigeminal neuralgia, 490 effect on microtubules, 74 tricyclic antidepressants as Congo red stain, 231 CML. See Chronic myelogenous for gout, 430, 446 cause, 523 Conivaptan, for SIADH, 333 leukemia microtubules and, 74 Comedocarcinomas, 590 Conjoined tendon, 351 CMV. See Cytomegalovirus for pseudogout, 431 COMLEX-USA Level 1 exam, 34–38 Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, 625 c-myc gene, 236 reactions to, 258, 259 Common cold, 162 Conjugation (genetics), 126 Burkitt lymphoma and, 400, 403 Cold agglutinin, 395 Common peroneal nerve, 421 Conjunctival pallor Coagulation Cold agglutinin disease, 626 Common variable iron deficiency as cause, 390 disorders of, 397, 398 Cold intolerance, in immunodeficiency, 214 Conjunctivitis pathways of, 386 hypothyroidism, 625 Communicating arteries, effects of adenovirus as cause, 158 platelet plug formation, 387 Colectomy, for ulcerative colitis, 362 stroke on, 465 measles as cause, 164, 625 vitamin K and, 94 Colesevelam, 306 Communicating hydrocephalus, 468 reactive arthritis as cause, 432, 628 Coagulation cascade, 386 Colestipol, 306 Competitive antagonists, 246 Connective tissue Coagulative necrosis, 223 Colic Competitive inhibitors, 242 anatomy and physiology, 416–426 in myocardial infarction, 294 biliary, 375 Complement, 206 drug reactions in, 259 Coagulopathy, 581 lead poisoning as cause, 391 activation of, 204 embryonic development of, 559 Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 612 Colipase, 355 antibody binding of, 204 tumors in, 234 Coarctation of aorta, 289 Colitis deficiencies, infections caused Conn syndrome lab/diagnostic findings, 631 bacterial spores causing, 130 by, 216 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Turner syndrome and, 290 pseudomembranous, 131 disorders of, 206 Consent for minors, 56 Cobalamin, 92 Colitis, ulcerative, 362 innate immunity and, 200 Consolidation (lung finding), 614 Cobblestone mucosa in Crohn Collagen, 75 pathway, 386 Constant infusion of drugs, 243 disease, 362 in scar formation, 229 Complementation, viral, 156 Constrictive pericarditis Cocaine, 499. See also Substance synthesis and structure of, 76 Complex seizures, 496 associations, common/ abuse Vitamin C in synthesis of, 93 Compliance, in respiratory important, 636 β-blockers and, 253, 256 Collagenase, in neutrophils, 382 disorders, 603 Kussmaul sign in, 300 cardiomyopathy and, 296 Collecting tubules, 532 Comprehensive Osteopathic Contact dermatitis, 212 intoxication and withdrawal ADH action on, 248 Medical Self- Contingency table, 50 symptoms, 518 defects in, 533 Assessment Examination Contraceptives, minors’ right to, 56. mechanism of action, 249, 253 Colles fractures, 425 (COMSAE), 38 See also Oral contraceptive placental abruption risk and, 582 Colon Compression fractures, 640 pills priapism caused by, 592 bacterial flora, 171 Conduct disorder, 506, 515 Contractility, cardiac, 273 reactions to, 257 blood supply and innervation Conducting zone, 600 in heart failure, 297 teratogenicity of, 560 to, 346 Conduction aphasia, 460 nitrates and β-blockers, effect CO (cardiac output). See Cardiac ischemia-susceptible areas, 224 Conduction pathway, 282 on, 305 output “lead pipe” appearance of, 630 Conductive hearing loss, 477 Contraction bands in myocardial Cocci bacteria as retroperitoneal structure, 343 Condylomata acuminata, 439 infarction, 294 examples of, 119 Colon cancer. See also Colorectal as sexually transmitted Contraction, muscle, 423–424 Gram-positive, antimicrobials cancer infection, 177 Contralateral subthalamic for, 182, 183, 186 5-FU for, 409 Condylomata lata, 628 nucleus, 459 Gram-positive identification, 127 diseases associated with, 235 Confidence intervals, 54 Conversion disorder, 514 Coccidioides drug therapy for, 411 Confidentiality, 57 Convertases, in complement Amphotericin B for, 190 incidence/mortality of, 239 Confounding bias, 52 system, 206 itraconazole for, 191 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 318, Coombs-negative hemolytic Coccidioidomycosis oncogene for, 236 636 anemia, 394 endemic location and features, 145 tumor suppressor genes, 236 Congenital cardiac anomalies, 636 Coombs test, 211, 258, 395 as granulomatous disease, 230 Colonic atresia, 342 Congenital conjugated Coporphobilinogen, 396 Codeine, 494 Colonic polyps, 366 hyperbilirubinemia, 636 Copper Codman triangle, 631 Colorado tick fever, 161 Congenital cytomegalovirus antidote to, 257 Codominance, 80 Colorectal cancer, 367 (CMV), 226 deficiency in, 391 Codons, start and stop, 67 Crohn disease as cause, 362 Congenital heart defects, 560. See in Menkes syndrome, 77 Cognitive behavioral therapy, 512 familial adenomatous polyposis also Neural tube defects in Wilson disease, 373 for adjustment disorder, 513 and, 83 Congenital heart disease, 288–290. Coprolalia in Tourette syndrome, 506 for anxiety disorders, 512 HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis See Heart disease Coracoid, 417 for atypical depression, 511 colorectal cancer), 67 polycythemia and, 404 Cori disease, 110 for body dysmorphic disorder, 513 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Turner syndrome as cause, 628 Corkscrew fibers, 493

Cornea, 479 exotoxin produced by, 124 lesions of, 476 Crypt abscesses, 362 as collagen, 75 in unimmunized children, 179 structures supplied by, 346 Cryptococcal meningitis, 147, 191 Kayser-Fleischer rings in, 373, 625 Coryza 11th (accessory), 475 Cryptococcus Corneal arcus, 291 measles as cause, 164 lesions of, 476 Amphotericin B for, 190 Corneal reflex, 476 Costimulatory signals, 203 12th (hypoglossal), 475 as urease-positive organism, 122 Coronary artery Cough lesions of, 476 Cryptococcus neoformans, 147 atherosclerosis in, 639 ACE inhibitors as cause, 555 Berry aneurysms and, 465 stain used for, 120 occlusion, MI caused by, 294 asthma as cause, 610 development of, 559 treatment for, 633 spasm, angina caused by, 293 chronic bronchitis as cause, 610 lesions of, 476 Cryptorchidism, 572, 592 thrombosis, associations, common/ as drug reaction, 260 nuclei, 474 testicular tumors and, 593 important, 636 lung cancer as cause, 619 pathways for, 475 Cryptosporidium, 149 Coronary artery disease opioids for, 494 reflexes, 476 Crypts of Lieberkühn, 345 atrial fibrillation caused by, 284 Coumadin. See Warfarin in tongue development, 450 Curling ulcers, 635 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 Councilman bodies, 630 ventral view of, 474 Currant jelly sputum, 138, 179, 627 hypertension and, 290 Countertransference and Craniopharyngiomas, 454, 493, 636 Currant jelly stool, 365, 627 in menopause, 576 transference, 504 C-reactive protein, 205 Curschmann spirals, 610 sudden cardiac death from, 293 Courvoiser sign, 377 Creatine kinase lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Coronary sinus, 268 Courvoisier sign, 626 in polymyalgia rheumatica, 434 Cushing reaction, 286 Coronary steal syndrome, 293 Cowdry A inclusions, 160, 630 in polymyositis/ Cushing syndrome, 323 435 Coronary stenting, 407 Cowper’s gland, 571 dermatomyositis, anovulation caused by, 585 295 Coronary vasospasm, 502 Cowpox, 158 Creatine-Kinase MB test, as drug reaction, 259 Creatinine clearance, 529, 530 as drug reaction, 257 COX-2 inhibitors, 445 associations, common/ Cre-lox system, 79 Coronaviruses, 161 Coxiella important, 636 Cremasteric muscle, 351 Cor pulmonale, 605, 639 as obligate intracellular bug, 122 eosinopenia caused by, 395 Cremaster reflex, 473 heart failure caused by, 297 Coxiella burnetii, 142, 143 glucocorticoids as cause, 218, 340 Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 629 pneumoconioses and, 612 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 238 CREST syndrome, 436 pulmonary hypertension as as bacterial spore, 130 Cushing ulcers, 635 autoantibodies and, 213 cause, 614 Coxsackievirus, 161, 162 Cutaneous anthrax, 132 lab/diagnostic findings, 628 Corpus cavernosum, 568 type A, 176, 627 edema factor in, 124 Raynaud syndrome with, 301 Corpus luteum type B, 296, 638 Cutaneous edema, 625 sclerodermal esophageal hCG and, 576 C peptides, and insulinomas, 336 Cutaneous flushing dysmotility in, 358 in menstrual cycle, 574 Cranial nerves, 475 as drug reaction, 257 Cretinism. See Congenital progesterone production by, 573 1st (olfactory), 475 Cutaneous lesions, 400 hypothyroidism (cretinism) Corrosive esophagitis, 445 2nd (optic), 475, 479 Cutaneous mycoses, 146 559 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 487 Cortex, kidney, 528 development of, Cutaneous neurofibromas, 83 pupillary light reflex and, 483 dementia caused by, 508 Corticobulbar tract, effects of stroke Cutis aplasia, 626 stroke effects, 464 prions as cause, 171 on, 464 CVID. See Common variable 3rd (oculomotor), 475, 485 CRH (corticotropin-releasing Corticospinal tract, 464, 469 immunodeficiency (CVID) cavernous sinus and, 477 hormone), 315 Corticosteroids in Circle of Willis, 462 signaling pathway for, 321 Cyanide for arteritis, 302 epidural hematoma and, 466 Cribriform plate, 475 antidotes to, 257, 604 for asthma, 621 internuclear ophthalmoplegia Cricothyroid muscle, 565 as electron transport inhibitor, 101 for Bell palsy, 478 and, 486 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 87 methemoglobin and, 604 cataracts caused by, 480 miosis and, 483 chromosome associated with, 87 Cyanosis, 605 for Crohn disease, 362, 633 4th (trochlear), 475 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 371, 372, associations, common/ eosinopenia caused by, 395 cavernous sinus and, 477 627 important, 636 glaucoma caused by, 480 5th (trigeminal), 475 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic causes of, 288, 289 for hypopituitarism, 334 as branchial arch derivative, 565 fever, 161 chronic bronchitis as cause, 610 lymphopenia caused by, 395 cavernous sinus and, 477 Crohn disease, 362 methemoglobinemia as cause, 604 neutrophilia caused by, 395 division of, 475 common treatments for, 633 pulmonary hypertension as lesions of, 476 osteonecrosis caused by, 426 gallstones and, 375 cause, 614 mastication muscles and, 478 reactions to, 258, 259 immunosuppressants for, 218 Raynaud phenomenon as sumatriptan, effect on, 502 for thyroid storm, 329 inflammation associated with, 635 cause, 301 6th (abducens), 475 for Wegener granulomatosis, 302, kidney stones caused by, 544 tracheoesophageal fistula as cavernous sinus and, 477 633 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 cause, 342 internuclear ophthalmoplegia Corticosterone synthesis, 318 432 Cyanotic shunt, 638 and, 486 spondyloarthropathies and, Corticotropin-releasing hormone. 379 Cyclin D1, in mantle cell 7th (facial), 475 sulfasalazine for, See CRH (corticotropin- lymphoma, 403 as branchial arch derivative, 565 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 releasing hormone) 72 palsy of, 628 TNF-α inhibitors for, 446 Cyclins, Cortisol, 319 Cyclobenzaprine, 499 8th (vestibulocochlear), 475 Vitamin B12 deficiency caused adrenal insufficiency and, 324 aminoglycoside toxicity to, 560 by, 392 Cyclooxygenase enzyme, 407 signaling pathway for, 321 schwannomas in, 492 Cromolyn sodium, 383 Cyclopegia, medications causing, 251 synthesis of, 318 9th (glossopharyngeal), 475 Crossover studies, 52 Cyclophosphamide, 410 Corynebacterium as branchial arch derivative, 565 Cross-sectional studies, 48 acute cystitis and, 547 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 10th (vagus), 354, 475 Croup, 161, 164 for polyarteritis nodosa, 302 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 as branchial arch derivative, 565 pulsus paradoxus in, 299 reactions to, 259 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 130 diaphragm and, 601 Crust, skin, 437 SIADH caused by, 333 culture requirements, 121 in gastrointestinal system, 377 Cryoprecipitate transfusions, 399 toxicities of, 413

transitional cell carcinoma retinitis, treating, 193 for hemochromatosis, 373 ego defenses resulting from, 504– and, 547 treatment for, 633 for iron poisoning, 397 505 for Wegener granulomatosis, 302, Cytoplasm, 95 Deformation, organ, 559 electroconvulsive therapy for, 512 633 Cytosol, 423 Dehydrogenases, 96 in geriatric patients, 508 Cyclopia, cause of, 449 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (type Delavirdine, 194 Huntington disease as cause, 459 Cyclospasm, cause of, 494 II), 201, 211 Delayed cell-mediated hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Cyclosporine, 218 Cytotoxic T cells, 202 hypersensitivity (type major depressive disorder, 511 for aplastic anemia, 393 surface proteins, 209, 384 IV), 201, 211 neurotransmitters in, 453, 507 reactions to, 259 Cytotoxin, 131 allergic contact dermatitis as, 439 pathologic grief as cause, 512 Cyclothymic disorder, 510 Cytotrophoblast, 562 rheumatoid arthritis and, 429 sexual dysfunction and, 516 Cyproheptadine, for serotonin Delayed immune response, antibodies SNRIs for, 523 syndrome, 523 D involved in, 205 SSRIs for, 523 Delirium, 508 as suicide risk factor, 512 Cystic breast disease, 590 D2 agonists, 521 as drug withdrawal symptom, 518 treatment for, 633 Cystic duct, 350 D2 antagonists Cysticercosis, 154 metoclopramide as, 380 Delirium tremens (DTs), 519 tricyclic antidepressants for, 523 Cystic fibrosis for schizophrenia, 634 Delta virus, 161 de Quervain thyroiditis, 328 atrophy in, 225 Daclizumab, 218 Deltoid muscle, 419 Dermal edema, 625 bronchiectasis and, 610 Dactinomycin, 408, 410 Delusional disorder, 509 Dermatitis chromosome associated with, 87 Dactylitis Delusions allergic contact, 439 gallstones and, 375 psoriatic arthritis as cause, 432 in delirium tremens, 519 B-complex deficiency as cause, 88 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 179 in sickle cell anemia, 394 in mood disorders, 510 infectious arthritis as cause, 432 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 D-ala D-ala, in vancomycin, 183 pathologic grief as cause, 512 pellagra as cause, 625 511 meconium ileus in, 365 Dalfopristin in postpartum psychosis, Vitamin B7 deficiency as cause, 91 N-acetylcysteine for, 620 for VRE, 190 in psychotic disorders, 508 Dermatitis herpetiformis 509 pancreatic insufficiency caused Dalteparin, 405 in schizophrenia, celiac sprue and, 361 Demeclocycline, 185, 340 437 by, 361 Danazol, 597 Dermatologic terms, diabetes insipidus and, 333 473 pancreatitis caused by, 638 pseudotumor cerebri caused Dermatomes, landmark, reactions to, 259 Dermatomyositis, 213, 435 pneumonia in, 172 by, 468 for SIADH, 333, 634 neoplasms associated with, 235 vitamin deficiencies in, 88 Dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome. Dementia, 487, 508 Dermatophytoses, 191 Cystic hygromas, 301 See Opsoclonus-myoclonus associations, common/ Dermis, embryonic development Turner syndrome as cause, 578, 628 syndrome important, 637 of, 559 Cystic medial degeneration Dandy-Walker malformation, 449 Huntington disease as cause, 459, Dermoid cysts, 586 aortic aneurysms and, 292 Dantrolene, 499 624 Descent of testes and ovaries, 569 Cystic medial necrosis. See Marfan for malignant hyperthermia, 634 metachromatic leukodystrophy as Desipramine, 523 syndrome for neuroleptic malignant cause, 111 Desloratadine, 620 Cystine, 108 syndrome, 521 pellagra as cause, 625 Desmin, 74 in kidney stones, 544 Dapsone, 186 prions as cause, 171 Desmoplakin in epithelial cells, 437 Cystine-tellurite agar, 130 for Hansen’s disease, 134 Wilson disease as cause, 373 Desmoplasia, 233 Cystine-tellurite plate, 121 for Pneumocystis jiroveci, 148 Demyelinating diseases, 489, 637 Desmopressin Cystinuria, 108 258 reactions to, Dendritic cells, 384 for diabetes insipidus, 633 Cystitis Daptomycin, 187, 190 innate immunity and, 200 for hemophilia, 397 539 acute infectious, Darunavir, 194 in T- and B-cell activation, 203 for sleep enuresis, 455 medications for, 251 Daunorubicin, 410 Dengue, 161 for von Willebrand disease, 398 pyuria in, 539 DCC gene, 236 Denial (ego defense), 504 Desmopressin acetate squamous cell carcinoma of the DDAVP. See Desmopressin Denosumab, 220 for diabetes insipidus, 317, 333 bladder and, 547 Deafness, caused by Alport De novo pyrimidine and purine Desmosome in epithelial cells, 437 Cytarabine, 409 syndrome, 541 synthesis, 63, 96 Detached retina, 481 Cytochrome C in apoptosis, 222 Death cap mushroom toxicity, 68 Dental caries in Sjögren Detemir insulin, 338 Cytochrome P-450 interactions, 260 Death, causes of, 60 syndrome, 430 Development, 59–60 Cytokeratin, 74 Debranching enzyme, 110 Dental plaque, 171 Developmental delays Cytokines, 207. See also Interferons; Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), 206 Dentate line, 349 orotic aciduria as cause, 392 Interleukins Decidua basalis, 562 Dentin, 75 Developmental disorders, 507 helper T cell secretion of, 202 Decision-making capacity, Dependent personality disorder, 515 Developmental milestones, 59 recombinant, 219 determining, 57 Depersonalization/derealization Dexamethasone, 340 regulatory T cell production of, 202 Decongestants, 620 disorder, 510 Dextroamphetamine, 520 Cytolysis, 206 Deep brachial artery, 422 Depressants, 518 Dextromethorphan, 494, 620 Cytomas Deep venous thrombosis, 608 Depression. See also Anxiety serotonin syndrome and, 523 pheochromocytomas, 326 Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 608 α-blockers for, 255 DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) Cytomegalovirus, 158, 159. See drug therapy for, 406 adjustment disorder as cause, 513 synthesis, 318 also Herpesviruses heparin for, 405 anorexia nervosa and, 516 DHT. See Dihydrotestosterone congenital, calcification in, 226 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 atypical, 511 Diabetes in pregnancy esophagitis and, 358 Defense mechanisms. See Ego atypical antipsychotics for, 521 anencephaly and, 449 as immunodeficiency defenses dementia caused by, 508 cardiac defects associated with, 290 infection, 216 Deferasirox, 373 dissociative identity disorder neonatal respiratory distress labs/diagnostic findings, 630 for iron poisoning, 397 and, 510 syndrome and, 613 neonatal transmission of, 175 Deferoxamine drug therapy for, 520 polyhydramnios and, 583 retinitis caused by, 482 as antidote, 257 as drug withdrawal symptom, 518 teratogenicity of, 560

Diabetes insipidus, 333 bloody, 142, 172 for atrial fibrillation, 284 blood transfusions for, 399 common treatments for, 633 cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning for cardiomyopathy, 296 endotoxins as cause, 123 demeclocycline as cause, 340 as cause, 250 magnesium as antidote, 310 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 as drug reaction, 259 Crohn disease as cause, 362 metoclopramide and, 380 schistocytes in, 388 hydrochlorothiazide for, 554 Cryptosporidium as cause, 149 therapeutic index (TI) value, 246 Dissociation (ego defense), 504 lithium as cause, 522 Entamoeba histolytica as cause, 149 Digoxin immune Fab, 220 Dissociative amnesia, 507 vasopressin for, 340 Giardia lamblia as cause, 149 Dihydrofolate reductase, 409 Dissociative disorders, 510 vasopressin level in, 317 irritable bowel syndrome as Dihydropyridine receptor, in muscle Dissociative fugue, 507 Diabetes mellitus, 334 cause, 363 contraction, 423 Dissociative identity disorder, 504, arteriolosclerosis in, 291 lactase deficiency as cause, 104 Dihydrotestosterone, 577 510 atherosclerosis and, 292 magnesium hydroxide as cause, 379 female analogue to, 568 Distal colon, 365 autoantibodies associated with, 213 malabsorption syndromes as secretion of, 595 Distal convoluted tubule, 528 β-blockers and, 256 cause, 361 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 296 defects in, 533 breastfeeding reducing risk of, 576 opioids for, 494 wet beriberi as cause, 625 Distortions of the hand, 420 cataracts caused by, 480 organisms causing, 172 Dilator pupillae, 479 Disulfiram, 95 chronic pancreatitis as cause, 376 pellagra as cause, 625 Diltiazem, 304, 310 for alcohol abuse, 632 common treatments for, 633 rice-water, 172 Dimenhydrinate, 620 for alcoholism, 519 currant jelly sputum and, 627 rotavirus as cause, 161, 162 Dimercaprol Disulfiram-like reactions, 260 dietary treatment for, 338 tetrodotoxin as cause, 252 as antidote, 257 Diuretics drug therapy for, 304, 338–339 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 for lead poisoning, 391 for cardiomyopathy, 296 facial nerve palsy in, 478 watery, 172 Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, 600 electrolyte changes, 554 fungal infections in, 179 Diastole, 272 Diphenhydramine, 521, 620 for glaucoma, 494 glucosuria in, 531 Diazepam, 497 Diphenoxylate, 494 for heart failure, 297 hemochromatosis in, 373 for alcohol withdrawal, 520 Diphtheria for hypertension, 304 HLA genes and, 201, 637 for Clostridium tetani, 633 Corynebacterium diphtheriae as interstitial nephritis caused by, 548 islet amyloid polypeptide in, 231 receptor binding, 246 cause, 130 loop, 630 malignant otitis externa in, 137 DIC. See Disseminated intravascular vaccine for, 130 mechanisms of, 553–554 mucormycosis and, 147 coagulation (DIC) Diphtheria toxin, 130 potassium-sparing, 554 oculomotor nerve (CN III) Diclofenac, 445 lysogenic phage encoding, 126 site of action, 552 and, 485 Dicloxacillin, 181 mechanism of, 124 Diverticula of the GI tract, 363 osteomyelitis and, 137 for mastitis, 590 Diphyllobothrium latum, 154 Diverticulitis, 363

pancreatic adenocarcinoma for Staphylococcus aureus, 635 Vitamin B12 deficiency caused Diverticulosis, 363, 639 and, 377 Didanosine by, 92 Diverticulum, 363, 637 renal papillary necrosis and, 549 pancreatitis caused by, 258 Dipicolinic acid in spores, 130 Dizygotic twins, 561 sexual dysfunction and, 516 Didanosine (ddI), 194 Diplopia DMPK gene, 85 type 1 vs. type 2, 335 Diencephalon, 448 carbamazepine as cause, 496 DNA Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, 540 Diethylcarbamazine, 192 central pontine myelinolysis as methylation, 62 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 335, 112 for nematode infections, 153 cause, 456 mutations in, 66 clinical presentation of, 625 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 596 insulinomas as cause, 336 repair, 67 common treatments for, 633 clear cell adenocarcinoma of internuclear ophthalmoplegia as replication, 65 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 vagina and, 636 cause, 625 synthesis direction, 67 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 as teratogen, 560 myasthenia gravis as cause, 435 DNA-binding proteins, 78 Diabetic nephropathy Diffuse cortical necrosis, 548 phenytoin as cause, 496 DNA laddering, 222 ACE inhibitors for, 555 Diffuse fat necrosis in acute with vertigo, 490 DNA ligase, 65 α-inhibitors for, 304 pancreatitis, 376 Dipyridamole, 407 DNA polymerases, 65 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 400 for coronary steal syndrome, 293 inhibition of, 409 Diabetic renal disease, 555 Diffuse proliferative Direct agonists, 250 DNAse, for cystic fibrosis, 84 Diabetic retinopathy, 481 glomerulonephritis, 540, Direct factor Xa inhibitors, 406 DNA viruses, 158 Diagnostic tests 541 Direct inguinal hernias, 352 characteristics of, 157 ethical issues in, 58 Diffuse scleroderma, 436 Disabled students, accommodations genomes of, 157 evaluation of, 49–51 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 for, 41–42 naked nucleic acid infectivity, 157 Dialectical behavior therapy Diffusion limited gas exchange, 605 Disaccharidase deficiency, 361 replication of, 157 for borderline personality DiGeorge syndrome. See Thymic Disease prevention, 55 Dobutamine, 253 disorder, 515 aplasia (DiGeorge Disinfectants, clinical, 195 Dofetilide, 309 Dialysis, for iron poisoning, 397 syndrome) Disopyramide, 308 Dog bite infections, 625 Dialysis-related amyloidosis, 231 chromosome associated with, 87 Disorganized speech, 508, 509 Dolor (pain), 225 Diaper rash treatment, 191 lymphopenia caused by, 395 Displacement (ego defense), 504 Dominant negative mutation, 80 Diaphoresis in myocardial Digestive tract anatomy and Disruption, organ, 559 Dominant parietal-temporal cortex infarction, 294 histology, 345 Disseminated intravascular lesion, 461 Diaphragm Digitalis coagulation (DIC), 398 Donepezil, 250, 502 innervation of, 601 antidote to, 257 in acute myelogenous Dopamine, 107, 315 phrenic nerve and, 473 cardiac contractility and, 273 leukemia, 402 agonists, 332, 500 structures of, 601 gynecomastia caused by, 590 acute pancreatitis as cause, 376 antagonists, 315 Diaphragmatic hernias, 352 potassium levels and, 536 adrenal sufficiency caused by, 324 clinical use, 253 Diarrhea Digitoxin, 75 anemia caused by, 395 CNS stimulants, effect on, 520 B-complex deficiency as cause, 88 Digoxin, 75 associations, common/ in depression, 507

bismuth/sucralfate for, 378 antidote for, 220 important, 637 D1 receptors, 458

in Huntington disease, 502, 507 reproductive, 258 Dyslipidemia, 115 Ebola hemorrhagic fever, 161 MAO inhibitors, effect on, 523 respiratory, 260 renal failure as cause, 550 Ebstein anomaly, 269, 522, 560 in Parkinson disease, 501, 507 Drugs Dysmenorrhea, 574. See Eburnation pheochromocytoma secretion efficacy vs. potency, 245 also Amenorrhea lab/diagnostic findings, 631 of, 326 names of, 261 adenomyosis as cause, 588 osteoarthritis as cause, 429 prolactin regulation by, 316 suffixes, 261 endometriosis as cause, 588 E-cadherin in epithelial cells, 437 receptors, 247, 248 therapeutic index, 246 Dysmetria Echinocandins, 191 in schizophrenia, 507 trials of, 48 stroke as cause, 464 Echinococcus granulosus, 154 Doripenem, 183 Drug use with vertigo, 490 Echothiophate, 494 Dornase alfa (DNAse), 84 pulmonary hypertension caused Dysmyelinating diseases, 489 Echovirus, 161, 162 Dorsal column, 469, 470 by, 614 Dyspareunia, 516 Eclampsia, 581 demyelination of, 471 Dry beriberi, 89 endometriosis as cause, 588 hypertension as cause, 290 nerve degeneration in, 629 Dry cough Dysphagia, 272 preeclampsia as cause, 581 thalamic connections, 456 as drug reaction, 260 central pontine myelinolysis as seizures in, 496 Dorsal interosseous muscles, 420 dsRNA, 79 cause, 456 Ecthyma gangrenosum, 137 Dorsal motor nucleus, 476 D-transposition of great vessels. eosinophilic esophagitis as Ectocervix, 570 Dorsal optic radiation, 486 See Transposition of great cause, 358 Ectoderm, 559 Dorsal root ganglia development, 559 vessels Plummer-Vinson syndrome as in gastrulation, 558 Dosage calculations, 243 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 371, 372, cause, 625 Ectopic ADH, 333 Double-blinded studies, 48 636 sclerodermal esophageal Ectopic pregnancy, 583 “Double bubble” on X-ray, 365 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 84, 85 dysmotility as cause, 358 Chlamydia trachomatis as Double Y males, 578 clinical presentation of, 624 stroke as cause, 464 cause, 144 Down syndrome, 86 DNA mutation causing, 66 Zenker diverticulum as cause, 364 methotrexate for, 409 acute myelogenous leukemia Ductal carcinoma in situ, 590 Dysplasia, 232, 233 salpingitis as risk for, 178 and, 402 Ductus arteriosus Dysplasia, cervical, 584 Eculizumab, 394 Alzheimer disease and, 487 as aortic arch derivative, 564 Dysplastic nevus Eczema, 439 cardiac defects associated with, 290 in fetal circulation, 271 neoplasms associated with, 235 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 chromosome associated with, 87 postnatal derivative, 271 Dyspnea Job syndrome as cause, 627 duodenal atresia in, 365 Ductus deferens, 528 aortic stenosis and, 279 phenylketonuria as cause, 107 horseshoe kidney and, 527 development of, 567 asthma as cause, 610 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome as lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Ductus venosus, 271 chronic bronchitis as cause, 610 cause, 631 mental retardation caused by, 637 in fetal circulation, 271 GERD as cause, 358 Edema. See also Pulmonary edema neoplasms associated with, 235 postnatal derivative, 271 hypersensitivity pneumonitis as calcium channel blockers as Robertsonian translocation in, 87 Duloxetine, 523 cause, 612 cause, 304 simian crease in, 627 Duodenal atresia, 342, 365 “pink puffer” emphysema as capillary fluid exchange and, 287 Doxazosin, 255 Duodenal ulcers, 360 cause, 627 cerebral, 333, 456, 463 Doxepin, 523 Duodenum pneumothorax as cause, 615 cirrhosis as cause, 368 Doxorubicin, 408, 410 basal electrical rhythm in, 345 Wegener granulomatosis as cutaneous/dermal, 625 cardiomyopathy caused by, 296 as biliary structure, 350 cause, 302 danazol as cause, 597 reactions to, 257 blood supply and innervation Dysthymia, 511 glitazones/thiazolidinediones as toxicities of, 413 to, 346 in cyclothymic disorder, 510 cause, 338 Doxycycline, 185 histology of, 345 as mood disorder, 510 glomerular filtration barrier for Chlamydia trachomatis, 633 iron absorption in, 356 Dystonia, 459 and, 529 for Lyme disease, 140 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 antipsychotics as cause, 521 in heart failure, 297 for Rickettsial diseases, 143 secretory cells in, 354 in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 64 lithium as cause, 522 for Rickettsia rickettsii, 634 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336 Dystrophic calcification, 226 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 627 DPC4 gene, 236 Duplex collecting system, 527 Dysuria, in benign prostatic nitroglycerin for, 305 DPP-4 inhibitors, 339 Dural venous sinuses, 467 hyperplasia, 594 pseudoephedrine for, 620 Drainage of lymph nodes, 198 Duret hemorrhages, 493 pulmonary hypertension as Dressler syndrome DVT. See Deep venous thrombosis E cause, 605 clinical presentation of, 624 (DVT) Ear retinal vein occlusion as cause, 481 as MI complication, 295 Dwarfism, 425 anatomy of, 477 vasogenic, 453 Drug abuse. See Alcohol use; D-xylose absorption test, 355, 361 development of, 559 wet beriberi as cause, 89 Substance abuse Dynein, 74 vertigo and, 490 Edema toxin, 124 Drug clearance, 640 Dysarthria, 460, 461 Eardrum, 477 Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 483 Drug elimination, 244–245 central pontine myelinolysis as Early developmental milestones, 59 EDTA, for lead poisoning, 391 Drug-induced interstitial cause, 456 Early distal convoluted tubule, 532 Educational Commission for Foreign nephritis, 548 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 472 Early proximal tubule, 532 Medical Graduates Drug-induced lupus, 213 Wilson disease as cause, 373 Earthquakes, increase in (ECFMG), 21, 24–25, 31 Drug metabolism, 244 Dysentery coccidioidomycosis Edwards syndrome, 86 Drug reactions Entamoeba histolytica as cause, 149 after, 145 chromosome associated with, 87 cardiovascular, 257 Escherichia coli as cause, 138 Eastern equine encephalitis, 161 clinical presentation of, 626 gastrointestinal, 258 Dysgerminomas, 587 Eating disorders, 516. See horseshoe kidney and, 527 hematologic, 258 Dysgeusia, 94 also Anorexia nervosa; EEGs (electroencephalograms), 455 musculoskeletal, 259 Dyskinesia Bulimia nervosa Efavirenz, 194 neurologic, 259 L-dopa as cause, 501 anovulation caused by, 585 Effective refractory point, 280 renal/genitourinary, 259 Wilson disease as cause, 373 Eaton agar, 121, 144 Effective renal plasma flow, 530, 641

Effector functions, of regulatory Emboli embryology, 312 Enterococcus faecalis, 127 T cells, 202 as atherosclerosis complication, 292 pathology, 323–335 Enterocolitis, necrotizing, 59 Efferent arteriole, 528 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 pharmacology, 338–340 Enterocytes ACE inhibitor, effect on, 530 Embolic stroke, 467 physiology, 314–321 carbohyrate absorption by, 355 constriction effects, 530, 534 Emboliform nucleus, 457 Endoderm, 559 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Efferent lymphatics, 198 Embryogenesis in gastrulation, 558 (EHEC), 124, 138 Efficacy, drug, 245 genes, important, 558 Endomethacin, 289 diarrhea caused by, 172 EGF (epidermal growth factor), 229 initiation of, 558 Endometrial cancer, 588, 637 Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli signaling pathway for, 321 intrinsic pathway apoptosis in, 222 exogenous estrogen and, 596 (EIEC), 138 Eggs. See Oocytes; Oogenesis Embryology. See also Pregnancy incidence of, 583 diarrhea caused by, 172 Ego defenses, 504–505 cardiovascular, 268–270 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Enterokinase/enteropeptidase, 355 in personality disorders, 515 derivatives, 559 progestins for, 596 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 77 endocrine, 312 tamoxifen and, 412, 596 (EPEC), 138 Berry aneurysm and, 465 gastrointestinal, 342–343 tumor suppressor gene, 236 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli clinical presentation of, 625 genital, 567 Endometrial hyperplasia, 588 (EHEC), 124 mitral valve prolapse caused by, 279 neurological, 448–450 follicular cysts and, 585 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Ehrlichia, 143 pancreatic, 343 progesterone for, 573 (ETEC), 138 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 142 renal, 526–527 Endometriomas, 586 diarrhea caused by, 172 Ehrlichiosis, 142, 143 reproductive, 558–568 Endometriosis, 588 Enterotoxin, 131 Eikenella splenal, 343 danazol for, 597 Enteroviral encephalitis, 216 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 Embryonal carcinomas, 593 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Enteroviruses, 173 Eisenmenger syndrome, 289, 638 Emphysema, 610 ovarian neoplasms and, 586 Enzyme inhibition, 242 Endometritis, 588 Ejaculation α1-antitrypsin deficiency as Enzyme kinetics, 242 autonomic innervation, 571 cause, 371 Endometrium, 570 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. premature, 516 clinical presentation of, 627 conditions of, 588 See ELISA (enzyme-linked sperm pathway during, 571 diffusion limited gas exchange in menstrual cycle, 574 immunosorbent assay) 597 Ejaculatory ducts in, 605 oral contraceptive effect on, Enzymes Endoneurium, 452 development of, 567 elastin defect in, 77 synthesis of, 72 Endoplasmic reticulum, 72 diagram of, 571 Empty sella syndrome, 334 terminology for, 96 Endothelial cells in sperm pathway, 571 Emtricitabine (FTC), 194 Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) in kidney, 528 Ejection click, 637 Encapsulated bacteria, 122 agar, 135 tight junctions, blood-brain barrier Ejection fraction, 273, 641 removal by spleen, 199 Eosinopenia, 395 and, 453 Ejection time, 305 Encapsulated bacteria vaccines, 122 Eosinophilia, 383 in wound healing, 229 Elastase, 355 Encephalitis Eosinophilic esophagitis, 358 Endothelial damage, 637 Elastic recoil in lungs, 603 California, 161 Eosinophilic fluid, 629 Endotoxins, 123, 125, 137 Elastin, 77, 87 Eastern and Western equine, 161 Eosinophils, 207, 382, 383 effect on macrophages, 209 Elbow HSV-1 as cause, 159 Ependymal cells End-stage renal disease, 231 overuse injuries of, 417 measles as cause, 164 development of, 559 Enflurane, 498 Elderly patients, changes in, 60. See St. Louis, 161 origins of, 448 Enhancer, in gene expression, 68 also Gerontology viral, 640 Ependymomas, 493 Enoxacin, 187 Electrocardiogram, 282 VZV as cause, 159 Ephedrine, 253 Enoxaparin, 405 diagnosis of acute pericarditis, 299 173 564 West Nile Virus as cause, Entacapone, 500 Epicardial ridge, 295 diagnosis of MI, Encephalopathy Entamoeba, 187 Epidemics, 163 localization of STEMI, 295 hypertension as cause, 290 Entamoeba histolytica, 149 Epidemic typhus, 142 tracings, 284–285 hypoxic ischemic (HIE), 224 diarrhea caused by, 172 Epidemiology/biostatistics Electroconvulsive therapy, 512 lead poisoning as cause, 391 Enteric bacteria bias and study errors, 52 for major depressive disorder, 511 neuroleptic malignant syndrome as culture requirements, 121 of cancer, 239 for postpartum psychosis, 511 cause, 521 examples of, 119 clinical trials, 48 Electroencephalograms, 455 End diastolic volume, 274 lactose-fermenting, 135 diagnostic test evaluation, 49 Electrolytes Endemic typhus, 142 Enteritis disease prevention, 55 disturbances in, 537 Endocannabinoids, 317 incidence vs. prevalence, 49 Vitamin B5 deficiency as cause, 90 diuretics, effect on, 554 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 296 Medicare and Medicaid, 55 Vitamin B7 deficiency as cause, 91 Electronic Residency Application Endocarditis precision vs. accuracy, 51 Vitamin B12 deficiency caused Service (ERAS), 24, 31 aortic regurgitation in, 279 by, 92 quantifying risk, 50 Electron transport chain, 101 bacterial, 298, 628 Enterobacter statistical distributions, 53 Electron transport inhibitors, 101 daptomycin for, 187 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 types of studies, 48 Elek test, 130 heroin addiction and, 519 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Epidermal growth factor. See EGF Elephantiasis, 153 Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 128 as lactose fermenter, 135 (epidermal growth factor) 11-deoxycorticosterone, 318 subacute, 130 Enterobacter Epidermis layers, 436 11-deoxycortisol, 318 Endochondral ossification, 424 as nosocomial infection, 178 Epidermophyton, 146 Elimination of drugs, 244 achondroplasia and, 425 Enterobacter cloacae, 174 Epididymis ELISA (enzyme-linked Endocrine functions in kidneys, 535 Enterobius vermicularis, 153, 637 development of, 567 immunosorbent assay), 78 Endocrine hormone signaling Enterochromaffin-like cells, 354 in sperm pathway, 571 Elliptocytes, 388 pathways, 321 Enterococci, 127, 130 Epidural hematomas, 466 Elliptocytosis, 388 Endocrine pancreas cell types, 313 antimicrobials for, 183 associations, common/ Eltrombopag, 219 Endocrine system common treatments for, 633 important, 637 EMB agar, 135, 174 anatomy, 312–315 vancomycin-resistant (VRE), 130 clinical presentation of, 626

Epigastric veins, 348 Erythematous macules Esophageal dysmotility, 436 Ethosuximide Epigastric vessels, 352 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 496 Esophageal reflux for absence seizures, 632

Epiglottitis Erythroblastosis fetalis H2 blockers for, 378 for epilepsy, 496 Haemophilus influenzae as as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 proton pump inhibitors for, 378 Ethylene glycol cause, 136 Erythrocytes, 382 Esophageal varices intoxication, treatment for, 633 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 metabolism of, 314 portal hypertension as cause, 368 kidney stones caused by, 544 in unimmunized children, 179 in myeloproliferative somatostatin for, 340 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 Epilepsy, 489 disorders, 404 Esophageal veins, 348 Etoposide, 408, 411 drug therapy for, 496 packed, in tranfusions, 399 Esophageal web, 359 Euchromatin, 62 hallucinations caused by, 509 pathologic forms of, 388–389 Esophagitis, 358 Eukaryotes, 68 Sturge-Weber syndrome and, 491 Rouleaux formation, 632 Esophagus Eukaryotic genes, 68 Epinephrine, 107 testosterone, effect on, 577 anastomosis in, 348 Eustachian tubes diabetes mellitus caused by, 334 in urine, 539, 540, 631 diaphragm and, 601 as branchial pouch derivative, 566 glycogen regulation by, 109 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 230 histology of, 345 congestion, treating, 620 pheochromocytoma secretion in arteritis, 302 pathologies of, 358 development of, 559 of, 326 in polymyalgia rheumatica, 434 primitive, 564 Ewing sarcoma Epineurium, 452 in rheumatic fever, 299 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 dactinomycin for, 410 Epiphyseal plates, 577 in subacute thyroiditis, 328 strictures in, 358 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 Episcleral hemangioma, 491 Erythrocytosis, 382 varices in, 348 Excitatory pathway of basal Epispadias, 569 Erythroderma, 625 ESR. See Erythrocyte sedimentation ganglia, 458 Epistaxis, 397, 608 Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus rate Excretion rate, 531 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as pyogenes Essential amino acids, 104 Exemestane, 596 cause, 628 lysogenic phage encoding, 126 Essential fructosuria, 103 Exenatide, 339 Epithelial casts in sputum, 629 Erythromelalgia, 404 Essential hypertension, 304 Exercise Epithelial cells Erythromycin, 186 Essential thrombocytosis, 404 metabolic effects, 113 437 607 junctions, for Chlamydia trachomatis, 633 Essential tremor, 459 respiratory system effects, 586 430 ovarian neoplasms and, as protein synthesis inhibitors, 184 Esters, 499 Exocrine glands, Epithelial hyperplasia, 590 Exons vs. introns, 69 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 592 Estradiol synthesis, 318 Epithelioid granulomas, 434 Exotoxin A, 124, 125, 137 Erythropoietin, 219 Estrogen, 573 Eplerenone, 554 Exotoxins, 124–125 hemangioblastomas and, 492 in aromatase deficiency, 579 EPO. See Erythropoietin Expectorants, 620 at high altitude, 607 in bone formation, 424 Epoprostenol, 620, 634 Expiration kidney functions, 535 breast cancer and, 590 Epstein-Barr virus, 159. See lung volumes during, 602 polycythemia and, 404 gallstones and, 375 also Herpesviruses splitting when, 277 receptor-associated tyrosine kinase gynecomastia caused by, 590 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 602 and, 321 in Klinefelter syndrome, 578 Burkitt lymphoma and, 400 External otitis, 137 signaling pathway for, 321 lactation and, 576 hairy leukoplakia and, 440 External spermatic fascia, 351 Escherichia coli, 138 in menopause, 576 as immunodeficiency Extinction (psychology), 504 acute cystitis caused by, 547 in menstrual cycle, 574 infection, 216 Extramedullary hematopoiesis, 391 antimicrobials for, 182 for osteoporosis, 425 lab/diagnostic findings, 629, 630, Extraocular muscles in bacterial taxonomy, 119 ovarian tumors producing, 586 631 nerves innervating, 484 as catalase-positive organism, 122 576 oncogenicity, 237 in ovulation, Extraperitoneal tissue, 351 receptor for, 209 chronic granulomatous disease prolactin stimulation by, 316 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 133 637 Eptifibatide, 407 and, secretion of, 595 Extravascular hemolysis, 212 Equations, 640–641 as encapsulated bacteria, 122 signaling pathway for, 321 Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic Erb-Duchenne palsy, 419, 626 exotoxin produced by, 124 synthesis of, 318 anemia, 395 Erectile dysfunction, 516 food poisoning caused by, 171 in Turner syndrome, 578 Extrinsic pathway common treatments for, 633 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Estrogen (exogenous), 596 of apoptosis, 222 drug therapy for, 598 as lactose fermenter, 135 Estrogen replacement therapy, 596 warfarin, effect on, 405 Peyronie disease as cause, 592 as nosocomial infection, 178 Estrone synthesis, 318 Exudate vs. transudate, 230 sildenafil for, 620 pneumonia caused by, 173 Eszopiclone, 497 Exudative pleural effusions, 615 Ergocalciferol, 93 prostatitis caused by, 594 Etanercept, 446 Eye Ergosterol strains of, 138 Ethacrynic acid, 553 anatomy of, 479 Amphotericin B effect on, 190 toxins produced by, 138 Ethambutol, 189 development of, 559 azole effects on, 191 Type III secretion system for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 634 extraocular muscles and nerves, 484 Ertapenem, 183 and, 123 for tuberculosis, 188 Eyelid retraction in Graves Erysipelas, 440 urinary tract infections caused Ethanol disease, 329 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A by, 640 as carcionogen, 238 Eyelid twitch (blepharospasm), 459 strep), 129 UTIs caused by, 174 Ethanol metabolism, 95 Ezetimibe, 306 Erythema chronicum migrans, 626 Esmolol, 309 Ethanol use. See Alcohol use; Lyme disease as cause, 140 Esomeprazole, 378 Substance abuse F Erythema infectiosum, 176, 624 Esophageal atresia, 342 Ethics, 56–58 Fab fraction of antibodies, 204 Erythema marginatum, 129, 299 Esophageal cancer, 359 advance directives, 57 Fabry disease, 84, 111 rheumatic fever and, 299 adenocarcinoma, 358 confidentiality, 57 Facial droop, 464, 628 Erythema nodosum associations, common/ consent, 56 Facial lesions, 478 Crohn disease as cause, 362 important, 637 core principles of, 56 Facial nerve (7th cranial nerve), 475 sarcoidosis and, 434 diseases associated with, 235 situational examples, 58 as branchial arch derivative, 565 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 squamous cell carcinoma, 357 Ethinyl estradiol, 596 palsy of, 179, 478, 628

Facial nerve palsy Fecal retention, delirium caused Fibrinogen, 205, 386 in Parkinson disease, 507 Lyme disease as cause, 140 by, 508 ADP receptor inhibitors, effect SSRIs and, 523 Factitious disorders, 514 Fecal transplantation on, 407 Fixation (ego defense), 504 Factor V Leiden, 398 for Clostridium difficile in DIC, 398 Flaccid paralysis, 471, 472 mutation in, 386 diarrhea, 131 in platelet plug formation, 387 Flagella, 118 Factor Xa Federation of State Medical Boards receptors, 382 Flat affect, 509 heparin, effect on, 405 (FSMB), 2, 22, 25, 30, 34 in thrombogenesis, 387 Flaviviruses, 161 inhibitors, 406 Female reproductive system Fibrinoid necrosis, 223 Fleas Facultative intracellular anatomy, 570 Fibrinous pericarditis, 294, 295 anti-flea therapy, 192 organisms, 122 epithelial histology, 570 Fibroadenomas, 589, 636 diseases transmitted by, 142, 143 Failure to thrive, 454 gynecologic tumor Fibroblast growth factor. See FGF Flecainide, 308 infant deprivation as cause, 506 epidemiology, 583 (fibroblast growth factor) Flesh-eating bacteria. See Necrotizing Niemann-Pick disease as cause, 626 hormones affecting, 573 Fibroblasts fasciitis orotic aciduria as cause, 392 hormone secretion, 595 collagen synthesis and, 76 Flexor digiti minimi brevis Falciform ligament, 344 menopause, 576 in wound healing, 229 muscle, 420 Fallopian tubes, 570 menstrual cycle, 574 Fibroid tumors, 588. See Leiomyomas Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 420 development of, 567 oogenesis, 575 Fibromas, 234, 586 “Flipper” limbs, from epithelial histology, 570 sexual response, 571 Fibromyalgia, 434 thalidomide, 560 fertilization in, 576 Femoral artery, 352 tricyclic antidepressants for, 523 Floppy baby syndrome, 472 ligament connecting, 570 Femoral hernias, 352 Fibrosarcomas, 234 botulinum toxin as cause, 124 False-positive and false-negative Femoral nerve, 421 botulism as cause, 131 errors, 54 diseases associated with, 235 Femoral region, 350 Fibrosis, breast, 590 Fluconazole, 190, 191 Famciclovir, 193 Femoral ring, 350 for Candida, 147 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 83 Fibrosis, gas exchange in, 605 Femoral sheath, 350 Fick principle, 272 for Cryptococcus neoformans, 633 chromosome associated with, 87 Femoral triangle, 350 for systemic mycoses, 145 115 Fidaxomicin Familial dyslipidemias, Femoral vein, 352 Flucytosine, 191 83 for Clostridium difficile Familial hypercholesterolemia, , Fenofibrate, 306 Fludrocortisone, 340 115 diarrhea, 131 Fenoldopam, 304 Fluid compartments, 529 clinical presentation of, 624 Fiduciary duty, 56 Fentanyl, 494, 498 Flukes. See Trematodes (flukes) Familial hypocalciuric Fifth disease, 158, 176, 624 Ferritin, 205 Flumazenil, 497 hypercalcemia, 331 Filgrastim, 219 in anemia, 395 for benzodiazepine addiction, 518 Famotidine, 378 Filling, cardiac, 276 in anemia of chronic disease, 393 Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 79 Fanconi anemia Filoviruses, 161 in iron deficiency, 390 Fluoroquinolones, 187 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 negative-stranded, 162 in sideroblastic anemia, 391 avoiding in pregnancy, 195 clinical presentation of, 627 Filtered load, 531 Ferrochelatase, in lead mechanism of action, 180 Fanconi syndrome, 533 Filtration, 530 poisoning, 391, 396 for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 144 clinical presentation of, 627 Filtration fraction Ferruginous bodies, 612, 630 reactions to, 259 renal tubular acidosis caused changes in, 530 Fertility. See also Infertility Fluoxetine, 523 by, 539 equation for, 641 atypical antipsychotics, effect Fluphenazine, 521 Wilson disease as cause, 373 Fimbriae, 570 on, 521 Flutamide, 597 F+ and F– plasmids, 126 Finasteride, 594, 597, 632 GnRH, effect on, 315 for prostate cancer, 634 Farmer’s lung, 212 461 progesterone and, 574 Finger agnosia, Fluticasone, 621 Fascia, 75 Fingernail hypoplasia, 560 Fascicles, 282 Fetal alchol syndrome FMR1 gene, 85 holoprosencephaly in, 449 First-order drug elimination, 244 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Fasciculus cuneatus, 469 Fistulas Fasciculus gracilis, 469 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 560, 561 as glomerular disease, 540 Fetal anemia, 583 Crohn disease as cause, 362 nephrotic syndrome and, 638 Fas-Ligand in apoptosis, 222 diverticulosis as cause, 363 457 Fetal circulation, 271 Focal seizures, 489 Fastigial nucleus, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome Fasting and starvation, 113 Fetal defects. See Neural tube defects; drug therapy for, 496 Neisseria gonorrhoeae as cause, 136 Fasting serum glucose test, 334 Teratogens Folate, 91 pelvic inflammatory disease as Fast twitch muscle fibers, 423 Fetal development. See also absorption of, 356 cause, 178 Fat cell tumors, 234 Embryology antagonists, as teratogens, 560 5α-reductase Fat emboli, 609 early, 558 deficiency in, 392 deficiency in, 567, 579 Fatigue teratogens, 560 neural tube defects and, 449, 634, testosterone and, 577 adrenal insufficiency as cause, 324 twinning, 561 640 635 iron deficiency as cause, 390 Fetal erythropoiesis, 270 5-ASA, Follicle of lymph node, 198 Fat necrosis, 223, 590 Fetal hemoglobin, 603 5-Flucytosine, 190 Follicle-stimulating hormone Fat-soluble vitamins, 88 Fetal hemorrhage, 560 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cryptorchidism, 592 Fatty acids Fetal hydantoin syndrome, 496, 560 effect on purine synthesis, 63 estrogen and, 573 metabolism of, 112 Fetal lung maturity, 600 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, synthesis and oxidation of, 96 Fetal-postnatal derivatives, 271 as antimetabolite, 409 effect on, 315 Fatty casts, 539 Fetor hepaticus, 368 nonmegaloblastic macrocytic in Klinefelter syndrome, 578 Fatty liver disease, 632 Fexofenadine, 620 anemia caused by, 392 menopause and, 576 Fc fraction of antibodies, 204 FGF (fibroblast growth factor), 229 toxicities of, 413 progesterone, effect on, 573 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion receptor, 425 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) secretion of, 313 reaction, 212 signaling pathway for, 321 antidepressants and, 522, 523 Sertoli cells, effect on, 572 Febuxostat, 446 FGF gene, 558 in anxiety, 507 signaling pathway for, 321 for gout, 430 Fibrates, 306 in depression, 507 in Turner syndrome, 578 for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 64 for hypertriglyceridemia, 634 MAO inhibitors, effect on, 523 Follicular carcinoma of thyroid, 330

Follicular lymphomas, 400, 639 Frontal eye field lesions, 461 development of, 559 Gastric mucosa, 345 chromosomal translocation in, 403 Frontal lobe, 460 phrenic nerve and, 473 gastrin and, 353 Follicular ovarian cysts, 585 lesions in, 461 porcelain, 376 necrosis of, 365 Follicular phase of menstrual stroke effects, 464 Gallop, heart, 639 Gastric parietal cell, 355 cycle, 574 Frontotemporal dementia. See Pick Gallstones, 350, 375 Gastric ulcers, 360 Fomepizole, 95 disease bile acid resins as cause, 306 aspirin as cause, 407, 445 for ethylene glycol/methanol “Frosted glass” cytoplasm, 383 clinical presentation of, 625 associations, common/ intoxication, 633 Fructokinase, 103 Crohn disease as cause, 362 important, 635, 639 Food poisoning Fructose fibrates as cause, 306 multiple endocrine neoplasia associations, common/ absorption of, 355 hyperbilirubinemia and, 371 (MEN) as cause, 337 important, 637 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 96 pancreatitis caused by, 376, 638 NSAIDs as cause, 445 bacterial spores causing, 130 in gluconeogenesis, 101 Gamma-Aminobutyric acid Gastrin, 353, 354 enterotoxin as cause, 125 Fructose intolerance, 103 (GABA), 453 gastric acid, effect on, 354 organisms causing, 171 Fructose metabolism disorders, 103 in anxiety, 507 in gastric parietal cell, 355 Foot Fructosuria, essential, 103 barbiturates, effect on, 497 in gastrointestinal system, 377 arch deformities, in Charcot-Marie- FSH. See Follicle-stimulating benzodiazepines, effect on, 497 signaling pathway for, 321 Tooth disease, 489 hormone epilepsy drugs and, 496 Gastrinomas, 354, 639 Foot drop FTA-ABS test, 141 in Huntington disease, 502, 507 somatostatin for, 340 lead poisoning as cause, 391 Fulminant hepatitis, 228 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, Gastritis, 359 nerve damage as cause, 421 Functio laesa (loss of function), 225 effect on, 497 associations, common/ Foramen cecum, 312 Functional adenomas, 332 γ cells, 313 important, 636 Foramen magnum, 475 Functional organization of eukaryotic γ-glutamyl transpeptidase H2 blockers for, 378 Foramen of Luschka/Foramen of gene, 68 (GGT), 368 Helicobacter pylori as cause, 140 Magendie, 468 Functional residual capacity γ-interferon, 383 intrinsic factor and, 354 Foramen of Monro, 468 (FRC), 602 Ganciclovir, 193 neoplasms associated with, 235 Foramen ovale, 475 in obstructive vs. restrictive lung for cytomegalovirus, 633 proton pump inhibitors for, 378 271 in fetal circulation, disease, 611 Ganglioneuromatosis stomach cancer and, 360 271 postnatal derivative, Fungal infections MEN 2B as cause, 628 Gastrocolic ligament, 344 Foramen primum and secundum, 268 146 cutaneous, multiple endocrine neoplasia Gastroduodenal artery, 347 Foramen rotundum, 475 opportunistic, 147 (MEN) as cause, 337 Gastroenteritis, 541 Foramen spinosum, 475 systemic, 145 Gangrene Gastroepiploic arteries, 344 Forced vital capacity (FVC) Fungal membranes, 75 Buerger disease as cause, 302 Gastroesophageal reflux disease in obstructive vs. restrictive lung Fungal meningitis, 190 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 (GERD), 358 disease, 611 Fungi Gangrenous necrosis, 223 Barrett esophagus caused in restrictive lung disease, 611 antifungal therapy for, 190 Gap junction in epithelial cells, 437 by, 358 Forea centralis, 479 culture requirements, 121 Gardnerella esophageal cancer and, 359 Forebrain, 448 immunodeficiency infections, 216 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Gastrohepatic ligament, 344 anomalies in, 449 opportunistic infections, 147 Gardnerella vaginalis, 142 Gastrointestinal arteries, 346 Foregut, 342 stain used for, 120 antimicrobials for, 187 Gastrointestinal bleeding Formoterol, 621 “Funny current” channels, 280 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 aspirin as cause, 407, 445 Formylmethionine, 67 Furosemide, 553. See also Loop Gardner syndrome Gastrointestinal disease Fornix, 570 diuretics clinical presentation of, 626 lead poisoning as cause, 396 as limbic structure, 456 pancreatitis caused by, 258 Gargoylism, 111 reactive arthritis following, 432 Fosamprenavir, 194 Fusion inhibitors, 194 609 344 Foscarnet, 193 Fusobacterium, 617 Gas emboli, Gastrointestinal ligaments, Fossa ovalis, 271 as anaerobe, 121 Gas gangrene. See Myonecrosis Gastrointestinal regulatory Fragile X syndrome, 85 bacterial spores causing, 130 substances, 353 chromosome associated with, 87 G Gastric acid, 354 Gastrointestinal secretory cells, 354 mental retardation caused by, 637 G6PD (Glucose-6-phosphate Gastric arteries, 344, 347 Gastrointestinal secretory Frameshift DNA mutations, 66 dehydrogenase), 96, 97 Gastric cancer, 360 products, 354 Francisella anemia caused by, 390 adenocarcinomas, 140, 359 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor in bacterial taxonomy, 119 deficiency in, 84, 102, 388 associations, common/ (GIST), 236 as facultative intracellular bug, 122 Gabapentin, 496 important, 636, 639 Gastrointestinal system Francisella tularensis, 142 Gag reflex, 476 carcinogens affecting, 238 anatomy, 343–352 as granulomatous disease, 230 Galactocerebrosidase deficiency, 489 diseases associated with, 235 blood supply and innervation, 346 Frataxin, 472 Galactocerebroside, 111 gastrointestinal stromal tumor embryology, 342, 342–343 Freckles, 437 Galactokinase deficiency, 103 (GIST), 236 pathology, 357–377 Free nerve endings, 452 Galactorrhea, 315 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 pharmacology, 378–380 Free radical injury, 228 prolactin and, 315 metastases to brain, 638 physiology, 353–357 Fresh frozen plasma Galactose absorption, 355 metastases to liver, 638 Gastroschisis, 342 transfusions of, 399 Galactose metabolism disorders, 103 oncogene for, 236 Gastrosplenic ligament, 344 for warfarin toxicity, 405, 406, 635 Galactosemia, 103 oncogenic microbes, 237 Gastrulation, 558 “Fried egg” cells in cataracts caused by, 480 trastuzumab for, 413 Gatifloxacin, 187 oligodendrogliomas, 492 Galantamine, 502 tumor markers, 237 Gaucher cells, 111 Friedreich ataxia, 85 Galant reflex, 473 Gastric glands, 345 Gaucher disease, 111 chromosome associated with, 87 Gallbladder, 343, 350 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). clinical presentation of, 625 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy blood supply and innervation See Glucose-dependent Gaussian distribution, 53 and, 296 to, 346 insulinotropic peptide G cells, 353

G-CSF (granulocyte-colony German measles. See Rubella Glial fibrillary acidic protein Glucagonomas, 335 stimulating factor), 393 Germ cell tumors, 237 (GFAP), 451 multiple endocrine neoplasia Gemfibrozil, 306 Gerontology glioblastoma multiforme and, 492 (MEN) as cause, 337 Gender dysphoria, 516 behavioral science of, 60 in pilocytic astrocytomas, 493 somatostatin for, 340 Gene expression modifications, 79 changes in the elderly, 60 Glial fibrillary acid proteins Glucocerebrosidase, 625 General anesthesia, 497 elder abuse, and confidentiality, 57 (GFAP), 74 Glucocerebroside, 111 Generalized anxiety disorder, 512, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Glimepiride, 338 Glucocorticoids, 218, 340 513 syndrome, 171 Glioblastoma multiforme, 492, 636 for acute gout attack, 632 as anxiety disorder, 512 Gestational diabetes. See Diabetes in lab/diagnostic findings, 631 for cancer therapy, 412 buspirone for, 522 pregnancy nitrosoureas for, 410 diabetes mellitus caused by, 334 drug therapy for, 520 Gestational hypertension, 581 Glipizide, 338 for gout, 430, 446 SSRIs for, 523 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 237 Glitazones, 338 for osteoarthritis, 429 treatment for, 633 GFAP, 74 Global aphasia, 460 for rheumatoid arthritis, 429 venlafaxine for, 523 GH (growth hormone), 317 Globoid cells, 111 synthesis of, 318 Genes acromegaly caused by, 333 Globose nucleus, 457 Glucokinase functional organization of, 68 diabetes mellitus caused by, 334 Globus pallidus externus, 458 vs. hexokinase, 98 gene expression modifications, 79 ghrelin and, 317 Globus pallidus internus, 458 Gluconeogenesis, 97 posttranslational modifications, 71 for hypopituitarism, 334 Glomerular basement biguanides, effect on, 338 regulation of expression, 68 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, membrane, 630 cortisol, effect on, 319 Genetic biochemistry, 80–87 effect on, 315 Glomerular disorder irreversible enzymes, 101 22q11 deletion syndromes, 88 in pheochromocytoma, 326 nomenclature, 540 rate-determining enzymes, 96 autosomal-dominant diseases, 83 secretion of, 313 Glomerular filtration barrier, 529 Glucose autosomal-recessive diseases, 84 signaling pathway for, 321 Glomerular filtration rate, 529 absorption of, 355 autosomal trisomies, 86 somatostatin and, 353 changes in, 530 blood-brain barrier and, 453 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 87 Ghon complex, 630 equation for, 641 cell uptake of, 314 84 cystic fibrosis, Ghrelin, 317 juxtaglomerular apparatus and, 535 clearance of, 531 85 Fragile X syndrome, GHRH (growth hormone-releasing Glomerulonephritis excretion, in Fanconi Hardy-Weinberg population hormone), 315, 317 Alport syndrome as cause, 541 syndrome, 533 genetics, 81 signaling pathway for, 321 associations, common/ metabolism of, 98 imprinting, 81 Giant cell arteritis, 302 important, 637 Glucose-6-phosphatase, 110 modes of inheritance, 82 Giant cell astrocytomas in bacterial endocarditis, 298 deficiency in, von Gierke disease muscular dystrophies, 85 diseases associated with, 235 immunosuppressants for, 218 caused by, 626 Robertsonian translocation, 87 Giant cell pneumonia lab/diagnostic findings, 628, 629, in gluconeogenesis, 101 terms, 80–81 measles as cause, 164 631, 632 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. trinucleotide repeat expansion Giant cell tumors, 632 in lupus, 433 See G6PD (Glucose-6- diseases, 85 Giardia necrotizing, 631 phosphate dehydrogenase) Williams syndrome, 87 antimicrobials for, 187 urine casts in, 539 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic X-linked recessive disorders, 84 Giardia lamblia, 149 Wegener granulomatosis as peptide, 353 Genetic code, 64 Giardiasis, 149 cause, 302 Glucose tolerance test Genetics as immunodeficiency Glomerulosclerosis, 638 for acromegaly, 333 bacterial, 126 216 Glomerulus, 528 for diabetes mellitus, 334 viral, 156 infection, 120 144 530 Glucose transporters, insulin- Genetic terms, 80–81 Giemsa stain, , changes in dynamics, 301 314 Genioglossus, 450 Gigantism, 333 Glomus tumors, dependent, Genital herpes, 159, 177 GH as cause, 317 Glossitis Glucosuria, 531 Genital lesions in syphilis, 626, 628 Gilbert syndrome, 371, 372, 637 B-complex deficiency as cause, 88 SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 339 Genitals Gingival hyperplasia, 496 folate deficiency as cause, 392 Glucuronic acid, 357 ambiguous, 578 calcium channel blockers as megaloblastic anemia as Glulisine insulin, 338 descent of testes and ovaries, 569 cause, 304 cause, 392 Glutamate embryology, 567 Gingivostomatitis, 159 orotic aciduria as cause, 392 in Alzheimer disease, 507 in fetal development, 558 Gitelman syndrome, 533 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as ammonia transport, 105 male external, failure to Glandular metaplasia, 358 cause, 625 opioid effects on, 494 develop, 567 Glans clitoris, 568 Vitamin B3 deficiency as cause, 90 Glutamic acid, 104 male/female homologues, 568 Glans penis Vitamin B12 deficiency as Glutamine, synthesis of purine, 63 Genital tubercles, 568 diagram of, 571 cause, 392 Glutathione, 394 Genital warts, 439 female analogue to, 568 Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial Gluteal nerves, 421 Genitourinary cancer, 638 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 387, 397 nerve), 475 Gluten-free diet for celiac sprue, 361 Genitourinary malformation in clinical presentation of, 626 as branchial arch derivative, 565 Gluteus medius WAGR complex, 546 Glargine insulin, 338 Glove and stocking sensation loss, 134 innervation of, 421 Gentamicin, 184 Glaucoma, 480 GLP-1 analogs, 339 Gluteus minimus GERD (gastroesophageal reflux acetazolamide for, 553 Glucagon, 315 innervation of, 421 disease), 358–359 β-blockers for, 256 glycogen regulation by, 109 Glyburide, 338 Geriatric patients cholinomimetic agents for, 250 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, Glycine synthesis of purine, 63 cherry hemangiomas in, 301 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 effect on, 315 Glycocalyx, 118 depression in, 508 drug therapy for, 494 insulin, effect on, 314 Glycogen, 109 Munchausen syndrome by proxy Gleevec, 412 oral diabetes drugs, effect on, 339 insulin and glucagon/epinephrine and, 514 Gliadin, 213 secretion of, 313 regulation, 109 suicide risk of, 512 Glial cells, oligodendroglia as, 452 signaling pathway for, 321 stain used for, 120

Glycogenesis, 96 furosemide as cause, 553 Group therapy Hairy cell leukemia, 402 Glycogenolysis, 109 kidney stones and, 544 for post-traumatic stress Hairy leukoplakia, 440 rate-determining enzymes, 96 labs/diagnostic findings, 630, 631 disorder, 520 Haldane effect, 607 Glycogen phosphorylase, 96 Lesch-Nyham syndrome as Growth hormone. See GH (growth Half-life (pharmacodynamics), 243, Glycogen storage disease cause, 625 hormone) 640 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 Gower maneuver, 85 Growth hormone-releasing hormone. Hallucinations Glycogen storage diseases, 110 Gowers sign, 624 See GHRH (growth in delirium, 508 Glycogen synthase, 96 GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 407 hormone-releasing in delirium tremens, 519 Glycolysis, 97 Grade IV astrocytomas, 492 hormone) in mood disorders, 510 ATP production, 98 Grade, tumor, 233 GTPase, 236 pathologic grief as cause, 512 biguanides, effect on, 338 Grafts, 217 Guaifenesin, 620 in postpartum psychosis, 511 key enzymes regulating, 98 Graft-versus-host disease, 217 Gubernaculum, 569 postpartum psychosis as cause, 511 rate-determining enzymes, 96 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Guillain-Barré syndrome in psychotic disorders, 508 GM-CSF, interleukin as, 207 Gram stain acute inflammatory demyelinating in schizophrenia, 509 GNAQ gene, in Sturge-Weber examples of positive and negative polyradiculopathy, 488 types of, 509 syndrome, 491 organisms, 119 clinical presentation of, 627 Hallucinogens, 519 GnRH, 315 Gram negative lab algorithm, 135 endoneurium in, 452 Haloperidol, 502, 521 for infertility, 634 Gram positive cocci as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 for delirium, 508 in Kallmann syndrome, 579 identification, 127 Campylobacter jejuni as for Tourette disorder, 520 in menopause, 576 Gram positive lab algorithm, 127 antecedent, 138 for Tourette syndrome, 520 prolactin, effect on, 316 Gram positive structure, vs. Gram- Schwann cells in, 451 Halothane, 498 for prostate cancer/uterine negative, 118 Gummas, in syphilis, 141 reactions to, 258 fibroids, 634 limitations, 120 Gustatory hallucinations, 509 Hamartin protein, 236 signaling pathway for, 321 Grand mal seizures, 489 Gustatory pathway, 456 Hamartomas, 234 417 Goblet cells, 72 drug therapy for, 496 Guyon canal syndrome, Hamartomas in tuberous 583 in ileum, 345 electroconvulsive therapy as Gynecologic tumors, sclerosis, 491 Gynecomastia, 590 in respiratory tree, 600 cause, 512 Hamate bone, 417 choriocarcinomas as cause, 593 Goiter Granular casts, 539, 549 Hammer toes in Friedreich cirrhosis as cause, 368 congenital hypothyroidism as Granulocytes, 382 ataxia, 472 ketoconazole/spironolactone as cause, 328 deficiencies, infections caused Hand, foot, and mouth disease, 161, cause, 597 hyperthyroidism as cause, 329 by, 216 176 Klinefelter syndrome as cause, 578 iodide as cause, 560 Granulocytopenia, 186 Hand grip potassium-sparing diuretics as Riedel thyroiditis as cause, 328 Granulomas, 301 heart sounds and, 278 cause, 554 Goitrogens, 328 macrophages in, 383 Hands risperidone as cause, 521 Golfer’s elbow, 417 Granulomatosis infantiseptica, 132, claw hand, 419, 420 SHBG as cause, 321 Golgi apparatus, 73 230 distortions of, 420 Gyri, in Alzheimer disease, 487 Gonadal drainage, 569 Granulomatous diseases, 230. muscles of, 419, 420 Gonadal veins, 569 See also Wegener H Hansen disease (leprosy) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. granulomatosis as granulomatous disease, 230 H blockers, 620 See GnRH associations, common/ 1 Hansen’s disease (leprosy), 134 reactions to, 260 Gonadotropins important, 637 transmission and source, 142 H1B visas, 25, 30 573 hypervitaminosis D caused by, 427 161 progesterone, effect on, H antagonists, 261 Hantavirus, 587 2 theca-lutein cysts and, 585 Granulosa cell tumors, Haemophilus Haptoglobin, 393 Gonococcal arthritis, 432 Granzyme, 201 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 640 Gonococci, 136 Granzyme B in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Hardy-Weinberg population Gonorrhea, 639 in apoptosis, 222 Haemophilus ducreyi, 177 genetics, 81 Neisseria gonorrhoeae as cause, 136 Graves disease, 322 clinical presentation of, 626 Hartnup disease, 531 prophylaxis for newborns, 189 clinical presentation of, 625 Haemophilus influenzae, 136 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 328 as sexually transmitted hyperthyroidism caused by, 329 antimicrobials for, 185 autoantibodies associated infection, 177 pretibial myxedema in, 327 culture requirements, 121 with, 213 Goodpasture syndrome thyroid storm in, 329 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 HLA-DR5 and, 201 autoantibodies associated Gray baby syndrome, 185 influenza and, 163 lymphoma and, 330 with, 213 chloramphenicol as cause, 195 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 neoplasms associated with, 235 collagen defect in, 75 as drug reaction, 258 pneumonias caused by, 172, 616 Hassall corpuscles, 199 HLA-DR2 and, 201 Gray matter of spinal cord, 469 rhinosinusitis caused by, 608 Haustra, in ulcerative colitis, 362 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Great cerebral vein of Galen, 467 vaccine for, 136 Hay fever labs/diagnostic findings, 628, 630, Greater vestibular glands, 568 Haemophilus influenzae HLA-DR2 and, 201 631 Grief, pathologic, 512 immune response to, 205 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 rapidly progressive Griseofulvin, 191 Haemophilus influenzae type B HbA1c test, 334 glomerulonephritis and, 541 avoiding in pregnancy, 195 as encapsulated bacteria, 122 hCG (human chorionic as restrictive lung disease, 611 effect on microtubules, 74 IgA protease virulence factor, 123 gonadotropin), 576 Gottron papules, 435 microtubules and, 74 as immunodeficiency elevated, diagnosis with, 630 Gout, 430 Group A strep. See Streptococcus infection, 216 in fetal development, 558 clinical presentation of, 628 pyogenes (Group A strep) meningitis caused by, 173 in pregnancy, 576 common treatments for, 632, 633 Group D strep. See Enterococci; treatment for, 633 secretion of, 562 drug therapy for, 446 Streptococcus bovis (Group in unimmunized children, 179 signaling pathway for, 321 ethacrynic acid as cause, 553 D strep) vaccine for, 122, 173 as tumor marker, 587, 593

Headaches. See also Migraine hemochromatosis as cause, 373, Hematologic system, drug reactions Hemoglobinuria headaches 637 in, 258 acute tubular necrosis and, 549 acute closure glaucoma as hydralazine for, 304 Hematology/oncology G6PD deficiency as cause, 394 cause, 480 hydrochlorothiazide for, 554 anatomy, 382–384 intravascular hemolysis as as caffeine withdrawal hypertension and, 290 pathology, 388–406 cause, 393 symptom, 518 pleural effusions caused by, 615 pharmacology, 405–414 paroxysmal nocturnal, 206 cluster, 490, 502 potassium-sparing diuretics physiology, 385–387 Hemolysis differentiating, 490 for, 554 Hematomas, 637 in HELLP syndrome, 581 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics as sodium channel blockers as Hematopoiesis intravascular and extravascular, 393 cause, 497 cause, 308 rubella as cause, 163 schistocytes in, 388 subarachnoid hemorrhage as Heart murmurs, 279 Hematopoiesis, in osteopetrosis, 425 spherocytes in, 389 cause, 465, 466, 490 in aortic valve stenosis, 628 Hematuria Hemolytic anemia tension, 490 congenital, common associations ADPKD as cause, 551 cold agglutinin disease as Head trauma, disorientation caused with, 637 in Berger disease, 541 cause, 626 by, 507 holosystolic, 637 drug-induced interstitial nephritis folate requirement in, 392 Healthy worker effect, 52 in hypertrophic as cause, 548 in G6PD deficiency, 394 Hearing loss, 477 cardiomyopathy, 296 Henoch-Schönlein purpura as pyruvate kinase deficiency as presbycusis, 60 in patent ductus arteriosus cause, 627 cause, 394 Heart. See also entries beginning with (PDA), 289, 625 kidney stones as cause, 544 ribavirin as cause, 195 Cardiac Heart nodules, 630 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as sulfa drugs as cause, 260 anatomy of, 272 Heart rate, 305 cause, 628 Vitamin E deficiency as cause, 93 auscultation of, 278 Heat-labile toxin, 124 renal cell carcinoma as cause, 545 Wilson disease as cause, 373 autoregulation factors, 287 Heat-stable toxin, 124 renal oncocytoma as cause, 546 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) boot-shaped, 288, 629 Heavy-chain antibodies, 204 renal papillary necrosis as Escherichia coli as cause, 172 capillary fluid exchange in, 287 Heberden nodes, 628 cause, 549 Shiga and Shiga-like toxins as circulation through, 272 osteoarthritis as cause, 429 Wegener granulomatosis as cause, 124 electrocardiogram of, 282 Heinz bodies, 102 cause, 302 Hemophilia, 386, 84 embryology of, 268 in G6PD deficiency, 394 Wilms tumor as cause, 546 Hemoptysis in fetal development, 558 Helicase, in DNA replication, 65 Heme lab/diagnostic findings, 628 ischemia-susceptible areas, 224 Helicobacter, 119 metabolism of, 357 lung cancer as cause, 619 morphogenesis of, 268–269 Helicobacter pylori, 140 synthesis of, 391, 396 Hemorrhage pale infarcts in, 224 diseases associated with, 636 Hemianopia, 486 acute pancreatitis as cause, 376 sounds, 276 gastritis caused by, 359 stroke as cause, 464 delirium caused by, 508 splitting, 277 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 subarachnoid hemorrhage as fetal, 560 transplants, 296 oncogenicity, 237 cause, 465 intracranial, 466 Heart attack. See Myocardial in peptic ulcer disease, 360 Hemiballismus, 459 intracranial, in eclampsia, 581 infarction stain used for, 120 Hemicholinium, 249 postpartum, 583 Heart block. See Atrioventricular stomach cancer caused by, 360 Hemidesmosomes retinal, 627 block as urease-positive organism, 122 in epithelial cells, 437 splinter, in fingernails, 628 Heartburn, causes of, 358 Heliotrope rash, 435 Hemihypertrophy subarachnoid, 465, 490, 628, 629, Heart cancer, 300 HELLP syndrome, 581 Wilms tumor and, 546 632 Heart disease Helmet cells. See Schistocytes Hemiparesis as ulcer complication, 360 congenital, 288–290 Helminthic infections multiple sclerosis as cause, 488 uterine, 340 heart murmurs in, 279 associations, common/ stroke as cause, 464 Hemorrhagic cystitis ischemic manifestations, 293 important, 637 Hemiplegia, in stroke, 464 as drug reaction, 259 Patau syndrome as cause, 86 eosinophils in, 383 Hemispheres, cerebral, 448 treatment for, 633 rheumatic fever as cause, 299 Helper T cells, 202 Hemochromatosis, 373. See also Iron Hemorrhagic fever, 161 syphilitic, 299 activation of, 203 poisoning Hemorrhagic infarcts, 224 Heart failure, 297 cytokines secreted by, 207 associations, common/ Hemorrhagic stroke, 467 ACE inhibitors for, 555 surface proteins, 209, 384 important, 637 Hemorrhoids, 349 Angiotensin II receptor blockers Hemangioblastomas, 492 cardiomyopathy caused by, 296 heroin addiction and, 519 for, 555 paraneoplastic syndromes cirrhosis and, 368 Hemosiderinuria associations, common/ associated with, 238 free radical injury caused by, 228 intravascular hemolysis as important, 639 in von Hippel-Lindau disease, HLA-A3 and, 201 cause, 393 β-blockers for, 256 491, 83 lab values for, 395 Hemostasis, 382 cachexia in, 234 Hemangiomas, 234, 301, 639 pseudogout and, 431 Henderson-Hasselbalch cardiac glycosides for, 307 cavernous, 370 Hemoglobin, 603 equation, 538, 641 chronic ischemic myocardial clinical presentation of, 628 fetal development of, 270 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 303, 627 damage as cause, 293 in von Hippel-Lindau disease, 491 modifications, 604 Berger disease and, 541 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 Hemarthroses, 397 oxygen binding capacity of, 605 Hepadnavirus drug therapy for, 304 Hematemesis Hemoglobin C disease, 394 characteristics of, 157 ejection fraction in, 273 in Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 358 anemia caused by, 390 structure and importance, 158 ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation in Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 519 target cells in, 389 Heparin, 405 rate) in, 230 portal hypertension as cause, 368 Hemoglobin F, 391 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 furosemide for, 553 Hematochezia, 365 Hemoglobin H disease, 390 for anticoagulation, 634 glitazones/thiazolidinediones as diverticulosis as cause, 363 Hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation for anticoagulation during cause, 338 Hematocrit, 382 curve, 604 pregnancy, 632

antidote to, 257 tumor markers, 237 Herpes genitalis, 159, 177 in gastrointestinal system, 377 in basophils, 383 Wilson disease as cause, 373 Herpes labialis, 159 signaling pathway for, 321 for deep venous thrombosis, 608 Hepatocytes Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Histidine, 104 mechanism of, 386 glycogen in, 109 amygdala lesion and, 461 Histone acetylation, 62 reactions to, 258, 259 smooth endoplasmic reticulum Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Histone methylation, 62 toxicity, treatment for, 633 (SER) in, 72 acyclovir for, 193 Histoplasma vs. warfarin, 406 Hepatoduodenal ligament, 344 facial nerve palsy in, 478 Amphotericin B for, 190 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Hepatolenticular degeneration foscarnet for resistant cases, 193 itraconazole for, 191 (HIT), 405 (Wilson’s disease), 373 HSV-1, 158, 159, 177 Histoplasmosis Hepatic adenomas, 370 Hepatomegaly HSV-2, 158, 159, 177 endemic location and features, 145 Hepatic arteries, 347, 349 Budd-Chiari syndrome as meningitis caused by, 173 as granulomatous disease, 230 Hepatic cirrhosis, 615 cause, 624 neonatal transmission of, 175 Histronic personality disorder, 515 Hepatic cysts classic galactosemia as cause, 103 retinitis caused by, 482 Hives. See Urticaria ADPKD and, 551 in heart failure, 297 viral encephalitis caused by, 640 HIV (human immunodeficiency Hepatic ducts, 350 pulmonary hypertension as Herpesviruses, 159–161 virus), 161, 168 Hepatic encephalopathy, 369 cause, 605 characteristics of, 157 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 cirrhosis as cause, 368 Reye syndrome as cause, 369 identifying, 160 brain abscess, caused by lactulose for, 379 Hepatosplenomegaly structure and importance, 158 Toxoplasma gondii, 150 Hepatic fibrosis, 551 Gaucher disease as cause, 625 Herpes zoster (HZV) common diseases associated Hepatic necrosis, 444 Leishmania donovani as cause, 152 facial nerve palsy in, 478 with, 170 Hepatic steatosis, 369 mycosis fungoides as cause, 625 retinitis caused by, 482 dementia caused by, 487 Hepatic TG lipase, 114 Niemann-Pick disease as Hesselbach triangle, 352 diagnosis of, 168 Hepatitis. See also specific hepatitis cause, 626 H&E stain genetic structure of, 168 types Hepatotoxicity Brenner tumor and, 586 hairy leukoplakia and, 440 alcohol use and, 519 glitazones/thiazolidinediones as oligodendroglia on, 452 hydrocephalus ex vacuo in, 468 301 autoimmune, 213 cause, 338 Heterochromatin, 62 Kaposi sarcoma in, 395 common treatments for, 633 propylthiouracil/methimazole as Heterodisomy, 81 lymphopenia caused by, meningitis and, 173 as drug reaction, 258 cause, 339 Heterophile antibodies, 630 microglia in, 451 heroin addiction and, 519 pyrazinamide as cause, 189 Heteroplasmy, 80 neonatal transmission of, 175 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 Hepcidin, 205 Heterozygosity loss, 80 prophylaxis in, 190 recombinant cytokines for, 219 Hepcidin, in anemia of chronic Hexokinase, vs. glucokinase, 98 therapy for, 194 viruses of, 166 disease, 393 HFE gene, 373, 637 time course of infection, 169 Hepatitis A (HAV), 161, 162, 166 Hepevirus, 161 Hiatal hernias, 352 Western blot test, 78 serologic markers, 167 as naked virus, 157 Hiccups, 459 HIZ shrinkage in muscle vaccines for, 156, 210 HER2/neu gene, 236 High altitude contraction, 423 Hepatitis B (HBV), 158, 166, 177 Herceptin, 413 pulmonary hypertension caused HLA genes antibodies for, 210 Hereditary angioedema, 206 by, 614 B27, common/important hepatocellular carcinoma Hereditary bleeding disorders, 637 respiratory effects, 607 associations, 637 and, 637 Hereditary elliptocytosis, 388 High-density lipoproteins DR3, 637 as nosocomial infection, 178 Hereditary harmless jaundice, 637 estrogen and, 573 DR4, common/important 237 testosterone, effect on, 597 oncogenicity, Hereditary hemorrhagic associations, 637 83 polyarteritis nodosa and, 302 telangiectasia, High endothelial venules of lymph DR5, 328 serologic markers, 167 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 372 node, 198 rheumatoid arthritis and as sexually transmitted Hereditary motor and sensory Highly active antiretroviral therapy (DR4), 429 infection, 177 neuropathy (HMSN). (HAART), 194 spondyloarthropathies and Hepatitis C (HCV), 161, 166 See Charcot-Marie-Tooth Hilar lymphadenopathy, 630 (B27), 432 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 disease Hilar lymph node, 198, 612 subtypes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and, 637 Hereditary nephritis, 626 Hindbrain, 448 diseases, 201 oncogenicity, 237 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal Hindgut, 342 HMG-CoA reductase, 96, 114 ribavirin for, 195 cancer Hip dislocation, 421 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 306 Hepatitis D (HDV), 166 DNA repair defect in, 67 Hippocampus HMG-CoA synthase, 96 co-infection with Hepatitis B, 161 Hereditary spherocytosis, 83 lesions in, 461 HMP shunt, 96, 97, 102 Hepatitis E (HEV), 161, 166 anemia caused by, 390 as limbic structure, 456 hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear Hepatitis serologic markers, 167 blood viscosity in, 274 Hirsutism RNA), 68 Hepatoblastoma tumor markers, 237 spherocytes in, 389 danazol as cause, 597 “Hobnail” appearance of liver, 369 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 370, 639 Hereditary thrombosis ketoconazole/spironolactone Hodgkin lymphoma, 639 associations, common/ syndromes leading to for, 597 angiosarcomas in, 301 important, 637 hypercoagulability, 398 in menopause, 576 associations, 638 cirrhosis and, 368 Heritable amyloidosis, 231 phenytoin as cause, 496 bleomycin for, 410 diseases associated with, 235 Hermaphroditism, 579 SHBG as cause, 321 Epstein-Barr virus and, 159 hemochromatosis as cause, 373, Hernias, 352 Histaminase production, 383 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 637 Herniation syndromes, 493 Histamine receptors, 248 microtubule inhibitors for, 411 oncogenic microbes, 237 Heroin, 494. See also Substance Histamines, 354 vs. non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 399 paraneoplastic syndromes abuse in basophils, 383 oncogenic microbes, 237 associated with, 238 gynecomastia caused by, 590 cortisol, effect on, 319 paraneoplastic syndromes polycythemia and, 404 intoxication and withdrawal gastric acid, effect on, 354 associated with, 238 serum markers for, 368 symptoms, 519 in gastric parietal cell, 355 Reed-Sternberg cells in, 400

Holoprosencephaly, 449 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Hydrops fetalis, 158, 175 Hyperdocility, in Klüver-Bucy Patau syndrome as cause, 626 See HLA genes α-thalassemia as cause, 390 syndrome, 626 Sonic hedgehog gene and, 558 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 177 syphilis as cause, 175 Hyperemesis, 580 Holosystolic murmur, 637 cervical cancer and, 584 Hydrosalpinx, 178 Hyperestrogenism Homan sign, 608 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Hydroxocobalamin, 257 follicular cysts and, 585 Homatropine, 251 oncogenicity, 237 Hydroxychloroquine gynecomastia caused by, 590 Homeobox genes, 558 squamous cell carcinoma of penis for lupus, 433 Hyperglycemia Homer-Wright rosettes, 325, 493 and, 592 reactions to, 259 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 verrucae caused by, 439 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HT), 453 as drug reaction, 258 Homocysteine, 108 Human T-lymphotrophic virus 1 opioid effects on, 494 glucagon and, 315 folate deficiency as cause, 392 (HTLV-1), 237 Hydroxyurea, 411 glucagonoma as cause, 335 hydrochlorothiazide as cause, 554 in Vitamin B12 deficiency, 392 Humerus bone effect on purine synthesis, 63 Homocystinuria, 108 fracture of, nerve injuries nonmegaloblastic macrocytic insulin and, 314 Homogentisate oxidase, 108 from, 418 anemia caused by, 392 prednisone as cause, 412 Homovanillic acid, 325 neurovascular pairing in, 422 for sickle cell anemia, 394, 635 Vitamin B3 as cause, 90 Homunculus, 463 Humoral immune response, 210 Hyoglossus, 450 Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job’s syndrome) “Honeycomb lung”, 630 Humor (ego defense), 505 Hyoid artery, 564 clinical presentation of, 627 Hook of hamate injury, 418 Hunter syndrome, 84, 111 Hyperacute transplant rejection, 217 as immunodeficiency disease, 214 Hookworms, 153 Huntington disease, 83, 85 Hyperaldosteronism Hyper-IgM syndrome, 215 Horizontal fissure of lungs, 601 basal ganglia lesion and, 461 associations, common/ Hyperkalemia Hormone replacement therapy, 596 chromosome associated with, 87 important, 639 ACE inhibitors as cause, 555 estrogens for, 596 clinical presentation of, 624 metabolic alkalosis caused by, 538 blood transfusions as cause, 399 for hypopituitarism, 334 dementia caused by, 508 potassium-sparing diuretics for, 554 causes of, 536 Hormones. See also specific hormones drug therapy for, 502 treatment for, 633 diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 acidophils and basophils, 313 genetics of, 80 Hyperalimentation, 538 potassium-sparing diuretics as 554 endocrine, signaling pathways neurotransmitters in, 453, 507 Hyperammonemia, 106 cause, for, 321 Hurler syndrome, 111 Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for air primary adrenal insufficiency as cause, 324 gastrointestinal, 353 Hürthle cells, 328 emboli, 609 renal failure as cause, 550 steroid, signaling pathways for, 321 HUS. See Hemolytic-uremic Hyperbilirubinemia succinylcholine as cause, 499 thyroid, 322 syndrome (HUS) associations, common/ Hyperkeratosis, 438 Hormone-sensitive lipase, 114 Hutchinson’s teeth in congenital important, 636 Hyperlipidemia, 291. See also Familial Horner syndrome, 483 syphilis, 141, 175 Gilbert syndrome and, 637 hypercholesterolemia Brown-Séquard syndrome and, 472 Hyaline casts, 539 hereditary types, 372 atherosclerosis and, 292 clinical presentation of, 627 Hyaline membrane disease, 611 Hypercalcemia glomerular filtration barrier cluster headaches as cause, 490 Hydatid cysts in liver, 154 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 and, 529 as lung cancer complication, 619 Hydatidiform moles, 580 biphosphonates for, 445 hydrochlorothiazide as cause, 554 Pancoast tumor as cause, 617 hCG and, 576 calcification as result of, 226 Hyperopia, 479 stroke as cause, 464 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 calcium carbonate as cause, 379 Hyperorality, in Klüver-Bucy Horseshoe kidney, 527 tumor markers, 237 diabetes insipidus caused by, 333 syndrome, 626 Turner syndrome as cause, 578, 628 Hydralazine, 304 familial hypocalciuric, 331 Hyperosmolarity 581 furosemide for, 553 Hot flashes for gestational hypertension, diabetic coma caused by, 334 297 554 clomiphene as cause, 596 for heart failure, hydrochlorothiazide as cause, potassium levels and, 536 as drug reaction, 258 for hypertension in pregnancy, 304 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Hyperparathyroidism, 332 hormone replacement therapy reactions to, 259 multiple myeloma as cause, 401 associations, common/ for, 596 Hydroceles, 593 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 238 important, 639 in menopause, 576 Hydrocephalus, 468 sarcoidosis and, 434 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Howell-Jolly bodies, 389 Chiari II malformations and, 449 squamous cell carcinoma of lung pseudogout and, 431 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Dandy-Walker malformations and, 619 renal osteodystrophy and, 550 postsplenectomy, 199 and, 449 succinylcholine as cause, 499 Hyperphagia in sickle cell anemia, 394 dementia caused by, 508 teriparatide as cause, 445 atypical depression as cause, 511 HPO axis abnormalities, 585 headache caused by, 490 Hypercalciuria hypothalamus and, 454 H2 blockers, 378 medulloblastomas as cause, 493 hydrochlorothiazide for, 554 Klüver-Bucy syndrome as cause, 626 in gastric parietal cell, 355 in Parinaud syndrome, 474 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Hyperphosphatemia, 550 in gastrointestinal system, 377 Hydrochlorothiazide, 554 Hypercapnia, 626 Hyperpigmentation HSV. See Herpes simplex virus (HSV) for diabetes insipidus, 333, 633 Hypercholesterolemia Addison disease as cause, 627 HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotropic reactions to, 258 clinical presentation of, 624 busulfan as cause, 410 virus 1), 237 Hydrocortisone, 340 corneal arcus and, 291 Hyperpituitarism, 492 HTR. See Acute hemolytic Hydrogen peroxide, 195 hypothyroidism as cause, 327 Hyperplasia, 232, 233 transfusion reactions Hydrolysis, in drug metabolism, 244 integrase inhibitors as cause, 194 hyperparathyroidism caused by, 639 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 158, Hydromelia, 450 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 627 Hyperprolactinemia, 585 159 Hydronephrosis, 526, 545 treatment for, 634 verapamil as cause, 304 rash in, 176 benign prostatic hyperplasia as Hyper-chylomicronemia, 115 Hyperreflexia, 626 Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), 158, cause, 594 Hypercoagulability, 630 Hypersegmented neutrophils, 630 159 horseshoe kidney and, 527 associations, common/ in folate deficiency, 392 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), 159 kidney stones as cause, 544 important, 637 megaloblastic anemia as cause, 392 Kaposi sarcoma in, 301, 625 polycythemia and, 404 deep venous thrombosis and, 608 in orotic aciduria, 392

oncogenicity, 237 Hydroperoxide production, 444 in thrombosis syndromes, 398 in Vitamin B12 deficiency, 392

Hypersensitivity reactions, 211 Hypertensive crisis, 523 Hypofibrinogenemia acute inflammatory demyelinating acute poststreptococcal Hypertensive emergency, 290 ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation polyradiculopathy as glomerulonephritis as, 540 Hypertensive hemorrhage, 466 rate) in, 230 cause, 488 allergic contact dermatitis as, 439 Hypertensive nephropathy, 290 Hypogastric nerve in male sexual Addison disease as cause, 627 B cells and, 201 Hypertensive urgency, 290 response, 571 Beck triad as cause, 626 to blood transfusions, 212 Hyperthermia Hypoglossal canal, 475 cilostazol/dipyridamole as disorders of, 212 inhaled anesthetics as cause, 498 Hypoglossal nerve (12th cranial cause, 407 mast cells in, 383 malignant, 634 nerve), 475 clonidine as cause, 254 pneumonitis as, 212, 611, 612 SSRIs as cause, 523 lesions of, 476 magnesium hydroxide as cause, 379 rheumatoid arthritis and, 429 succinylcholine as cause, 499 Hypoglycemia nitroglycerin as cause, 305 Hypersexuality, in Klüver-Bucy Hyperthyroidism, 329 disorientation caused by, 507 primary adrenal insufficiency as syndrome, 626 atrial fibrillation caused by, 284 fructose intolerance as cause, 103 cause, 324 Hypersomnia choriocarcinomas as cause, 593 glucagon as response to, 315 sildenafil/vardenafil as cause, 598 atypical depression as cause, 511 hydatidiform moles as cause, 580 insulinomas as cause, 336 sympathomimetics for, 253 Hypertension, 290 vs. hypothyroidism, 327 insulin treatment as cause, 338 watershed zones and, 462 ACE inhibitors for, 555 propylthiouracil/methimazole low birth weight and, 59 Hypothalamic drugs, 340 acute inflammatory demyelinating for, 339 oral diabetes medications as Hypothalamic-pituitary polyradiculopathy as pulse pressure in, 272 cause, 338 hormones, 315 cause, 488 thyroidectomy for, 330 Hypogonadism Hypothalamus, 454 acute poststreptococcal Hypertonia, 626 diagnosing, 579 reproductive hormones and, 595 glomerulonephritis as Hypertriglyceridemia, 115 estrogens for, 596 Hypothenar eminence, 420 cause, 540 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 hypogonadotropic, 579, 638 Hypothenar muscles, 419, 420 ADPKD as cause, 551 treatment for, 634 prolactin and, 315 Hypotheses, statistical, 53 alcohol withdrawal as cause, 519 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 296 testosterone for, 597 Hypothyroidism, 328 aliskiren for, 555 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 472 zinc deficiency as cause, 94 clinical presentation of, 625 Angiotensin II receptor blockers murmur indicating, 278 Hypokalemia cretinism and, 636 379 for, 555 sudden cardiac death from, 293 antacid use as cause, dementia caused by, 508 292 533 258 aortic aneurysms and, Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 619 Barter syndrome as cause, as drug reaction, ARPKD and, 551 causes of, 536 vs. hyperthyroidism, 327 Hypertrophic scars, 229 associations, common/ Conn syndrome as cause, 630 iodide as cause, 560 Hyperuricemia important, 637 ileus and, 365 levothyroxine/triiodothyronine clinical presentation of, 628 atherosclerosis and, 292 magnesium in, 537 for, 339 ethacrynic acid as cause, 553 atrial fibrillation caused by, 284 renal tubular acidosis and, 539 lithium as cause, 522 gout and, 430 Berry aneurysm and, 465 VIPoma as cause, 353 nonmegaloblastic macrocytic hydrochlorothiazide as cause, 554 β-blockers for, 256 Hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis anemia as cause, 392 kidney stones and, 544 calcium channel blockers for, 304 syndrome of apparant Hypotonia, 626 in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 64 Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm mineralocorticoid excess as Menkes disease as cause, 77 pyrazinamide as cause, 189 and, 465 cause, 533 Hypoventilation Vitamin B as cause, 90 Conn syndrome as cause, 630 3 Hypokalemic hypochloremic hypoxemia caused by, 606 Hyperventilation dissecting aneurysms and, 635 metabolic acidosis, 342 Hypoxemia, 606 aspirin as cause, 445 drug therapy for, 304 Hypomania, in cyclothymic asthma as cause, 610 furosemide for, 553 “pink puffer” emphysema as disorder, 510 chronic bronchitis as cause, 626 hemorrhagic stroke caused by, 467 cause, 627 Hyponatremia Hypoxia, 606 hydralazine for, 304 Hypervitaminosis D, 427 central pontine myelinolysis cardiac contractility and, 273 hydrochlorothiazide for, 554 Hypnagogic/hypnopompic and, 456 Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy intraprenchymal hemorrhage hallucinations, 509, 517 hydrochlorothiazide as cause, 554 (HIE), 224 and, 466 Hypoalbuminemia SIADH as cause, 333 Hypoxic stroke, 467 Liddle syndrome as cause, 533 alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 369 Hypoparathyroidism, 331 Hysterectomy malignant, 304, 395 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 627 associations, common/ for adenomyosis, 588 medications for, 253, 255 Hypocalcemia, 319 important, 637 cardinal ligament and, 570 minoxidil for, 598 acute pancreatitis as cause, 376 pseudogout and, 431 nephritic syndrome and, 540 blood transfusions as cause, 399 Hypophosphatemia I “onion skinning” in, 291 of chronic kidney disease, 639 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Ibuprofen, 445 pheochromocytoma as cause, 326 clinical presentation of, 625 rickets caused by, 82 reactions to, 258 placental abruption risk and, 582 in DiGeorge syndrome, 566 Hypopituitarism, 334 Ibutilide, 309 polyarteritis nodosa as cause, 302 hyperparathyroidism as associations, common/ Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, 140 portal, 348 cause, 332 important, 637 Identification (ego defense), 504 prednisone as cause, 412 hypoparathyroidism as cause, 331 pituitary adenomas and, 492 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura preeclampsia as cause, 581 Hypocalcemic tetany, 93 Hypoplasia, 559 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 in pregnancy, 254, 304, 581 Hypocholesterolemia, 327 Hypoproteinemia, 529 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 pseudoephedrine as cause, 620 Hypochondriasis, 514 Hyporeflexia IFNs. See Interferons pulmonary, 605, 614 MAO inhibitors for, 523 lower motor neuron damage Ifosfamide, 410 pulmonary arterial, 634 Hypochromia and, 626 reactions to, 259 renal failure as cause, 550 in β-thalassemia, 391 magnesium hydroxide as cause, 379 IgA antibodies, 205 syndrome of apparant iron deficiency as cause, 390 Hypospadias, 569 blood transfusions and, 212 mineralocorticoid excess as Hypochromic anemia, 630 Hyposplenia, 389 deficiency in, 214 cause, 533 Hypocitraturia Hypotension secretion of, 356 thoracic aortic aneurysm and, 292 kidney stones caused by, 544 ACE inhibitors as cause, 555 secretory, 356

IgA nephropathy. See Berger disease cytokines, 207 Indirect agonists, 250 Inflammatory bowel disease IgA protease, 123 grafts, 217 Indirect inguinal hernias, 352 (IBD), 362, 432 IgD antibodies, 205 hypersensitivity, 211–212 Indomethacin, 445 amyloidosis and, 231 IgE antibodies, 205 immunodeficiencies, 216 for closing PDAs, 271 HLA-B27 and, 201 functions of, 201 interferons, 208 for diabetes insipidus, 333, 633 methotrexate for, 409 Hyper-IgE syndrome, 214 passive vs. active, 210 for gout, 446 rituximab for, 412 mast cells and, 383 transplant rejections, 217 for patent ductus arteriosus, 634 Inflammatory carcinomas, 591 omalizumab, effect on, 621 vaccination and, 210 Infant deprivation effects, 506 Inflammatory disease, 128 IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor), 321 Immune thrombocytopenia, 397 Infantile cataracts, 103 Inflammatory mediators, 444 IgG antibodies, 205 Immunocompromised patients Infantile hypertrophic Inflammatory phase of wound in acute poststreptococcal acyclovir as prophylaxis for, 193 cardiomyopathy, 626 healing, 229 glomerulonephritis, 540 aspergillosis in, 147 Infarcts. See also Myocardial Infliximab, 220, 446 in autoimmune hemolytic cytomegalovirus in, 158 infarction for Crohn disease, 362, 633 anemia, 395 ecthyma gangrenosum in, 137 of bone and marrow, 426 for ulcerative colitis, 362, 635 complement activation, 206 esophagitis in, 358 calcification and, 226 Influenza, 161, 163 complement binding, 204 fungal infections in, 179 dementia caused by, 637 antiviral drugs for, 193 in cytotoxic hypersensitivity, 211 ganciclovir for CMV in, 193 lacunar, 464 common treatments for, 634 functions of, 201 HHV-8 in, 159 red vs. pale, 224 genetic shifts/drift in, 163 in Graves disease, 329 Pneumocystis jirovecii in, 148 Infectious arthritis, 432 pneumonia caused by, 172 to HAV, 167 pneumonia in, 172 Infectious mononucleosis, 630 vaccine for, 156, 163 in multiple sclerosis, 488 thrush in, 147 Infectious skin disorders, 440 Influenza virus IgM antibodies, 205 vaccines, risk of, 156 Inferior cerebellar peduncle, 464 vaccine for, 210 in acute poststreptococcal Immunodeficiencies, 214–215 Inferior colliculus of tectum, 456 Informed consent, 56 glomerulonephritis, 540 infections in, 216 Inferior epigastric vessels, 351 Infraspinatus muscle, 417 in autoimmune hemolytic neoplasms associated with, 235 Inferior gluteal nerve, 421 brachial plexus lesions anemia, 395 Immunofluorescent staining, 211 Inferior lobe of lungs, 601 affecting, 419 complement activation, 206 Immunoglobulins. See also specific Inferior mesenteric artery Infundibulopelvic ligament, 570 complement binding, 204 immunoglobulins in horseshoe kidney, 527 Inguinal canal, 351, 571 in cytotoxic hypersensitivity, 211 in breast milk, 576 structures supplied by, 346 Inguinal hernias, 352 functions of, 201 isotypes of, 205 Inferior mesenteric lymph node, 198 Inguinal ligament, 350, 351, 352 to HAV, 167 Immunohistochemical stains, 74 Inferior sagittal sinus, 467 dermatome at, 473 to hepatitis, 167 Immunologic memory, 205 Inferior vena cava INH. See Isoniazid hyper-IgM syndrome, 215 Immunology diaphragm and, 601 Inhalation injury, 228 in splenic dysfunction, 199 immune responses, 205–215 in fetal circulation, 271 Inhaled anesthetics, 498 Ileal atresia, 342 immunosuppressants, 218–219 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 Inheritance modes, 82 Ileum lymphocytes, 200–205 Infertility. See also Fertility Inhibin basal electrical rhythm in, 345 lymphoid structures, 198–199 clomiphene for, 596 in cryptorchidism, 592 histology of, 345 Immunomodulator signaling common treatments for, 634 Inhibitors, 206, 242 Ileus, 365 pathway, 321 cystic fibrosis and, 84 of complement system, 206 Iliac arteries, 346 Immunosuppressants, 218 Kartagener syndrome and, 74, 84 Inhibitory pathway of basal Illness anxiety disorder, 514 cyclosporine, 218 Klinefelter syndrome as cause, 578 ganglia, 458 Ilocecal valve, 375 for lupus, 433 leuprolide for, 596 Injectisome, 123

Imatinib, 412 recombinant cytokines, 219 mumps as cause, 165 Inositol triphosphate (IP3), 321 for chronic myelogenous targets of, 219 ovarian neoplasms and, 586 Inotropy, 275 leukemia, 402, 633 Impacted teeth, in Gardner varicoceles as cause, 592 Insecticide toxicity, 250 Imipenem, 183 syndrome, 626 Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, 636 Insomnia. See also Sleep disorders reactions to, 259 Impetigo, 437, 440 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 296 barbiturates for, 497 Imipramine, 523 Streptococcus pyogenes as Inflammation, 225 benzodiazepines for, 497 oral desmopressin acetate vs., 455 cause, 129 amyloidosis and, 231 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics Immature ego defenses, 504–505 Impotence. See Erectile dysfunction apoptosis and, 222 for, 497 Immature teratomas, 587 Imprinting, 81 atrophy and, 225 trazodone for, 524 Immediate immune response, Inactivated vaccines, 210 axonal reactions to injury, 225 Inspiration antibodies involved in, 205 Incidence, cancer, 239 calcification and, 226 heart sounds during, 278 Immune complex hypersensitivity Incidence rate, 49 cell injury and, 224 Kussmaul sign, 300 (type III), 201, 211 Incidence vs. prevalence, 49 erythrocyte sedimentation rate lung volumes during, 602 acute poststreptococcal Inclusion cells (ESR), 230 splitting during, 277 glomerulonephritis as, 540 cholecystokinin produced by, 353 free radical injury and, 228 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 602 C3 deficiency and, 206 disease of, 73 granulomatous diseases and, 230 Inspiratory reserve volume rheumatoid arthritis and, 429 Incomplete penetrance, 80 infarcts and, 224 (IRV), 602 Immune responses Incontinence, bladder inhalation injury and, 228 Insulin, 314 anergy, 209 hydrocephalus as cause, 468 iron poisoning and, 397 in diabetes mellitus, 334 antigen variation, 209 multiple sclerosis as cause, 488 ischemia and, 224 for diabetes treatment, 338, 633 autoantibodies, 213 during sleep, 455 leukocyte extravasation, 227 for diabetic ketoacidosis, 335, bacterial toxin effects, 209 Incus bone, 477 necrosis and, 223 633 blood transfusion reactions, 212 India ink, 120, 147 scar formation and, 229 glitazones/thiazolidinediones, cell surface proteins, 209 Indifferent gonad, 567 transudate vs. exudate, 230 effect on, 338 complement, 206 Indinavir, 194 wound healing and, 229 glucagon and, 315

glycogen regulation by, 109 USMLE Step 1 passing rates, 9 Ipratropium, 621 Isotretinoin hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, USMLE Step 2 CK, 24–28 clinical use, 251 as teratogen, 560 effect on, 315 USMLE Step 2 CS, 24–26, 28–29, Ipsilateral ptosis, 617 Isotretinoin, as teratogen, 89 potassium levels and, 536 31–32 Irinotecan, 411 Itraconazole, 191 secretion of, 313 USMLE Step 3, 25, 29–30, 32 Iris, 479 for Sporothrix schenckii, 148 signaling pathway for, 321 Internodal pathways, 282 in aqueous humor pathway, 479 for systemic mycoses, 145 somatostatin and, 353 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 486 browning, caused by IUGR. See Intrauterine growth sulfonylureas, effect on, 338 clinical presentation of, 625 prostaglandins, 494 restriction Insulinomas, 336 multiple sclerosis as cause, 488 Iron Ivermectin, 192 multiple endocrine neoplasia Interossei muscles, 419 absorption of, 93 for nematode infections, 153 (MEN) as cause, 337 Intersexing, 579 in anemia, 395 IV immunoglobulin somatostatin and, 353 Interstitial fluid pressure, 287 in anemia of chronic disease, 393 for acute inflammatory Insulin resistance Interstitial nephritis in hemoglobin, 604 demyelinating acromegaly as cause, 333 aspirin as cause, 407, 445 in sideroblastic anemia, 391 polyradiculopathy, 488 cortisol, effect on, 319 as drug reaction, 259 toxicity of, 257 Ixodes tick, 140, 151 in diabetes mellitus, 335 NSAIDs as cause, 445 Iron deficiency anemia, 390 Integrase inhibitors, 194 Interstitial pneumonia, 616 fibroid tumors as cause, 588 J Integrins, in epithelial cells, 437 Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, 630 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 JAK2 gene, 404 Intellectual disability Interventricular foramen, 269 Plummer-Vinson syndrome as Janeway lesions associations, common/ Intestinal adhesion, 365 cause, 625 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 important, 637 Intestinal infarcts, 224 Iron poisoning, 397. See also clinical presentation of, 627 Lesch-Nyham syndrome as Intracellular bugs, 122 Hemochromatosis Japanese pufferfish toxin, 252 cause, 625 Intracranial hemorrhage, 466 free radical injury caused by, 228 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 141 Intention tremors, 459, 488 eclampsia as cause, 581 Irritable bowel syndrome, 363 clinical presentation of, 625 multiple sclerosis as cause, 626 Intraductal papillomas, 589 antispasmodics for, 251 Jaundice, 371 spinal cord lesion as cause, 471 Intraocular pressure in Ischemia, 606 alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 369 Interferons, 195. See also Cytokines glaucoma, 480 acute mesenteric, 365 associations, common/ interferon-α, 259 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 466 as atherosclerosis complication, 292 important, 637 interferon-α, 219 Intrauterine growth restriction, 59 clinical presentation of, 627 in cholangitis, 375 interferon-α, 633 smoking as cause, 560 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 cirrhosis as cause, 368 interferon-β, 219 Intravascular hemolysis, 212 intrinsic renal failure caused classic galactosemia as cause, 103 interferon-γ, 207, 234 Intravenous anesthetics, 498 by, 550 Courvoisier sign and, 626 mechanism of, 208 Intraventricular hemorrhage, effect renal, 445 Crigler-Najjar syndrome as natural killer cells and, 201 on birth weight, 59 susceptible areas, 224 cause, 627 signaling pathway for, 321 Intrinsic factor, 354 urine casts in, 539 extravascular hemolysis as Interleukins, 207. See also Cytokines Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic Ischemic brain disease, 467 cause, 393 helper T cell inhibition, 202 anemia, 394 Ischemic colitis, 365 fructose intolerance as cause, 103 IL-2, 319 Intrinsic pathway Ischemic heart disease hepatitis as cause, 166 IL-6, 234, 321 of apoptosis, 222 heart murmurs in, 279 Leptospira as cause, 140 IL-8, 321 hemophilia and, 397 manifestations of, 293 neonatal, 371 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 214 Intrinsic renal failure, 550 Ischemic stroke, 467 pancreatic cancer as cause, 377, immunologic memory and, 205 Intrinsic tyrosine kinase, 321 thrombolytics for, 406 627 natural killer cells and, 201 Introns vs. exons, 69 Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), 231 Yellow fever as cause, 162 Interlobar artery, 528 Intussusception, 365 Islet amyloid polypeptide in diabetes Jaw Interlobular artery, 528 clinical presentation of, 627 mellitus, 335 cranial nerve lesions affecting, 476 Intermediate zone of liver, 349 Meckel diverticulum as cause, 364 Islet leukocytic infiltrate in diabetes lesions of, in Burkitt Internal auditory meatus, 475 Inulin mellitus, 335 lymphoma, 400 Internal capsule clearance of, 529 Islets of Langerhans, 313 muscles of, 478 intraparenchymal hemorrhage in proximal tubules, 533 Isocarboxazid, 523 Jaw jerk reflex, 476 and, 466 Invasive aspergillosis, 191 Isocitrate dehydrogenase, 96 Jejunal atresia, 342 stroke effects, 464 Invasive cervical carcinoma, 584 Isodisomy, 81 Jejunum Internal carotid artery Invasive ductal carcinomas, 589, 591 Isoflurane, 498 folate absorption in, 356 in cavernous sinus, 477 Invasive lobular carcinomas, 591 Isolation of affect, 504 histology of, 345 in Circle of Willis, 462 Iodine, 195 Isoleucine, 104 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Internal iliac lymph node, 198 cretinism and, 636 in maple syrup urine disease, 107 syndrome, 283 Internal jugular vein, 467 hypothyroidism and, 328 Isoniazid, 189 Jimson weed toxicity, 251 Internal oblique muscle, 351 Jod-Basedow phenomenon as mycobacterial prophylaxis, 188 Jo-1 autoantibodies, 213 International Medical Education and, 329 for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 634 Job’s syndrome. See Hyper-IgE Directory (IMED), 24, 28 propylthiouracil/methimazole, reactions to, 258, 259 syndrome (Job’s syndrome) International medical graduates effect on, 339 sideroblastic anemia caused by, 391 Jod-Basedow phenomenon, 329 (IMGs), 24–34 thyroid hormones and, 322 Isoproterenol John Cunningham virus (JCV), 158 ECFMG, 24–25, 33 Iodine, as teratogen, 560 blood pressure effects, 254 PML and, 489 ERAS, 24–35, 31–32 Iodophors, 195 clinical use, 253 Jugular foramen, 467, 475 the Match, 24–25, 30–34 Iomustine, 410 heart rate effect, 254 Jugular vein, 475 residency, 24, 30–33 Ion channels. See Calcium channels; vs. norepinephrine, 254 Jugular venous distention, 605 US licensure, 24–25 Sodium channels Isosorbide dinitrate, 305 in heart failure, 297 USMLE Step 1, 24–27 Ionizing radiation, as carcinogen, 238 Isosorbide mononitrate, 305 in Kussmaul sign, 300

Jugular venous pulse, 276 Kidney cancer. See Renal cell Knee exam, 416 Lamellar bone, 424 in Kussmaul sign, 300 carcinoma Koilocytes, 629 Lamina propria Justice, as ethical principle, 56 Kidney disease Koilonychia, 390 lymphocytes in, in celiac sprue, 361 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 535 anemia caused by, 390 Koplik spots, 176, 179 Peyer patches in, 356 β-blocker effects on, 256 autosomal-dominant polycystic clinical presentation of, 628 Laminins, 74 Juxtaglomerular cells, 528, 530 (ADPKD), 465, 466, 83 Korsakoff psychosis, 519 Lamivudine (3TC), 194 renin secreted by, 535 autosomal-recessive polycystic Korsakoff syndrome, 507 Lamotrigine (ARPKD), 526, 551 Krabbe disease, 111 for bipolar disorder, 633 K lead poisoning as cause, 396 Krebs cycle. See TCA cycle for epilepsy, 496 Kallmann syndrome, 579, 638 Kidney stones, 544 Krukenberg tumors, 360, 587, 636 reactions to, 259 Kaposi sarcoma, 301 associations, common/ Kupffer cells, 349 Lancefield grouping, 130 clinical presentation of, 625 important, 638 Kuru, 171 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 403, 632 HHV-8 as cause, 159 atrophy and, 225 Kussmaul respirations, 335, 625 as restrictive lung disease, 611 oncogenic microbes, 237 Crohn disease as cause, 362 Kussmaul sign, 300 Langerhans cells, 384 recombinant cytokines for, 219 hematuria in, 539 cardiac tamponade as cause, 299 Birbeck granules in, 632 Kartagener syndrome, 74, 84 horseshoe kidney and, 527 in hypertrophic Langhans giant cell, 133 bronchiectasis and, 610 hydronephrosis and, 545 cardiomyopathy, 296 Lansoprazole, 378 clinical presentation of, 627 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Kwashiorkor, 94 Lanugo, in anorexia nervosa, 516 Karyolysis, 224 multiple endocrine neoplasia Kyphoscoliosis, 472 Laplace law, 273, 600 Karyorrhexis, 224 (MEN) as cause, 337 Kyphosis, 425 Large cell carcinomas of lungs, 619 in apoptosis, 222 postrenal azotemia caused by, 550 Laryngeal cancer, 238 Karyotyping, 79 renal tubular acidosis and, 539 L Larynx Kawasaki disease, 302 squamous cell carcinoma of the Labetalol, 256, 304 muscles of, 565 clinical presentation of, 628 bladder and, 547 for gestational hypertension, 581 in respiratory tree, 600 treatments for, 634 topirimate as cause, 496 for hypertension in pregnancy, 304 Latanoprost, 494 Kayser-Fleischer rings Kiesselbach plexus Labia, 570 Lateral area of hypothalamus, 454 625 clinical presentation of, epistaxis in, 608 male homologue, 568 Lateral cerebellum, 457 in Wilson disease, 373 Killed vaccines, 156, 210 Labial macules, 437 Lateral corticospinal tract, 469, 470 K cells, 353 Killer T cells, 222 Labile cells, 72 demyelination of, 471 Keloid scars, 229 Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules Labioscrotal swelling, 568 stroke effects, 464 Keratin, in epithelial cells, 437 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 Labor. See Childbirth; Pregnancy Lateral geniculate nucleus, 456 Keratinocytes, 229 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 Laboratory techniques in in pupillary light reflex, 483 Keratin pearls Kinase, 96 biochemistry, 77–79 Lateral medullary syndrome, 464 in skin biopsy, 630 Kinesin, 74 Lacrimal gland, 430 Lateral pons, 464 in squamous cell carcinoma of Kingella Lacrimation reflex, 476 Lateral pontine syndrome, 464 lung, 619 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 Lactase deficiency, 104 Lateral pterygoid muscle, 478 Keratoacanthoma, 443 Kinin pathway, 386 Lactate, as autoregulation as branchial arch derivative, 565 Keratoconjunctivitis, 159 Kissing disease. See Mononucleosis factor, 287 Lateral spinothalamic tract, 469 Keratomalacia, 89 Klebsiella, 138 Lactate dehydrogenase Lateral thoracic artery, 422 Kernicterus, 195 acute cystitis caused by, 547 in intravascular hemolysis, 393 Lateral ventricle, 468 Ketamine, as IV anesthetic, 498 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Latex agglutination test, 147 Ketoacidosis. See Diabetic in thrombotic thrombocytopenic 179 397 LCAT, 114 ketoacidosis currant jelly sputum caused by, purpura, 500 501 Ketoconazole, 191, 318, 597 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Lactation, 576. See also Breast milk L-dopa, , 391 396 gynecomastia caused by, 590 kidney stones caused by, 544 absent, in Sheehan syndrome, 626 Lead poisoning, , Ketogenesis, 96 as lactose fermenter, 135 mastitis and, 590 anemia caused by, 390 Ketones, 112 as nosocomial infection, 178 progesterone and, 573 antidote to, 257 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 335 pneumonias caused by, 616 risperidone as cause, 521 clinical presentation of, 624 production of, 315 as urease-positive organism, 122 Lactic acidosis Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 Ketorolac, 445 Klebsiella pneumoniae metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 labs/diagnostic findings, 629, 630 Kidney. See also entries beginning antimicrobials for, 182 metformin as cause, 338 sideroblastic anemia caused by, 391 with Renal clinical presentation of, 627 nucleosides as cause, 194 Lead-time bias, 52 anatomy of, 528 as encapsulated bacteria, 122 Lactiferous sinus, 589 Lecithinase autoregulation factors, 287 as immunodeficiency Lactobacillus, 171 Clostridium perfringens and, 125 cortical infarction of, 548 infection, 216 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Lectin pathway for complement embryology, 526 UTIs caused by, 174 Lactoferrin, 208 activation, 206 embryonic development of, 559 Klinefelter syndrome, 578 in neutrophils, 382 Leflunomide, 63 endocrine functions, 535 chromosome associated with, 87 Lactose-fermenting enteric Left anterior descending artery, 636 horseshoe-shaped, 527, 578, 628 gynecomastia caused by, 590 bacteria, 121, 135 Left anterior fascicle, 282 ischemia-susceptible areas, 224 testicular tumors and, 593 Lactose tolerance test, 361 Left bundle branch block, 282 multicystic dysplastic, 527 Klumpke palsy, 419 Lactulose paradoxical splitting in, 277 pale infarcts in, 224 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 461 for hepatic encephalopathy, 369 Left coronary artery, 636 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 clinical presentation of, 626 as osmotic laxative, 379 Left horn of sinus venosus, 268 shrunken, 551 Knee Lacunar infarcts, 459, 464 Left parietal-temporal cortex, 461 sodium retention in, 314 common conditions of, 416 Lambert-Eaton syndrome, 435 Left posterior fascicle, 282 thyroidization of (chronic injury to, 421 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 238 Left superior temporal lobe, aphasia pyelonephritis), 548 osteoarthritis in, 429 small cell carcinoma of lung and, 460 thyroid-like appearance, 632 pseudogout in, 431 and, 619 Left supraclavicular node, 360

Left supramarginal gyrus, aphasia Leukemoid reactions, 399 Linagliptin, 339 Liver and, 460 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (type Lindane, 192 abscess, with anchovy paste Left-to-right shunt, 289 1), 215 Linea alba, 351 exudate, 149 pulmonary hypertension caused Leukocyte esterase test, 174 Linear ulcers anatomy of, 349 by, 614 Leukocyte extravasation, 227 in Crohn disease, 362 blood supply and innervation Left ventricular aneurysm, in Leukocytes, 382 esophagitis and, 358 to, 346 myocardial infarction, 294 in leukemia, 402 Lines of Zahn, 609, 632 “hobnail” appearance, 369 Left ventricular contractility, 297 in leukemoid reactions, 399 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 242 hydatid cysts in, 154 Left ventricular hypertrophy, 273 in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 Linezolid, 185 insulin, effect on, 338 Legionella smudged appearance, 632 for MRSA, 190 ischemia-susceptible areas, 224 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 in urine, 539, 632 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 184 metastases to, 240 culture requirements, 121 Leukocytosis for VRE, 190 nutmeg appearance, 631 as facultative intracellular diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 Linitis plastica, 360 red infarcts in, 224 bug, 122 diverticulitis as cause, 363 Linkage disequilibrium, 80 serum markers for pathology, 368 microbials for, 186 Leukopenia, 395 Lipase, 355, 368 Liver cancer as nosocomial infection, 178 aplastic anemia as cause, 393 in chronic pancreatitis, 376 associations, common/ pneumonia caused by, 172 cytarabine as cause, 409 Lipid absorption, 356 important, 639 pneumonias caused by, 616 ganciclovir as cause, 193 Lipid-lowering agents, 306 carcinogens affecting, 238 stain used for, 120 trimethoprim as cause, 186 Lipid transport enzymes, 114 hepatocellular carcinoma, 237 Legionella pneumophila, 137 Leukotrienes Lipodystrophy hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 371 Gram stain limitations, 120 in basophils, 383 tesamorelin for, 315 paraneoplastic syndromes treatment for, 634 cortisol, effect on, 319 Lipofuscin, 231 associated with, 238 Legionnaires’ disease, 137 production of, 444 Lipoic acid, arsenic inhibition of, 99 tumor markers, 237 Leiomyomas, 234, 639 Leuprolide, 596 Lipoid nephrosis. See Minimal Liver disease paraneoplastic syndromes for infertility, 634 change disease acanthocytes in, 388 associated with, 238 for prostate cancer/uterine Lipolysis, 315 associations, common/ Leiomyosarcomas, 234 fibroids, 634 cortisol, effect on, 319 important, 638 Leishmania donovani, 152 Levator veli palatini muscle, 565 Lipomas, 234 dosage calculations with, 243 Leishmaniasis, 152 Levetiracetam, 496 Lipopolysaccharides. See nonmegaloblastic macrocytic antimicrobials for, 191 Levofloxacin, 187 also Endotoxins anemia caused by, 392 Lelomyomas, 588 Levothyroxine, 339 effect on macrophages, 209 target cells in, 389 Lens, as collagen, 75 Lewy bodies Listeria monocytogenes production Liver failure Lens, eye, 479 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 of, 132 edema caused by, 287 Lenticulostriate artery, 464 Parkinson disease and, 459 immune response to, 205 myoclonus in, 459 Lentigo maligna melanoma, 443 Lewy body dementia, 487 Lipoprotein lipase, 114 Liver flukes Leprosy. See Hansen’s disease dementia caused by, 508 Lipoproteins hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 371 (leprosy) Leydig cells, 567, 572, 593 estrogen and, 573 oncogenicity, 237 Leptin aromatase in, 577 functions of, 115 Liver hepatocytes. See Hepatocytes appetite regulation and, 317 in Klinefelter syndrome, 578 testosterone, effect on, 597 Liver tumors, 370. See Leptospira, 142 Reinke crystals in, 631 Liposarcomas, 234 also Hepatocellular in bacterial taxonomy, 119 LH. See Luteinizing hormone Lipoxygenase pathway, 444 carcinoma as spirochete, 140 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 433, 636 Liquefactive necrosis, 223 Live vaccines, 210 Leptospira interrogans, 140 Lice, 192 calcification and, 226 Living wills, 57 Leptospirosis, 140 Lice, diseases transmitted by, 142, 143 ischemic stroke as cause, 467 L-myc gene, 236 transmission and source, 142 Lichen planus Liraglutide, 339 Loading dose, 243, 640 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 64, 84 clinical presentation of, 627 Lisch nodules, 83 Loa loa, 153, 154 clinical presentation of, 625 Licorice in neurofibromatosis type I, 624 Lobar pneumonia, 614, 616 gout and, 430 syndrome of apparent in neurofibromatosis type I, 491 Klebsiella as cause, 138 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 mineralocorticoid excess Lispro insulin, 338 Lobular carcinoma, 589 Leser-Trélat sign, 439 caused by, 533 Listeria Lobules, 589 Lethal dose, 246 Liddle syndrome, 533 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Local anesthetics, 499 Leucine, 104 Lidocaine, 499 as catalase-positive organism, 122 Locked-in syndrome, 464 ketogenicity of, 100 for cardiac arrhythmia, 632 as facultative intracellular bug, 122 central pontine myelinolysis as in maple syrup urine disease, 107 as cardiac glycoside antidote, 307 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 cause, 456 Leukemia, 234, 402–403. See Li-Fraumeni syndrome pneumonia caused by, 173 Lockjaw. See Tetanospasmin; also specific leukemias tumor suppressor genes, 236 Listeria monocytogenes, 132 Tetanus adult T-cell, 237 tumor suppressors and, 72 as β-hemolytic, 128 Locus ceruleus, 453 allopurinol for, 446 Ligaments as granulomatous disease, 230 Locus heterogeneity, 80 antimetabolites for, 409 of female reproductive system, 570 in pregnancy, 175 Löffler’s media, 121 antitumor antibiotics for, 410 gastrointestinal, 344 Lithium, 522 Löffler syndrome, 296 diseases associated with, 235 Ligamentum arteriosum, 271 for bipolar disorder, 510, 520, 633 Long thoracic nerve, 422 drug therapy for, 409–414, 411 Ligamentum teres hepatis, 271, 344 diabetes insipidus and, 333 lesion in, 419 kidney stones and, 544 Ligamentum venosum, 271 reactions to, 258, 259 Loop diuretics, 553 vs. lymphoma, 399 Ligand-gated ion channels, 247 for SIADH, 634 electrolytes, effect on, 554 microtubule inhibitors for, 411 Light chain, of antibody, 204 as teratogen, 560 for heart failure, 297 mucormycosis and, 147 Limbic system, 456 therapeutic index (TI) value, 246 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 recombinant cytokines for, 219 Limbus, 479 Live attenuated vaccines, 156 metabolic alkalosis caused by, 538

Loop diuretics (continued) hemosiderin macrophages in, 297 Lymphocytes, 382, 384. See also B Macrohemorrhage, in in nephron physiology, 532 honeycomb appearance of, 630 cells; T cells hemophilia, 397 reactions to, 260 metastases to, 240 antibody structure and Macrolides, 186 site of action, 552 physical findings, 614 function, 204 for Legionella, 137 Lopinavir, 194 physiologic dead space, 602 antigen type and memory, 205 mechanism of action, 180 Loratadine, 620 red infarcts in, 224 HLA subtypes associated with for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 144 Lorazepam, 497 relations, 601 diseases, 201 Macro-ovalocytes, 388 for alcohol withdrawal, 520 vasoconstriction in, 287 immunoglobulin isotypes, 205 Macrophages, 383 for epilepsy, 496 volumes, 602, 611 MHC I and II, 200 antibody binding, 204 Losartan, 555 V/Q ratios in, 606 natural killer cells, 201 cytokines secreted by, 207 Lou Gehrig disease. See Amyotrophic Lupus, 433 “starry sky” appearance, 400 endotoxin effect on, 209 lateral sclerosis anemia caused by, 395 Lymphocytic infiltrate in Hashimoto innate immunity and, 200 Lovastatin, 306 associations, common/ thyroiditis, 328 vs. osteoclasts, 424 Low birth weight, 59 important, 636 Lymphogranuloma venereum in spleen, 199 smoking as cause, 560 autoantibodies associated with, 213 Chlamydia trachomatis as surface proteins, 209 Low-density lipoproteins clinical presentation of, 624 cause, 144 in T- and B-cell activation, 203 drug therapy for, 306 constrictive pericarditis caused as sexually transmitted in wound healing, 229 estrogen and, 573 by, 636 infection, 177 Macula, cherry-red spot on, 624 testosterone, effect on, 597 death, causes of, 636 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 363 Macula densa, 528 as tumor marker, 587 diffuse proliferative Lymphoid neoplasms, 402 in juxtaglomerular apparatus, 535 Löwenstein-Jensen agar, 121 glomerulonephritis caused Lymphoid structures Macular degeneration, 481 Lower esophageal sphincter, 358 by, 541 lymph nodes, 198 Macules, 437 Lower extremity nerves, 421 drug-induced, lab findings in, 628 sinusoids of spleen, 199 Magical thinking, in schizotypal Lower motor neuron (LMN) ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation thymus, 199 personality disorder, 515 disease, 638 rate) in, 230 Lymphomas, 234 Magnesium Lower motor neuron (LMN) HLA genes and, 201, 637 allopurinol for, 446 as antiarrhythmic drug, 310 lesion, 478 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 antimetabolites for, 409 as cardiac glycoside antidote, 307 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 519. lab/diagnostic findings, 629 antitumor antibiotics for, 410 disturbances in, 537 See also Substance abuse lymphopenia caused by, 395 clinical presentation of, 625 proton pump inhibitors L-selectin leukocyte, 227 neoplasms associated with, 235 diseases associated with, 235 and, 378 Lumbar puncture, 469 nephropathy of, 632 drug therapy for, 409–414, 411 torsades de pointes and, 283 Lumbrical muscles, 420 neutropenia caused by, 395 follicular, 639 Magnesium citrate, 379 brachial plexus lesions Raynaud syndrome with, 301 Hodgkin vs. non-Hodgkin, 399 Magnesium hydroxide, 379 affecting, 419 Lupus pernio, 434 Helicobacter pylori as risk as osmotic laxative, 379 Lunate bone, 417 Luteal phase of menstrual cycle, 574 factor, 140 Magnesium sulfate Lung cancer, 619–620 Luteinizing hormone lab/diagnostic findings, 631 for eclampsia, 581 abscesses caused by, 617 in cryptorchidism, 592 vs. leukemia, 399 for preeclampsia, 581 asbestosis and, 612 estrogen and, 573 MALT, 140 for torsades de pointes, 283 carcinogens affecting, 238 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, microtubule inhibitors for, 411 Maintenance dose, 640 diseases associated with, 235 effect on, 315 non-Hodgkin, 400 Major depressive disorder, 511. See drug therapy for, 411 Leydig cells and, 572 oncogenes for, 236 also Depression incidence/mortality of, 239 in menopause, 576 oncogenic microbes, 237 as mood disorder, 510 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 in ovulation, 576 testicular, 593 tricyclic antidepressants for, 523 metastases to bone, 638 progesterone, effect on, 573 of thyroid, 330 Major histocompatibility complex metastases to brain, 638 secretion of, 313 Lymphopenia, 395 (MHC) I and II, 200 oncogene for, 236 in sex chromosome disorders, 579 Lysine, 104 Malabsorption syndromes, 361 paraneoplastic syndromes in sex development disorders, 579 ketogenicity of, 100 Malaria, 151 associated with, 238 signaling pathway for, 321 Lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase, 110 anemia caused by, 395 SIADH caused by, 333 Lyme disease, 140 Lysosomal storage diseases, 111 common treatments for, 634 small cell carcinoma, 639 3rd-degree atrioventricular block associations, common/ sickle cell trait and, 394 Lung diseases. See also specific caused by, 285 important, 638 Malar rash, 433 diseases clinical presentation of, 626 Lysozyme, 382 dermatomyositis as cause, 435 obstructive, 610 facial nerve palsy in, 478 Lyssavirus, 630 Malathion, 192 obstructive vs. restrictive, 611 transmission and source, 142 Lytic bone lesions Male-pattern baldness. See Alopecia pneumoconioses, 612 Lymphadenopathy Langerhans cell histiocytosis as Male reproductive system polycythemia and, 404 diphtheria toxin as cause, 124 cause, 403 anatomy of, 571 restrictive, 611 follicular lymphoma as cause, 400 multiple myeloma and, 401 hormones affecting, 573, 577 Lungs. See also entries beginning with mycosis fungoides as cause, 625 seminiferous tubules, 572 Pulmonary phenytoin as cause, 496 M sexual response, 571 abscesses in, 617 Lymphatic blockage, 287 M3 muscarinic acetylcholine spermatogenesis, 577–578 autoregulation factors, 287 Lymphatic pleural effusions, 615 receptor, 355 Malformation, organ, 559 carbon dioxide transport to, 607 Lymphedema, in Turner MacConkey agar, 121 Malignancy, pediatric, 638 chest wall and, 603 syndrome, 578, 628 Macroangiopathic anemia, 395 Malignant hypertension compliance, 603 Lymph nodes, 198 Macrocytic (MCV > 100 fL) anemia caused by, 395 development of, 559 drainage sites, 198 anemia, 392 “onion skinning” in, 291 fetal maturity, 600 in sarcoidosis, 434 Macroglossia treatment for, 304 “heart failure” cells in, 297 T cells in, 202 Wilms tumor and, 546 urine casts in, 539

Malignant hyperthermia Mastication muscles, 478 Medulla of kidney, 528 Meningiomas, 492 inhaled anesthetics as cause, 498 Mastitis, 590 hydronephrosis and, 545 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 succinylcholine as cause, 499 Mastoid air cells, 566 Medullary carcinomas, 591 psammoma bodies in, 239 treatment for, 634 “the Match”, 24, 30–33 of thyroid, 237, 330, 337 Meningitis Malignant melanoma, 219 Maternal “blues”, 511 Medullary cords of lymph node, 198 antimicrobials for, 185 Malignant mesothelioma, 239 Maternal-fetal blood barrier of Medullary cystic disease, 551 aseptic, 161, 165 Malignant trophoblastic disease placenta, 453 Medullary infarcts, 394 associations, common/ hydatidiform moles as cause, 580 Maternal phenylketonuria, 107 Medullary thyroid carcinoma important, 636 Malignant tumors, 234 Mature cystic teratomas, 586 tumor markers, 237 coccidioidomycosis as cause, 145 Malingering, 514 Mature ego defenses, 505 Medulloblastomas, 493, 636, 638 common causes of, 173 Malleolus, 422 Maxillary artery, 564 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 cryptococcal, 147, 191 Malleus bone, 477, 565 McArdle disease, 110 Mefloquine, 634 CSF findings in, 173 Mallory bodies, 369 clinical presentation of, 625 Megacolon fungal, 190 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 McBurney point congenital, 365 headache caused by, 490 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 358, 519 in appendicitis, 363 toxic, 362 Haemophilus influenzae as clinical presentations of, 628 McBurney sign, 627 Megaloblastic anemia, 392 cause, 136 Malnutrition, 94 McCune-Albright syndrome cytarabine as cause, 409 Neisseria meningitidis as cause, 136 Malrotation, 364 clinical presentation of, 624 as drug reaction, 258 Streptococcus pneumoniae as MALT lymphoma, 140 M cells, 356 folic acid deficiency as cause, 91 cause, 129 oncogenic microbes, 237 McMurray test, 416 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Lyme disease as cause, 140 Sjögren syndrome and, 430 Mean arterial pressure, 641 macro-ovalocytes in, 388 in newborns, 128, 179 Type B chronic gastritis and, 359 Mean, in normal distributions, 53 in orotic aciduria, 392 in unimmunized children, 179 Mammary glands Measles phenytoin as cause, 496 vaccine for, 173 cysts in, 631 acute disseminated (postinfectious) trimethoprim as cause, 186 vancomycin for, 635 559 92 development of, encephalomyelitis and, 489 Vitamin B12 deficiency as cause, Meningocele, 449 586 Mammillary bodies clinical presentation, 176, 625 Meig syndrome, Meningococcal vaccines, 122 atrophy, associations with, 635 Meiotic non-disjunction, 86 rash in, 176 Meningococcemia lesions in, 461 Meissner corpuscles, 452 in unimmunized children, 179 clinical presentation of, 624 as limbic structures, 456 Melanocyte development, 559 vaccine for, 156 Neisseria meningitidis as cause, 136 ventral view of, 474 Melanocytic nevus, 439 virus causing, 163, 164 Meningococci, 136 in Wernicke-Korsakoff Melanomas Measurement bias, 52 Meningoencephalitis, 150 syndrome, 519 hydroxyurea for, 411 Mebendazole, 192 Meningomyelocele, 449 Mandible, 565 malignant, 219 effect on microtubules, 74 Menkes disease, 77 Mandibular hypoplasia, 565 metastases to brain, 638 microtubules and, 74 Menometrorrhagia, 574 Mandibular ligament, 565 moles and, 439 Meckel cartilage, 565 Menopause, 576 Mania of skin, 443 Meckel diverticulum, 364, 563 hormone replacement therapy manic episodes in, 510 tumor suppressor gene, 236 Meconium ileus, 365 for, 596 treatment for, 521 Melanotropin secretion, 313 Medial calcific sclerosis, 291 premature, 585 Mannitol, 553 Melasma, 438 Medial cerebellum, 457 in Turner syndrome, 578 site of action, 552 Melatonin Medial geniculate nucleus of Menorrhagia, 574 Mantle cell lymphoma, 400 circadian rhythm and, 455 456 adenomyosis as cause, 588 chromosomal translocation in, 403 thalamus, secretion of, 474 iron deficiency caused by, 390 MAO inhibitors, 523 Medial lemniscus Melena for atypical depression, 511 stroke effects, 464 Meckel diverticulum as Menstruation phentolamine and, 255 thalamic connections, 456 cause, 364 common problems of, 574 Maple syrup urine disease, 107 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 486 portal hypertension as cause, 368 hemochromatosis, effect on, 373 Marasmus, 94 Medial medullary syndrome, 464 Memantine, 502 menstrual cycle, 574 Marble bone disease, 425 Medial pterygoid muscle, 478 Membrane attack complex Mental retardation Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 161 as branchial arch derivative, 565 (MAC), 204 fetal X-rays as cause, 560 Marcus Gunn pupil, 483 Medial temporal lobe, 493 Membranoproliferative maternal alcohol use as cause, 560 Marfanoid habitus, 337 Medial umbilical ligaments, 271 glomerulonephritis Meperidine, 494 Marfan syndrome, 83 “Median claw” hand, 420 diffuse proliferative serotonin syndrome and, 523 aortic aneurysms and, 292, 635 Median, in normal distributions, 53 glomerulonephritis caused Mepivacaine, 499 aortic dissection and, 293 Median nerve, 418, 422 by, 541 Mercury poisoning, 257 Berry aneurysm and, 465 carpal tunnel syndrome as glomerular disease, 540 Merkel discs, 452 cardiac defects associated with, 290 and, 417 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 Merlin protein, 236 clinical presentation of, 624 lesions in, 420 Membranous glomerulonephritis, 632 Meropenem, 183 elastin defect in, 77 Mediastinal lymph node, 198 Membranous nephropathy Mesangial cells, 528 mitral valve prolapse caused by, 279 Medical power of attorney, 57 as glomerular disease, 540 Mesencephalon, 448 Marijuana. See also Substance abuse Medicare and Medicaid, 55 Membranous ossification, 424 Mesenchymal stem cells intoxication and withdrawal Medium-chain acyl-CoA Membranous ventricular septum, 269 vs. osteoblasts, 424 symptoms, 519 dehydrogenase Memory, immunologic. Mesenteric adenitis, 139 schizophrenia caused by, 509 deficiency, 112 See Immunologic memory Mesenteric arteries, 346 Masseter muscle, 478 Medulla MEN. See Multiple endocrine Mesna, 633 as branchial arch derivative, 565 cranial nerve nuclei in, 474 neoplasia (MEN) Mesoderm, 448, 559 Mast cells, 383 development of, 448 Ménétrier disease, 359 defects of, 559 antibody binding of, 205 Medulla (adrenal), 247 Ménière disease, 490 in fetal development, 558 urticaria and, 439 Medulla (lymph node), 198 clinical presentation of, 625 in gastrulation, 558

Mesometrium of broad ligament, 570 Metastases, 232 Metrorrhagia, 574 gabapentin for, 496 Mesonephric duct, 567 associations, common/ Metyrapone stimulation test, 324 sumatriptan for, 502 Mesonephros, 526 important, 638 Metyrosine, 249 topiramate for, 496 Mesosalpinx of broad ligament, 570 common, 240 Mexiletine Migratory polyarthritis Mesothelioma, 617 in lung cancer, 619 for cardiac arrhythmia, 632 Crohn disease as cause, 362 asbestosis and, 612 Metastasis Meyer loop, 486 Lyme disease as cause, 140 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 adrenal insufficiency caused by, 324 MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy rheumatic fever as cause, 299 Mestranol, 596 Metastatic calcification, 226 of undetermined Migratory thrombophlebitis, 377 Metabolic acidosis, 538 Metastatic liver tumors, 370 significance), 401 Milestones. See Developmental acetazolamide as cause, 553 Metformin, 338 MHC I and II, 200 milestones aspirin overdose as cause, 407 Methacholine, 250, 621 Micafungin, 191 Mineralocorticoid excess, 533 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 533 asthma test, 610 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 242 Mineralocorticoids renal failure as cause, 550 Methadone, 494, 518, 519 Miconazole, 191 synthesis of, 318 Metabolic alkalosis, 538 Methamphetamine, 520 Microangiopathic anemia, 395, 397 Minimal change disease acetazolamide for, 553 Methamphetamines Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia as glomerular disease, 540 Barter syndrome as cause, 533 pulmonary hypertension caused hypertension as cause, 290 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Conn syndrome as cause, 630 by, 614 Microarrays, 78 nephrotic syndrome and, 638 hydrochlorothiazide as Methanol Microbiology Minocycline, 185 cause, 554 intoxication treatment, 257 antimicrobials, 180–195 Minor consent, 56 syndrome of apparent metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 basic bacteriology, 118–126 Minoxidil, 598 mineralocorticoid excess as Methemoglobin, 604 clinical bacteriology, 127–142 Minute ventilation, 602 cause, 533 antidote to, 257 mycology, 145–148 Miosis, 248, 483 Metabolic biochemistry, 95–116 Methicillin parasitology, 149–154 cholinomimetics as cause, 494 activated carriers, 98 reactions to, 259 systems, 171–179 Horner syndrome as cause, 483, amino acid derivatives, 106 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus virology, 156–170 617, 627 amino acids, 104 aureus. See MRSA Microcephaly opioids as cause, 494 ammonium transport, 105 (methicillin-resistant fetal X-rays as cause, 560 Mirtazapine, 255, 524 Staphylococcus aureus) ATP production, 98 Patau syndrome as cause, 626 for anorexia nervosa, 516 Methimazole, 339 catecholamine synthesis, 107 Microcytic anemia, 396 for depression, 520 reactions to, 258 electron transport chain, 101 Microcytic, hypochromic (MCV < 80 for major depressive disorder, 511 as teratogen, 560 enzyme terminology, 96 fL) anemia, 390–391 Miscarriages thyroid hormones and, 322 fatty acid metabolism, 112 Microcytosis Listeria monocytogenes as Methionine, 67, 70, 104, 108 fructose metabolism disorders, 103 in β-thalassemia, 391 cause, 132 Methotrexate galactose metabolism disorders, 103 ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation Mismatch repair (DNA), 67 as antimetabolite, 409 gluconeogenesis, 101 rate) in, 230 Misoprostol, 379 for Crohn disease, 362 glycogen regulation, 109 iron deficiency as cause, 390 in gastric parietal cell, 355 effect on purine synthesis, 63 glycolysis regulation, 99 Microglia, 451 in gastrointestinal system, 377 folate deficiency caused by, 91 HMP shunt, 102 Microhematuria, in sickle cell Missense DNA mutations, 66 reactions to, 258 lactase deficiency, 104 anemia, 394 Mitochondria, 95 restrictive lung disease caused lipoprotein functions, 115 Microhemorrhage, in platelet autoantibodies targeting, 213 by, 611 lysosomal storage diseases, 111 397 excess iron in, 388 for rheumatoid arthritis, 429 disorders, 113 560 607 metabolic fuel use, toxicities of, 413 Micromelia, at high altitude, 423 metabolism sites, 95 Methoxyflurane, 498 Microscopic polyangiitis, 302 in muscle contraction, pyruvate dehydrogenase Methyldopa lab/diagnostic findings, 628 myopathies of, 82 complex, 99–100 for hypertension in pregnancy, 304 rapidly progressive Mitochondrial inheritance, 82 pyruvate metabolism, 100 reactions to, 258 glomerulonephritis and, 541 Mitosis, 72 rate-determining enzymes, 96 Methylene blue Microsporum, 146 Mitral regurgitation respiratory burst, 208 as antidote, 257 Microtubule inhibitors, 411 murmur indicating, 278, 279, 637 TCA cycle, 100 for methemoglobinemia, 604 Microtubules, 74 rheumatic fever as cause, 299 Metabolic fuel use, 113 Methylmalonic acid, 392 Midazolam, 497, 498 in tuberous sclerosis, 491 Metabolic syndrome Methylphenidate, 520, 632 Midbrain, 448, 461 Mitral stenosis lab/diagnostic findings, 632 for attention-deficit hyperactivity cranial nerve nuclei in, 474 associations, common/ non-alcoholic fatty liver disease disorder, 520 Middle cerebellar peduncles important, 638 and, 369 Methyltestosterone, 597 stroke effects, 464 blood pressure in, 286 Metabolism, drug, 244 Methylxanthines, 621 Middle cerebral artery, 462 murmur indicating, 278, 279 Metabolism sites, 95 Metoclopramide, 380 in Circle of Willis, 462 opening snap caused by, 638 Metabolites, and antidepressants, 522 reactions to, 259 stroke effects, 464 pulmonary hypertension caused Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 111 Metoprolol, 256, 309 Middle ear, 566 by, 614 Metamorphopsia, 481 Metorrhagia, 574 Middle lobe of lungs, 601 rheumatic fever as cause, 299 Metamyelocytes in chronic Metronidazole, 187 Middle meningeal artery, 475 Mitral valve myelogenous leukemia, 402 for bacterial vaginosis, 142 rupture of, 626, 637 bacterial endocarditis and, 637 Metanephric mesenchyme, 526 for Clostridium difficile, 633 Midgut, 342 development of, 269 multicystic dysplastic kidney for giardiasis, 149 Mifepristone, 597, 634 Mitral valve prolapse and, 527 mechanism of action, 180 Miglitol, 339 ADPKD and, 551 Metanephros, 526 reactions to, 260 Migraine headaches, 490 heart murmur caused by, 637 Metaphase, 72 for Trichomonas vaginalis, 152, 635 butorphanol for, 495 Marfan syndrome and, 290 Metaplasia, 233 for vaginal infections, 174 common treatments for, 634 murmur indicating, 279

Mittelschmerz, 576 Moro reflex, 59, 473 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 Myasthenia gravis, 435 Mixed connective tissue disease, 213 Morphine, 494, 498 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 anticholinesterases for, 250 Mixed motor neuron disease, 638 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 as plasma-cell cancer, 385 autoantibodies and, 213 Mixed transcortical aphasia, 460 receptor binding, 246 renal tubular acidosis caused as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 M line, in muscle contraction, 423 Mortality, cancer, 239 by, 539 medications for, 250 MMR vaccine, 156, 210 Mosaicism, 80 Multiple personality disorder. restrictive lung disease and, 611 Mobitz atrioventricular blocks, 284, Mosquitos, diseases transmitted See Dissociative identity Mycobacteria, 134 285 by, 151 disorder Mycobacterium Modafinil Motilin, 353 Multiple sclerosis, 488, 637 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 for narcolepsy, 517 Motion sickness clinical presentation of, 626 as facultative intracellular bug, 122 common treatments for, 634 Mode, in normal distributions, 53 H1 blockers for, 620 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 Molecular biochemistry, 62–71 medications for, 251 HLA-DR2 and, 201 stain used for, 120 chromatin structure, 62 Motor cortex, 458 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Mycobacterium avium, 190 DNA mutations, 66 stroke effects, 464 internuclear ophthalmoplegia Mycobacterium avium- DNA repair, 67 Motor development, 59 in, 486 intracellulare, 134 DNA replication, 65 Motor neuron disease, 638 oligodendroglia in, 452 antimicrobials for, 188 DNA/RNA/protein synthesis, 67 Motor neuron signs, 470. See recombinant cytokines for, 219 Mycobacterium kansasii, 134 eukaryotic gene organization, 68 also Brain lesions spinal cord lesions in, 471 Mycobacterium leprae, 134, 142. genetic code features, 64 Movement disorders, 459 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 See also Hansen’s disease introns vs. exons, 69 Moxifloxacin, 187 Mumps, 165 (leprosy) nucleotides, 63 M protein, 123 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 antimicrobials for, 188 pre-mRNA splicing, 69 in multiple myeloma, 401 serum markers for, 368 Mycobacterium marinum, 134 protein synthesis, 71 mRNA, 68 vaccine for, 156 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 134 purine salvage deficiencies, 64 Northern blot and, 78 virus causing, 163, 165 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 133, 134 purines and pyrimidines, 63 in protein synthesis, 71 Munchausen syndrome/syndrome by as aerobe, 121 regulation of gene expression, 68 start and stop codons, 67 proxy, 514 antimicrobials for, 188, 189 278 279 RNA polymerases, 68 MRSA (methicillin-resistant Murmurs, heart, , common treatments for, 634 in aortic valve stenosis, 628 RNA processing, 68 Staphylococcus aureus), 128 culture requirements, 121 congenital, common associations start and stop codons, 67 antimicrobials for, 183, 190 as granulomatous disease, 230 with, 637 tRNA, 70 daptomycin for, 187 osteomyelitis caused by, 173 holosystolic, 637 Molecular motor proteins, 74 Mucicarmine stain, 147 Mycolic acid, 189 in hypertrophic Moles, 437, 439 Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, 587 Mycology cardiomyopathy, 296 Molluscum contagiosum, 158 Mucinous cystadenomas, 586 cutaneous mycoses, 146 in patent ductus arteriosus Mönckeberg arteriolosclerosis Mucopolysaccharides, 120 opportunistic fungal (PDA), 289, 625 calcification in, 226 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 111 infections, 147–148 Murphy sign, 375 Mönckeberg sclerosis, 291 Mucor, 147 systemic mycoses, 145 Muscarinic antagonists, 251 “Monday disease”, 305 Amphotericin B for, 190 myc oncogene, 619 for asthma, 621 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Mucormycosis, 147 Mycophenolate, 63 in gastrointestinal system, 377 See MAO inhibitors diabetic ketoacidosis as cause, 335 Mycoplasma Muscarinic receptors, 247 Monoarthritis Mucosa, anal, 349 antimicrobials for, 186 Muscle cell tumors, 234 Lyme disease as cause, 140 Mucosa, gastric, 345 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Muscle contraction, 423–424 353 120 Monobactams gastrin and, Muscle fibers, 423 Gram stain limitations, 180 172 616 mechanism of action, necrosis of, 365 Muscles pneumonias caused by, , Monoclonal antibodies, 631 Mucosal cells, 354 embryonic development of, 559 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Monoclonal gammopathy of Mucosal neuromas, 337 of hand, 420 anemia caused by, 395 undetermined significance Mucositis, 410 insulin, effect on, 338 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 144 (MGUS), 401 methotrexate as cause, 409 Muscular dystrophies, 85. See antimicrobials for, 185 Monocytes, 382, 383 Mulberry molars in congenital also Becker muscular culture requirements, 121 innate immunity and, 200 syphilis, 141 dystrophy; Duchenne Mycoses vs. osteoclasts, 424 Müllerian anomalies, 560 muscular dystrophy cutaneous, 146 Mononucleosis, 159 Müllerian duct, 567 clinical presentation of, 624, 627 systemic, 145 anemia caused by, 395 Müllerian duct anomalies, 568 DNA mutation causing, 66 Mycosis fungoides, 400 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 Müllerian inhibitory factor, 567 X-linked types, 84 clinical presentation of, 625 Monosaccharide absorption, 355 Multicystic dysplastic kidney, 527 Muscularis externa, 345 Mydriasis, 248, 483 Monospot test, 159 Multidrug resistance protein 1 Musculocutaneous nerve, 418 α-agonists as cause, 494 Monozygotic twins, 561 (MDR1), 233 Musculoskeletal system medications causing, 251 Montelukast, 621 Multiple endocrine neoplasia anatomy and physiology, 416–426 Myelencephalon, 448 Mood disorders, 510. See also Anxiety; (MEN), 83 drug reactions in, 259 Myelin, 451 Depression; See also specific 2A, 566 pathology, 425–435 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 401 mood disorders clinical presentation of, 627, 628 pharmacology, 444–446 sideroblastic anemia caused cluster B personality disorders medullary thyroid carcinoma Mutases, 96 by, 391 and, 515 and, 337 Mutations in DNA, 66 Myelofibrosis, 404 Mood stabilizers, 633 oncogene for, 236 Mutism, 514 teardrop cells in, 389

Moraxella catarrhalis, 608 Multiple myeloma, 401 MVO2 (mixed venous oxygen Myeloid neoplasms, 402 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 in bone tumors, 639 saturation), 305 Myeloid stem cells, 393 Morbillivirus, 625 erythrocyte sedimentation rate Myalgias Myelomeningocele, 449 Moricizine, 308 (ESR) and, 230 Leptospira interrogans as cause, 140 Myeloperoxidase, 208, 382

Myeloproliferative disorders N-acetylglutamate deficiency, 106 Necrotizing glomerulonephritis, 631 Streptococcus agalactiae acute myelogenous leukemia Nadolol, 256 Wegener granulomatosis as infections, 129 caused by, 402 NADPH, 102 cause, 302 jaundice, 627 basophilia caused by, 383 as universal electron acceptor, 98 Necrotizing vasculitis, 631 low birth weight, 59 chronic, 404 NADPH oxidase, 208 Negative predictive value (NPV), 49, maternal phenylketonuria Myelosuppression NADPH oxidase deficiency. 640 (PKU), 107 methotrexate as cause, 409 See Chronic granulomatous Negative reinforcement, 504 meningitis, 173, 179 Myenteric plexus, 357 disease Negative selection (thymus), 199 neural tube defects, 449 Mylohyoid muscle, 565 Naegleria fowleri, 150 Negative skew distribution, 53 pneumonia, 144, 172 Myocardial action potential, 280 Nafcillin, 181, 635 Negative-stranded viruses, 162 primitive reflexes, 473 Myocardial infarction Naftifine, 190 Neglect, child, 506 sepsis, 179 atherosclerosis and, 292 Nail-bed hemorrhage, 298 Negri bodies, 165 thrush, 147 β-blockers for, 256 Naked viral genome infectivity, 157 of rabies, 630 ToRCHeS infections, 175 complications of, 295 Nalidixic acid, 187 Neisseria, 136 Vitamin K administration, 94 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 Naloxone, 519 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Neoplasia, 233 diagnosis of, 295 as antidote, 257 C5-C9 deficiencies and, 206 acute pericarditis caused by, 299 evolution of, 294 as dextromethorphan antidote, 620 as facultative intracellular bug, 122 cachexia, 234 heparin for, 405 for opioid toxicity, 494 IgA protease virulence factor, 123 cancer epidemiology, 239 hypertension and, 290 Naltrexone, 519 as immunodeficiency carcinogens, 238 as ischemic disease, 293 for alcohol abuse, 632 infection, 216 definitions of, 233 thrombolytics for, 406 for alcoholism, 519 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 177 drug therapy for, 408 types of, 295 as antidote, 257 common treatments for, 634 headache caused by, 490 Myocarditis, 638 for opioid toxicity, 494 culture requirements, 121 intraparenchymal hemorrhage Myoclonic seizures, 489 Naproxen, 445 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 and, 466 valproic acid for, 496 for gout, 446 infectious arthritis caused by, 432 metastases, common, 240 515 Myoclonus, 459 Narcissistic personality disorder, osteomyelitis caused by, 173 neoplastic progression, 232 517 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as Narcolepsy, pelvic inflammatory disease caused oncogenes, 236 CNS stimulants for, 520 cause, 487 by, 178, 638 oncogenic microbes, 237 hallucinations caused by, 509 SSRIs as cause, 523 Neisseria meningitidis ovarian, 586–587 medications for, 253 Myocytes, 285 adrenal insufficiency caused paraneoplastic syndromes, 238 Narcotic overdose. See Drug necrosis, in myocardial by, 324 P-glycoprotein, 233 overdose; Substance abuse infarction, 293 antimicrobials for, 185 psammoma bodies, 239 Nasal cavity, in cleft palate, 566 Myofibril, 423 common treatments for, 634 tumor classifications, 234 Nasal decongestants, 253, 620 Myofibroblasts, 229 culture requirements, 121 tumor grade vs. stage, 233 Nasopharyngeal cancer Myoglobinuria as encapsulated bacteria, 122 tumor markers, 237 Epstein-Barr virus and, 159 acute tubular necrosis and, 549 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 tumor nomenclature, 234 oncogenic microbes, 237 Myometrium, 570 as immunodeficiency tumor suppressor genes, 236 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Myonecrosis, 85 infection, 216 Neoplastic progression, 232 herpesvirus as cause, 158 alpha toxin as cause, 125 meningitis caused by, 173, 636 Neostigmine, 250 Nasopharyngeal ulcers, 433 Clostridium perfringens and, 131, 172 Nematodes, 153 Nephritic syndrome, 540, 541 Natalizumab, 220 Neomycin, 184, 439 as glomerular disease, 540 Myopathy for multiple sclerosis, 488 Nephritis daptomycin as cause, 187 PML caused by, 489 Neonatal disorders 626 as drug reaction, 259 National Board of Medical Examiners conjunctivitis, 136, 144 Alport syndrome as cause, 553 interferons as cause, 195 (NBME), 2, 21 herpes, 159 furosemide as cause, Pompe disease as cause, 626 National Board of Podiatric Medical meningitis, 132 Nephroblastoma. See Wilms tumor Myopia, 479 Examiners (NBPME) pneumonia, 144 Nephroblastomas retinal detachment and, 481 tests, 39–41 respiratory distress syndrome, 59, tumor suppressor genes, 236 Myosin National Residency Matching 611, 613 Nephrolithiasis. See Kidney stones in muscle contraction, 423–424 Program, 24, 30–33 sepsis, 179 Nephron physiology, 532 Myositis ossificans, 435 Native American origin, 375 Neonatology Nephropathy Myotonic dystrophy, 85 Natriuretic peptides, 285 Apgar score, 59 diabetic, 334, 631 Myotonic type 1 muscular Natural killer cells, 201 Babinski sign, 470 lupus, 636 dystrophy, 85 innate immunity and, 200 cataracts in infants, 103 obstructive crystalline, 193 Myxedema surface proteins, 209 congenital heart disease, 288–289 Nephrotic syndrome, 542–543 clinical presentation of, 625 Nature vs. nurture, 48 conjunctivitis in, 144 antithrombin III deficiency caused hyperthyroidism as cause, 327, 329 Nausea, in panic attacks, 512 conjunctivitis prophylaxis, 189 by, 398 hypothyroidism as cause, 327 Nebivolol, 256 developmental milestones, 59 associations, common/ levothyroxine/triiodothyronine Necator americanus, 153 Erb-Duchenne palsy, clinical important, 638 for, 339 Necrolytic migratory erythema presentation of, 626 clinical presentation of, 627 Myxomas, 300 glucagonoma as cause, 335 failure to thrive, 454 DIC caused by, 398 Myxomatous degeneration, 279 Necrosis, 223 fetal alcohol syndrome, 561 edema in, 287 calcification and, 226 fetal screening, 86 furosemide for, 553 N Protein C deficiency and, 398 floppy baby syndrome, 472 as glomerular disease, 540 N-acetylcysteine, 620 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 365 gray baby syndrome, 185, 195 glomerular filtration barrier in, 529 for acetaminophen overdose, 444 low birth weight and, 59 hemolytic anemia, 394 pleural effusions caused by, 615 as antidote, 257 Necrotizing fasciitis, 440 hydrops fetalis, 390 urine casts in, 539 for cystic fibrosis, 84 Streptococcus pyogenes as cause, 129 Listeria infection, 132 Nephrotoxicity, 260

Nerves Neurovascular pairing, 422 Nocturia, in benign prostatic Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 468 brachial plexus lesions, 419 Neutralization (antibody), 206 hyperplasia, 594 dementia caused by, 487, 508 cranial. See Cranial nerves Neutropenia, 395 Nocturnal hypoxia, 613 Normocytic, normochromic in lower extremities, 421 ganciclovir as cause, 193 Nodular melanoma, 443 anemia, 393 spinal, 469 interferons as cause, 195 Nodular sclerosis, 639 Norovirus, 161 in upper extremities, 418–419 ticlopidine as cause, 407 Noise-induced hearing loss, 477 diarrhea caused by, 172 Nervous system, 247 Neutrophil chemotaxis, 206 Nonadherence, 58 Northern blot, 78 Net filtration pressure, 287 Neutrophils, 382 Non-alcoholic fatty liver Nortriptyline, 523 Neural crest, 448, 559 in chronic myelogenous disease, 369 Nose Neural crest cells, 438, 448 leukemia, 402 Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 497 bacterial flora, 171 Neural development, 448, 558 hypersegmented, 630 Noncaseating granulomas in respiratory tree, 600 Neural plate, 448 IL-8 recruitment of, 207 in Crohn disease, 362 Nose bleed. See Epistaxis Neural tube defects, 449 innate immunity and, 200 as restrictive lung disease, 611 Nosocomial infections, 178 carbamazepine as cause, 560 in leukemoid reactions, 399 Noncommunicating pneumonia, 172, 638 folate antagonists as cause, 560 in megaloblastic anemia, 392 hydrocephalus, 468 UTIs, 174 folic acid and, 91 in wound healing, 229 Noncompetitive antagonists, 246 Notched teeth, in congenital labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Nevirapine, 194 Noncompetitive inhibitors, 242 syphilis, 175

maternal diabetes as cause, 560 Niacin. See Vitamin B3 Nonfunctional adenomas, 332 Notochord, 448 valproate as cause, 560 Nicardipine, 304 Nonhemolytic, normocytic in fetal development, 558 valproic acid as cause, 496 Nickel allergy, 439 anemia, 393 postnatal derivative, 271 Neural tube development, 448, 558 Nicotine intoxication and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 400, 639 Novobiocin, 127–128, 631 Neuroblastomas, 325, 639 withdrawal, 518. See Hashimoto thyroiditis and, 328 NPH insulin, 338 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 also Smoking vs. Hodgkin lymphoma, 399 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti- oncogene for, 236 Nicotinic ACh receptors, 247 microtubule inhibitors for, 411 inflammatory drugs), 445 Neurocutaneous disorders, 491 Niemann-Pick disease, 111 prednisone for, 412 for acute gout attack, 632 Neurocysticercosis, 154 clinical presentation of, 624, 626 rituximab for, 412 acute renal failure caused by, 535 Neurocysticerosis, 173 Nifedipine, 304 Sjögren syndrome and, 430 filtration fraction, effect on, 530 Neuroectoderm, 448, 559 for hypertension in pregnancy, 304 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 furosemide, effect on, 553 Neurofibromatosis Night sweats Nonhomologous end joining for gout, 430, 446 chromosome associated with, 87 lymphoma as cause, 625 (DNA), 67 for headaches, 490 clinical presentation of, 624 Pott disease as cause, 624 Nonmaleficence, 56 interstitial nephritis caused by, 548 genetics of, 80 Night terrors, 516 Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic for lupus, 433 NF1 gene, 236, 491 benzodiazepines for, 455, 497 anemias, 392 for osteoarthritis, 429 NF2 gene, 83 Nimodipine, 304 Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase for pseudogout, 431 pheochromocytomas and, 326 Nissl bodies, 72 inhibitor (NNRTI), 194 reactions to, 258, 259 tumor suppressor genes, 236 Nissl substance Non-proliferative diabetic for rheumatoid arthritis, 429 type 1, 83 in cell injury, 225 retinopathy, 481 NSTEMI type 2, 83 neuron staining with, 451 Non-response bias, 52 treatments for, 295 Neurofilaments, 74 Nitazoxanide, 149 Nonsense DNA mutations, 66 Nuclear grooves in papillary thyroid Neurohypophysis, 313, 453, 454, 559 Nitrates, 305 Noradrenergic drugs, 249 carcinoma, 330 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 521 Nitric oxide, 353 Norepinephrine, 107 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase Neuroleptics, and sexual as autoregulation factor, 287 antidepressants and, 522 inhibitors (NRTIs), 194 dysfunction, 516 free radical injury from, 228 in anxiety, 507 Nucleosie reverse transcriptase Neurologic drug reactions, 259 in platelet plug formation, 387 blood pressure effect, 253 inhibitors (NRTIs), 194 Neurology Nitrites, as antidote, 257 circadian rhythm and, 455 Nucleotide excision repair, 67 anatomy and physiology, 451–486 Nitrite test, 174 clinical use, 253 Nucleotides, 63 embryology, 448–450 Nitrofurantoin, 258 CNS stimulants, effect on, 520 Nucleus accumbens, 453 pathology, 487–494 Nitrogen excretion, 105 in depression, 507 Nucleus ambiguus, 476 pharmacology, 494–501 Nitroglycerin, 305 heart rate effect, 254 stroke effects, 464 Neuromuscular blocking drugs, 499 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 vs. isoproterenol, 254 Nucleus pulposus, 75 Neuromuscular junction for stable angina, 635 in male sexual response, 571 Nucleus solitarius, 476 diseases of, 435 Nitroprusside, 304 MAO inhibitors, effect on, 523 Null hypothesis, 53 signal transmission in, 247 Nitrosamines, 238 opioid effects on, 494 Number needed to harm or treat, 50, Neuron migration failure, 638 Nitrosoureas, 410 pheochromocytoma secretion 640 Neurons, 451 Nitrous oxide, 498 of, 326 Nutmeg liver, 370, 631 Neuropathy Nizatidine, 378 receptor binding, 246 Nutritional biochemistry, 88–94 Churg-Strauss syndrome as N-myc gene, 236 receptors, 247 ethanol metabolism, 95 cause, 303 neuroblastomas and, 325 release of, 249 fat-soluble vitamins, 88 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 Nocardia REM sleep and, 455 malnutrition, 94 optic. See Glaucoma vs. Actinomyces, 133 synthesis and signaling of, 249 water-soluble vitamins, 88 Neurophysins, 313 as aerobe, 121 tramadol, effect on, 495 Nyctalopia, 89 Neurosyphilis, 141 antimicrobials for, 186 tricyclic antidepressants, effect Nystagmus Neurotransmitters, 453. in bacterial taxonomy, 119 on, 523 cerebellum and, 457 See also specific as catalase-positive organism, 122 Norfloxacin, 187 Friedreich ataxia as cause, 472 neurotransmitters in Gram stain algorithm, 127 Normal blood pressures, 286 in internuclear botulinum toxin effect, 247 stain used for, 120 Normal distribution, 53 ophthalmoplegia, 486 in diseases, 507 as urease-positive organism, 122 Normal flora, dominant, 171 multiple sclerosis as cause, 488, 626

Nystagmus (continued) Olfactory bulb pupillary light reflex and, 483 Osteitis deformans. See Paget disease phenytoin as cause, 496 in Kallmann syndrome, 579 stroke effects, 464 of bone spinal cord lesion as cause, 471 Olfactory hallucinations, 509 Optic neuritis, 488 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 332, 424 stroke as cause, 464 Olfactory nerve (1st cranial Optic neuropathy, 189 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 with vertigo, 490 nerve), 475 Optic tract in pupillary light lab values in, 427 Nystatin, 191, 633 Oligoclonal bands in multiple reflex, 483 Osteoarthritis, 429 for Candida albicans, 147 sclerosis, 488 Optochin, 127, 129, 631 clinical presentation of, 628 Oligodendrocytes, 451 Oral advance directives, 57 COX-2 inhibitors for, 445 O Oligodendroglia, 452 Oral contraceptive pills, 597 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Oat cell carcinomas. See Small cell origins of, 448 hepatic adenomas caused by, 370 pseudogout and, 431 carcinomas Oligodendrogliomas, 492 melasma caused by, 438 Osteoblasts, 424 Obesity Oligohydramnios, 526, 583 ovarian neoplasms and, 586 cortisol, effect on, 319 anovulation caused by, 585 Oligomenorrhea, 574 progestins in, 596 in Paget disease of bone, 426, 624 breast cancer and, 590 Oligomycin, 101 reactions to, 258 Osteoclasts, 424 diabetes mellitus and, 335 Oligospermia, 379 reproductive hormones and, 595 biphosphonates, effect on, 445 esophageal cancer and, 359 Oliguria, 540 thyroid hormone levels and, 322 in osteopetrosis, 425 gallstones and, 375 Omalizumab, 220, 621 Oral glucose tolerance test in Paget disease of bone, 426, 624 leptin and, 317 Omeprazole, 378 for acromegaly, 333 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 76 medications for, 253 Omphalocele, 342 for diabetes mellitus, 334 clinical presentation of, 624 orlistat for, 380 Onchocerca volvulus, 153, 154 Oral thrush, 633 collagen defect in, 76 restrictive lung disease and, 611 Oncogenes, 236 Oral ulcers in lupus, 433 Osteogenic sarcomas, 426 sleep apnea and, 613 Oncogenic microbes, 237 Orchitis, 165 Osteomalacia, 93 Obesity hypoventilation Oncology. See Hematology/oncology Orexin, 517 common treatments for, 634 syndrome, 613 Ondansetron, 380 Organ morphogenesis errors, 559 lab values in, 427 Obligate aerobes. See Aerobes “Onion skin” appearance of Organ of Corti damage, 477 renal tubular acidosis and, 539 Obligate anaerobes. See Anaerobes bone, 631 Organogenesis, 558, 559 Vitamin D deficiency in, 319 Obligate intracellular organisms, 122 Onychomycosis, 191 Organomegaly Osteomas, 234 Oblique fissure of lungs, 601 Oocytes, 575 Wilms tumor and, 546 Gardner syndrome as cause, 626 Observational studies, 48 Oogenesis, 575 Organophosphates, 250 Osteomyelitis, 173 Observer-expectancy bias, 52 Oophorectomy, 570 antidote to, 257 associations, common/ Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 513, Open angle glaucoma, 480 Organ rejection. See Transplant important, 638 515 Opening snap, 638 rejection Pseudomonas aeruginosa as as anxiety disorder, 512 Operant conditioning, 504 Organ-specific amyloidosis, 231 cause, 137 atypical antipsychotics for, 521 Ophthalmic artery, 475 Organ transplants. See Transplants in sickle cell anemia, 394 clomipramine for, 523 occlusion, in temporal arteritis, 302 Organum vasculosum of the lamina Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 128 drug therapy for, 520 thrombosis of, 639 terminalis, 454 Osteonecrosis, 426 SSRIs for, 523 Opioids, 494 Orgasm (female), 571. See of jaw, 445 Tourette syndrome and, 506 antidote to, 257 also Ejaculation Osteopathic medical students, 34–38 Obstructive crystalline intoxication and withdrawal Orientation, 507 USMLE Step 1 passing rates, 9 nephropathy, 193 symptoms, 518 Orlistat, 380 Osteopenia, 496 Obstructive lung diseases, 610 as intravenous anesthetic, 498 Ornithine transcarbamylase Osteopetrosis, 425 vs. restrictive, 611 for multiple sclerosis, 488 deficiency, 84, 106 lab values in, 427 Obstructive sleep apnea, 613 respiratory acidosis caused by, 538 Oropharynx, 171 Osteophytes, 429 pulse pressure in, 272 Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 420 Orotic acid, 106 Osteoporosis, 425 Obturator nerve, 421 Opponens pollicis muscle, 420 Orotic aciduria, 392 anorexia nervosa as cause, 516 Occipital cortex, effects of stroke Opportunistic fungal infections, 147 Orphan Annie eyes in thyroid biphosphonates for, 445 on, 464 Oppositional defiant disorder, 506 cancer, 330, 630 common treatments for, 634 Occipital sinus, 467 Oprelvekin, 219 Orthomyxoviruses, 161, 163 compression fractures caused Ochronosis. See Alkaptonuria Opsoclonus-myoclonus negative-stranded, 162 by, 640 Octreotide, 379 syndrome, 325 segmented, 162 as drug reaction, 259 for acromegaly, 333 Opsonins, 206 Orthopnea, in heart failure, 297 estrogen deficiency as cause, 424 for carcinoid syndrome, 336, 633 Opsonization, 204, 205 Orthostatic hypotension Gaucher disease as cause, 625 Ocular albinism, 84 by complement, 206 adrenal insufficiency as cause, 324 heparin as cause, 405 Oculomotor nerve (3rd cranial Optic canal, 475 Oseltamivir, 193 hormone replacement therapy nerve), 475, 485 Optic chiasm for influenza, 634 for, 596 cavernous sinus and, 477 in Circle of Willis, 462 Osler node hydrochlorothiazide for, 554 in Circle of Willis, 462 compression, from Berry in bacterial endocarditis, 298 lab values in, 427 epidural hematoma and, 466 aneurysm, 465 clinical presentation of, 626 in menopause, 576 internuclear ophthalmoplegia compression, from pituitary Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 83 pituitary prolactinoma as and, 486 adenoma, 492 Osmotic demyelination cause, 315 miosis and, 483 Optic disc, 479 syndrome, 456 prednisone as cause, 412 Oculosympathetic pathway, 483 in glaucoma, 480 Osmotic diarrhea, 361 raloxifene for, 412, 596 Odds ratio (OR), 48, 50, 640 in papilledema, 482 lactase deficiency as cause, 104 teriparatide for, 445 Odontoblast development, 559 Optic gliomas, 491 Osmotic fragility test, 394 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 Ofloxacin, 187 Optic nerve (2nd cranial nerve), 475, Osmotic laxatives, 379 Osteosarcomas, 234 Okazaki fragments, 65 479 Ossicles, 477 diseases associated with, 235 Olanzapine, 521 development of, 559 Ossification, 424. See also Bone lab/diagnostic findings, 631

oncogene for, 236 Oxytocin adenocarcinoma, 377 Papillomas, 234 teriparatide as cause, 445 for labor induction, 340 chronic pancreatitis as cause, 376 Papillomavirus. See also Human tumor suppressor genes, 236 lactation and, 576 hyperbilirubinemia caused by, 371 papillomavirus (HPV) Otitis externa, 137 production of, 454 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 characteristics of, 157 Otitis media secretion of, 313 metastases to liver, 638 as naked virus, 157 brain abscesses and, 173 signaling pathway for, 321 tumor markers, 237, 377 structure and importance, 158 Haemophilus influenzae as tumor suppressor genes, 236 Pap smears, 584 cause, 136 P Pancreatic cholera. See Vasoactive Papules, 437 Streptococcus pneumoniae as p16 gene, 236 intestinal polypeptide (VIP) Para-aminohippuric acid, 530 cause, 129 p53 gene, 236 Pancreatic ducts, 343 Para-aortic lymph node, 198 Langerhans cell histiocytosis as P-450 interactions, 260 Pancreatic insufficiency, 361 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 145 cause, 403 P-450 system, 349 Pancreatic lipase, 114 Paracortex of lymph node, 198 Ototoxicity, 260 PABA synthesis, 186 Pancreatic liver cancer, 371 Paraesophageal hernias, 352 aminoglycosides in utero as Pacemaker action potential, 281 Pancreatic tumors, 350 Parainfluenza, 163 cause, 195 Pacinian corpuscles, 452 multiple endocrine neoplasia Parakeratosis, 438 Ouabain, 75 Paclitaxel, 408, 411 (MEN) as cause, 337 Paralysis Outer membrane (bacteria), 118 effect on microtubules, 74 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336 in acute inflammatory Outflow tract formation, 269 microtubules and, 74 Pancreatitis demyelinating Oval fat bodies in urine, 539 Paget disease of bone, 426 acute, 376 polyradiculopathy, 488 Ovarian arteries, 346 biphosphonates for, 445 acute respiratory distress syndrome central pontine myelinolysis as Ovarian cancer clinical presentation of, 624 (ARDS) caused by, 613 cause, 456 associations, common/ lab values in, 427 alcohol use and, 519 from Chiari II malformation, 449 important, 636, 638 neoplasms associated with, 235 associations, common/ conversion as cause, 514 drug therapy for, 411 woven bone in, 424 important, 638 of face, 478 incidence of, 583 Paget disease of breast, 589, 590 chronic, 376 as motor neuron sign, 470 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 clinical presentation of, 627 DIC caused by, 398 poliomyelitis as cause, 472 576 lactation reducing risk for, Painless chancre in syphilis, 141 didanosine as cause, 194 spinal cord lesions as cause, 471 411 microtubule inhibitors for, Painless thyroiditis, 328 drug reactions as cause, 258 stroke as cause, 464 oncogene for, 236 Palatine shelves in cleft palate, 566 dyslipidemias as cause, 115 Paramedian pontine reticular psammoma bodies in, 239 Palatoglossus, 450 gallstones as cause, 375 formation, 461 tumor markers, 237 Pale infarcts, 224 GLP-1 analogs as cause, 339 stroke effects, 464 tumor suppressor genes, 236 Palivizumab, 163, 220 hyperparathyroidism as cause, 332 Paramesonephric duct, 567 Ovarian cysts, 585, 629 Palmar crease in Down pancreatic insufficiency caused Paramyxoviruses, 161, 163 Ovarian ligament, 570 syndrome, 627 by, 361 croup caused by, 164 Ovarian neoplasms, 586–587 Palmar interosseous muscles, 420 Riedel thyroiditis as, 328 negative-stranded, 162 Ovarian tumors, 638 Palmar reflex, 473 serum markers for, 368 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 238 Ovaries Palsy Pancytopenia PTHrP in, 320 descent of, 569 Bell, 478 aplastic anemia as cause, 393 renal cell carcinoma and, 545 diagram of, 570 CN III, 465, 466 Gaucher disease as cause, 111 Paranoid personality disorder, 515 drainage of, 569 conjugate lateral gaze, 625 Leishmania donovani as cause, 152 Parasite hints, 155 embryonic development of, 559 Erb-Duchenne, 419, 626 osteopetrosis as cause, 425 Parasites epithelial histology, 570 478 paroxysmal nocturnal cestodes, 154 Krukenberg tumors in, 360 facial nerve, hemoglobinuria as 216 ligaments connecting, 570 Klumpke, 419 immunodeficiency infections, 394 153 premature failure of, 585 osteopetrosis as cause, 425 cause, nematodes, 163 reproductive hormones and, 595 Panacinar emphysema, 371, 610 Pandemics, oncogenic, 237 Ovotesticular disorder of sex p-ANCA, 302 Panic attacks, 512 protozoa, 149–152 development, 578 p-ANCA antibodies Panic disorder, 512 trematodes, 155 Ovulation, 576. See also Anovulation in Churg-Strauss syndrome, 303 drug therapy for, 520 Parasympathetic nervous progesterone elevation after, 573 in rapidly progressive SSRIs for, 523 system, 247 prolactin, effect on, 316 glomerulonephritis, 541 venlafaxine for, 523 hypothalamus and, 454 Owl’s eye inclusions, 159, 400, 630 Pancoast tumor, 617 Pannus formation, 429 male erections and, 571 Oxacillin, 181 Horner syndrome and, 483 Pantoprazole, 378 Parasympathetic receptors, 248 for Staphylococcus aureus, 635 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Pantothenate. See Vitamin B5 Parathion, 250 Oxazepam, 497 as lung cancer complication, 619 Papillary carcinoma Parathyroid development, 559 Oxazolidinones, 185 Pancreas of thyroid, 330 Parathyroid hormone Oxidation in drug metabolism, 244 blood supply and innervation Papillary carcinoma of the in bone formation, 424 Oxidative burst, 208 to, 346 thyroid, 631 in nephron physiology, 532 free radical injury from, 228 cell types in, 313 adenocarcinoma, 239 in osteomalacia/rickets, 425 Oxidative phosphorylation, 101 development of, 559 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 320 Oxybutynin, 251 embryology, 343 Papillary carcinomas, 234, 639 calcitonin and, 321 Oxygen as retroperitoneal structure, 343 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 in familial hypocalciuric as antidote, 257 secretions from, 355 Papillary cystadenoma hypercalcemia, 331 in blood, 605 serum markers for pathology, 368 lymphomatosum, 357 in hyperparathyroidism, 332 deprivation of, 606 Pancreas divisum, 343 Papillary thyroid cancer pathologies of, 331 exercise, response to, 607 Pancreatic buds, 343 radiation exposure and, 235 in pseudohypoparathyroidism, 331 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation Pancreatic cancer, 377 Papilledema, 482 signaling pathway for, 321 curve, 604 5-FU for, 409 hypertension as cause, 290 Vitamin D3 and, 319

Parathyroid hyperplasia Pasteurella diarrhea causes, 138 for Streptococcus pyogenes (Group multiple endocrine neoplasia in bacterial taxonomy, 119 ethical issues in, 58 A strep), 635 (MEN) as cause, 337 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 failure to thrive, 392 for Streptococcus bovis, 635 in osteitis fibrosa cystica, 427 Pasteurella multocida, 142 fifth disease, 158, 176 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 635 Parathyroid tumors, 337, 628 clinical presentation of, 625 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 303 for Treponema pallidum, 635 Paraumbilical vein, 348 osteomyelitis caused by, 173 hydrops fetalis, 158 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 181 Paraurethral gland, 568 Patau syndrome, 86 infant deprivation effects, 506 Penicillin G, 141 Paraventricular nucleus of clinical presentation of, 626 intussception, 365 Penile carcinoma thalamus, 454 holoprosencephaly in, 449 iron poisoning, 397 oncogenic microbes, 237 Parental consent for minors, 56 horseshoe kidney and, 527 Meckel diverticulum, 364 Penis Paresthesia Robertsonian translocation in, 87 meningitis in, 173 circumcision of, 592 acetazolamide as cause, 553 Patches, skin, 437 necrotizing enterocolitis, 365 congenital abnormalities of, 569 in panic attacks, 512 Patch test for antigens, 211 neonatal jaundice, 371 dermatome at, 473 spinal cord lesions and, 471 Patellar reflex, 473 organisms affecting unimmunized erectile dysfunction treatment, 598, Parietal cells Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 271, children, 179 633 in gastrointestinal system, 377 289 orotic aciduria, 392 pathology of, 592 GI secretory products of, 354 clinical presentation of, 625 osteomyelitis, 173 Peyronie disease in, 625 Parietal layer of Bowman capsule, 528 common treatments for, 634 paramyxoviruses, 163 in sperm pathway, 571 Parietal lobe, 460 congenital rubella and, 290 pneumonia, causes of, 172 testosterone, effect on, 577 Parietal peritoneum, 351 cyanosis and, 636 precocious puberty, 318, 596, 624 Pentamidine, 148 Parietal-temporal cortex lesions, 461 Eisenmenger syndrome and, 638 red rashes of childhood, 176 Pentazocine, 494 Parinaud syndrome, 474 indomethacin for, 445 Reye syndrome, 369 Pentobarbital, 497 Parkinson disease, 459 misoprostol for, 379 rotavirus, 161, 162 Pentose phosphate pathway, 102 basal ganglia lesion as cause, 461 murmur indicating, 278, 279 slapped cheek rash, 158 Pepsin, 354 clinical presentation of, 627 Patent foramen ovale, 268 staphylococcal scalded skin Peptic ulcer disease, 360 drug therapy for, 251, 500, 501 Patent urachus, 563 syndrome, 440 associations, common/ lab/diagnostic findings, 629, 630 Pathologic grief, 512 strawberry hemangiomas, 301 important, 636

neurotransmitters in, 453, 507 Pathologic RBC forms, 388 thrush, 147 H2 blockers for, 378 proteasome role in, 73 Pathology tumors, drug therapy for, 410 misoprostol for, 379 resting tremor in, 459 cardiovascular, 288–303 unimmunized children, bugs portal hypertension as cause, 368 Parkinson-like syndrome endocrinal, 323–335 affecting, 179 prednisone as cause, 412 as drug reaction, 259 gastrointestinal, 357–377 Wilms tumor, 546 proton pump inhibitors for, 378 Parotid gland hematologic/oncologic, 388–406 yolk sac tumors, 593 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome as development of, 559 inflammation, 222–229 Pedunculopontine nucleus, 458 cause, 336 tumors in, 357 musculoskeletal, 425–435 Pegvisomant Peptic ulcers Parotitis neoplasia, 232–239 for acromegaly, 333 cholinomimetic agents and, 250 bulimia nervosa as cause, 516 neurological, 487–494 Pellagra Helicobacter pylori as cause, 140 mumps as cause, 165 psychiatric, 506–519 amino acid clearance and, 531 Peptide neurotransmitters, 72 Paroxetine, 523 renal, 539–550 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 336 Peptidoglycan, 118 Paroxysmal nocturnal reproductive, 578–593 clinical presentation of, 625 Peptostreptococcus lung hemoglobinuria, 394 respiratory, 608–618 symptoms of, 90 abscesses, 617 clinical presentation of, 627 skin, 436–445 Pelvic fracture, nerve injury caused Percutaneous transluminal coronary DAF deficiency as cause, 206 PCP (phencyclidine) intoxication by, 421 angioplasty, 407 intravascular hemolysis as and withdrawal, 519. See Pelvic inflammatory disease Perforated ulcers, 360 cause, 393 also Substance abuse (PID), 178 Perforin, 201 normocytic anemia as cause, 393 PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus associations, common/ in apoptosis, 222 Partial agonists, 246 (PDA) important, 638 Perfusion, cerebral, 463 Partial seizures, 489 PDE-5 inhibitors, 592 Chlamydia trachomatis as Perfusion limited gas exchange, 605 drug therapy for, 496 PDGF (platelet-derived growth cause, 144 Perianal disease, 362 Partial thromboplastin time factor), 229 Neisseria gonorrhoeae as cause, 136 Periarterial lymphatic sheath, 199 in antithrombin III deficiency, 398 signaling pathway for, 321 Pelvic nerve, 346 Pericardial effusion, 619 in hemophilia, 397 Pearson’s correlation coefficient, 55 Pemphigus vulgaris Pericardial tamponade in von Willebrand disease, 398 Peau d’orange, 591 autoantibodies associated with, 213 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 Parvovirus PECAM-1 protein (CD31), 227 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Pericarditis characteristics of, 157 Pectinate line, 349 lab/diagnostic findings, 628 acute, 299 as naked virus, 157 Pectus excavatum, 83 Penicillamine associations, common/ structure and importance, 158 Pediatrics as antidote, 257 important, 636 viral genomes, 157 abuse/neglect, 57 reactions to, 259 Kussmaul sign in, 300 Parvovirus B19 ARPKD, 551 for Wilson disease, 373 Pericentral vein zone of liver, 349 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 cervical lymphadenitis, 134 Penicillin, 180 Perineurium, 452 clinical presentation of, 624 childhood disorders, 506 interstitial nephritis caused Periorbital edema, 627 rash in, 176 childhood primary brain by, 548 Peripartum cardiomyopathy, 296 PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) stain, 120, tumors, 493 mechanism of action, 180 Peripheral edema 179 croup, 161 for Neisseria meningitidis, 634 calcium channel blockers as Passive immunity cyanosis, causes of, 288, 289 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 634 cause, 304 vs. active immunity, 210 developmental milestones, 59 reactions to, 258, 259 in heart failure, 297 in infancy, 205 diaper rash, 147 for rheumatic fever, 299 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 627

Peripheral nerve, 452 drug metabolism, 244 Philadelphia chromosome, 402, 638, Pinealoma, 474 Peripheral nervous system efficacy vs. potency, 245 639 “Pink puffer”, 610, 627. See autonomic drugs affecting, 247 elimination of drugs, 244 in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 also Emphysema development of, 559 receptor binding, 246 translocation of, 403 Pinna, 477 origins of, 448 therapeutic index, 246 Phobias, 513 Pinworms, 153 Peripheral neuropathy Pharmacology as anxiety disorders, 512 Pioglitazone, 338 alcohol use and, 519 autonomic drugs, 247–255 Phocomelia, 560 Piperacillin, 181 Churg-Strauss syndrome as cardiovascular, 304–310 Phosphatases, 96 “Pipestem” arteries, 291 cause, 303 endocrinal, 338–340 Phosphate Pisiform bone, 417 duloxetine for, 523 gastrointestinal, 378–380 disturbances in, 537 Pitting edema, 297 gabapentin for, 496 hematologic/oncologic, 405–414 excretion, in Fanconi Pituitary adenomas, 317, 332, 492 phenytoin as cause, 496 musculosketal, skin, and syndrome, 533 acromegaly caused by, 333

Vitamin B6 deficiency as cause, 90 connective tissue, 444 homeostasis, 320 hypopituitarism and, 637 Peripheral vascular disease, 292 neurological, 494–501 in hyperparathyroidism, 332 hypopituitarism caused by, 334 Peripheral vascular occlusive pharmacokinetics and PTH, effect on, 320 Pituitary apoplexy, 334

disease, 334 pharmacodynamics, 242– Vitamin D3 and, 319 Pituitary drugs, 340 Peripheral vertigo, 490 245 Phosphoenolpyruvate Pituitary gland, 313 Periplasm, 118 psychiatric, 520–524 carboxykinase, 101 hemorrhage of, 334 Periportal zone of liver, 349 renal, 552–555 Phosphofructokinase-1, 96, 97 reproductive hormones and, 595 Peritonitis reproductive, 595–598 Phospholipase A, 355 Pituitary hormones, undersecretion

appendicitis and, 363 respiratory, 620–622 Phospholipase A2, 340 of, 334 diverticulitis as cause, 363 toxicities and side effects, 257–259 Phospholipase C, 248 Pituitary infarction, 626 Perivascular rosettes, 493 Pharyngeal apparatus. See Branchial Phospholipids, in bile, 356 Pituitary prolactinoma, 315 Permanent cells, 72 apparatus Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, 430 Pituitary tumors Permethrin, 192 Pharyngeal pouches, 214 Phosphorylases, 96 associations, common/ Pernicious anemia Pharyngitis Photosensitivity important, 638 chronic gastritis and, 359 Streptococcus pyogenes as 5-fluorouracil as cause, 409 in diabetes insipidus, 333 chronic gastritis as cause, 636 cause, 129 lupus as cause, 433 multiple endocrine neoplasia HLA-DR5 and, 201 in unimmunized children, 179 porphyria as cause, 396 (MEN) as cause, 337 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Pharynx Phrenic arteries, 346 PKD1 gene, 83 intrinsic factor and, 354 primitive, 564 Phrenic nerve, 473 Placebo control groups, 52 neoplasms associated with, 235 in respiratory tree, 600 diaphragm innervation by, 601 Placenta. See also Pregnancy

Vitamin B12 deficiency caused Phenacetin, 547 Phyllodes tumors, 589 blood barrier of, 453 by, 92 Phenelzine, 523 Phylloquinone, 94 fetal circulation and, 271 Peroxidase, 322 Phenobarbital, 497 Physiologic dead space in respiratory hCG production by, 576 Peroxisome, 73 for epilepsy, 496 system, 602, 641 progesterone production by, 573 Persistent cervical sinus, 564 reactions to, 259 Physiologic neonatal jaundice, 371 retained tissue from, 583 Persistent depressive disorder. Phenothiazines, 261 Physiology Placenta accreta/increta/percreta, 582 See Dysthymia Phenotypic mixing, 156 cardiovascular, 272–287 Placental abruption, 582 Persistent thyroglossal duct, 312 Phenoxybenzamine, 255 endocrinal, 314–321 maternal cocaine use as cause, 560 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 269, 288 receptor binding, 246 gastrointestinal, 353–357 preeclampsia as cause, 581 Personality, 514 Phentolamine, 255 hematologic/oncologic, 385–387 Placental insufficiency, 583 Personality disorders, 514–515. See Phenylalanine, 104, 107 musculoskeletal, 416–426 Placenta previa, 582 also specific disorders gastrin, effect on, 353 neurological, 451–486 Plague, 142. See also Yersinia pestis Personality traits, 514 Phenylephrine, 620 renal, 529–538 Plantar reflex, 473 Pertussis, 124 clinical use, 253 reproductive, 573–579 Plaques, skin, 437 Pertussis toxin, 124 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 107 respiratory, 602–607 -plasia definitions, 233 Pervasive developmental disorders, 507 genetics of, 80 Physostigmine, 250 Plasma cells, 385 Pes cavus, 472 Phenytoin for glaucoma, 494 Plasma colloid osmotic pressure, 287 Petechiae elimination of, 244 Physostigmine salicylate, 257 Plasma concentrations, 529 aplastic anemia as cause, 393 for epilepsy, 496 Phytomenadione, 94 Plasma drug concentration platelet disorders as cause, 397 folate deficiency caused by, 91 Phytonadione, 94 clearance and, 243 platelets and, 382 reactions to, 258, 259 Pick disease, 487 elimination and, 244 Petit mal seizures, 489 as teratogen, 560 dementia caused by, 508 target, 243 drug therapy for, 496 for tonic-clonic seizures, 635 hydrocephalus ex vacuo in, 468 volume of distribution and, 243 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Pheochromocytomas, 326, 639 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Plasma, fresh frozen clinical presentation of, 625 common treatments for, 634 Picornavirus, 161, 162 transfusions of, 399 Peyer patches, 345, 356 in MEN 2A, 566 as naked virus, 157 for warfarin toxicity, 405, 406, 635 Peyronie disease, 592, 625 multiple endocrine neoplasia Pigmented skin disorders, 438 Plasma membrane, 75 P-glycoprotein, 233 (MEN) as cause, 337, 628 Pigment gallstones, 375 in muscle contraction, 423 Phagocytes in neurofibromatosis type I, 491 Pigment-producing bacteria, 122 Plasmapharesis, 488 dysfunction in, 215 paraneoplastic syndromes Pilocarpine, 250 Plasmapheresis microglia as, 451 associated with, 238 for glaucoma, 494 fresh frozen plasma for, 399 Phagocytosis, 209 pre-surgical medical Pilocytic astrocytomas, 493 for platelet disorders, 397 Pharmacokinetics and management, 255 Pilus/fimbria, 118 Plasma protein concentration, 530 pharmacodynamics von Hippel-Lindau disease as Pindolol, 256, 305 Plasmids, 118 dosage calculations, 243 cause, 491, 627 Pineal gland development, 559 F+ and F–, 126

Plasmodium, 120 Pneumonic “coin” lesion, 619 Polyuria Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Plasmodium falciparum, 151 Pneumothorax, 614, 615 diabetes insipidus as cause, 333 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Plasmodium malariae, 151 Pneumovax, 122 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 627 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 Plasmodium ovale, 151 PNH. See paroxysmal nocturnal lithium as cause, 522 Posttranslational modifications, 71 Plasmodium vivax, 151 hemoglobinuria Pompe disease, 110 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 513 Platelet-derived growth factor. Podagra, 430 clinical presentation of, 626 as anxiety disorder, 512 See PDGF (platelet-derive clinical presentation of, 628 Pons, cranial nerve nuclei in, 474 dissociative identity disorder growth factor) Podiatric medical students, 39–41 Pontiac fever, 137 and, 510 Platelet plug formation, 387 Podocytes, 528 “Pope’s blessing” hand, 418, 420 drug therapy for, 520 Platelets Poikilocytosis, 382 Popliteal artery, 422 SSRIs for, 523 aspirin, effect on, 407 in β-thalassemia, 391 atherosclerosis in, 639 Postural tremor, 459 disorders of, 397, 398 Poliomyelitis, 472 Popliteal fossa, 422 Potassium in myeloproliferative disorders, 404 as immunodeficiency Popliteal lymph node, 198 astrocytes in metabolism of, 451 plug formation by, 387 infection, 216 Porcelain gallbladder, 376 as autoregulation factor, 287 in thrombogenesis, 387 restrictive lung disease and, 611 Porphobilinogen deaminase, 396 for diabetic ketoacidosis, 335, 633 tranfusions of, 399 spinal cord lesions in, 471 Porphyria cutanea tarda, 396 disturbances in, 537 in wound healing, 229 in unimmunized children, 179 Porphyrias, 396 insulin, effect on, 314 Platysma belly of digastric muscle, 565 vaccines for, 161 Portal gas, 365 in nephron physiology, 532 Pleiotropy, 80 Poliovirus, 161, 162 Portal hypertension, 368 shifts in, 536 Pleomorphic adenomas, 357 Polyarteritis nodosa, 212, 302 ARPKD and, 551 torsades de pointes and, 283 Pleomorphic bacteria, 119 Polycystic ovarian syndrome, 585 esophageal varices and, 358 in urine, 554 Pleomorphic giant cells, 619 anovulation caused by, 585 varices seen with, 348 Potassium channel blockers, 309 Pleural effusions, 614, 615 ketoconazole/spironolactone used Portal triad, 344, 349 Potassium channels as lung cancer complication, 619 in, 597 Portal vein, 348, 349 in insulin secretion, 314 Pleuroperitoneal membrane, 352 ovarian neoplasms and, 586 in fetal circulation, 271 opioid effects on, 494 345 Plicae circulares, Polycythemia, 404 in hepatoduodenal ligament, 344 sulfonylureas, effect on, 338 358 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, blood viscosity in, 274 Portosystemic anastomoses, 348 Potassium iodide, 148, 635 clinical presentation of, 625 chronic bronchitis as cause, 626 Port-wine stain, 491, 628 Potassium-sparing diuretics, 554 iron deficiency as cause, 390 Eisenmenger syndrome as Positive predictive value (PPV), 49, site of action, 552 neoplasms associated with, 235 cause, 289 640 Pot-belly in hypothyroidism, 328 Pneumatosis intestinalis, 365 erythropoietin as cause, 624 Positive reinforcement, 504 Potency, drug, 245 Pneumaturia, 363 ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation Positive selection of T cells, 202 Potency (pharmacodynamics) Pneumoconioses, 612 rate) in, 230 Positive selection (thymus), 199 change with inhibitors, 242 as restrictive lung disease, 611 hematocrit in, 382 Positive skew distribution, 53 vs. efficacy, 245 Pneumocystic pneumonia, 216 hepatocellular carcinoma as Positive-stranded RNA viruses, 157 Pott disease, 133, 173 Pneumocystis cause, 370 Postcapillary venules of lymph clinical presentation of, 624 prophylaxis for, in HIV low birth weight and, 59 node, 198 Potter syndrome, 526 patients, 190 oxygen content of blood, 605 Posterior cerebellar artery, effects of ARPKD and, 551 stain used for, 120 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 238 stroke on, 464 oligohydramnios as cause, 583 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 148 Polycythemia vera, 404 Posterior cerebral artery, 462 as sequence error, 559 in AIDS, 638 Polydactyly in Circle of Willis, 462 Pouches, branchial, 564 antimicrobials for, 186 86 Posterior circumflex artery, 422 derivatives of, 566 common treatments for, 634 in Patau syndrome, 352 Pneumocytes, 600 Patau syndrome as cause, 626 Posterior communicating artery Poupart’s ligament, Pneumonia, 616 Polydipsia, in diabetes mellitus, 334 in Circle of Willis, 462 Poxvirus adenovirus as cause, 158 Polyethylene glycol, 379 stroke effects, 465 characteristics of, 157 antimicrobials for, 186 Polyhydramnios, 583 Posterior cranial fossa, 475 structure and importance, 158 associations, common/ Polymenorrhea, 574 Posterior drawer sign, 416 PPAR-γ, glitazones/thiazolidinediones important, 638 Polymerase chain reaction Posterior fossa malformations, 449 and, 338 Chlamydia as cause, 144 (PCR), 77 Posterior horn of spinal cord, 469 PPD test Chlamydia trachomatis as cause, 144 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Posterior hypothalamus, 454 as hypersensitivity reaction, 212 CMV as cause, 159 See Torsades de pointes Posterior interior cerebellar artery for tuberculosis, 133 common causes of, 172 Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in in Circle of Willis, 462 Prader-Willi syndrome, 81 compliance in, 603 anemia, 388 stroke effects, 464 chromosome associated with, 87 Haemophilus influenzae as Polymyalgia rheumatica, 434 Posterior pituitary, 313 ghrelin and, 317 cause, 136 temporal arteritis and, 302, 639 Posterior spinal arteries, 469 Pralidoxime inhalation injury as cause, 228 Polymyositis, 213, 435 Posterior tibial artery, 422 as antidote, 257 interstitial, 616 Polyneuropathy, 396 Posterior urethra, 571 in cholinesterase inhibitor Klebsiella as cause, 138 Lyme disease as cause, 140 Posterior vitreous detachment, 481 toxicity, 250 Mycoplasma pneumoniae as Polyomavirus Posthepatic venous thrombosis. Pramipexole, 500 cause, 144 characteristics of, 157 See Budd-Chiari syndrome Pramlintide, 339 mycoses as cause, 145 as naked virus, 157 Postherpetic neuralgia, 496 Prasugrel, 407 nosocomial, 172 structure and importance, 158 Postmenopausal osteoporosis, 425 Pravastatin, 306 Pneumocystis jirovecii as cause, 148 Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia Postpartum depression, 511 Praziquantel, 192 Streptococcus pneumoniae as McCune-Albright syndrome as Postpartum hemorrhage, 583 for cestodes infections, 154 cause, 129 cause, 624 Postpartum mood disturbances, 511 for trematode infections, 155 VZV as cause, 159 Polyphagia, in diabetes mellitus, 334 Postpartum psychosis, 511 Prazosin, 255 walking, 144 Polyps, colonic, 366 Postrenal azotemia, 550 Precision vs. accuracy, 51

Precocious puberty Pregnenolone, 318 Progressive multifocal Prostatic acid phosphatase as tumor congenital adrenal hyperplasias as Preload, 273 leukoencephalopathy, 158, marker, 594 cause, 318 Premature delivery 489 Prostatic adenocarcinoma, 594 leuprolide for, 596 low birth weight caused by, 59 Projection (ego defense), 505 Prostatitis, 594 McCune-Albright syndrome patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in paranoid personality Protamine, 257 and, 624 from, 279 disorder, 515 Protamine sulfate, 405, 406, 633 Prednisolone, 412 retinopathy caused by, 228 Prokaryotes, 68 Protease inhibitors, 194 for thyroid storm, 329 Premature ejaculation, 516 Prolactin, 315, 316, 573 name suffix, 261 Prednisone, 340, 412 Prepatellar bursitis, 416 circadian rhythm and, 455 pancreatitis caused by, 376 Preeclampsia, 581 Prerenal azotemia, 550 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, reactions to, 258, 259 hydatidiform moles as cause, 580 Presbycusis, 60 effect on, 315 rifampin and, 194 placental abruption risk and, 582 Presbyopia, 479 lactation and, 576 Proteases, 355 Pregnancy, 576. See also Childbirth; Presenilin proteins in Alzheimer risperidone, effect on, 521 Proteasome, 73 Miscarriages; Placenta disease, 487 secretion of, 313 Protein A, 123 amniotic fluid abnormalities, 583 Presystolic gallop, 639 signaling pathway for, 321 Proteinases, 382 anemia lab values in, 395 Preterm labor Prolactinomas, 332, 492 Protein C deficiency, 398 anovulation caused by, 585 smoking as cause, 560 common treatments for, 634 Protein kinases, 248 antibiotics to avoid in, 195 Pretest probability, 49 dopamine agonists for, 316 Proteins. See also Collagen anticoagulation treatments, 632 Pretibial myxedema in Graves pituitary tumors and, 638 chaperone, 71 Cesarean section, neonate flora, 171 disease, 327, 329 Proliferative breast disease, 590 DNA-binding, identification of, 78 chlamydia transmission in, 144 Prevnar, 122 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 481 pro-apoptotic and anti- choriocarcinomas in, 587 Priapism, 592 Proliferative phase of wound apoptotic, 222 complications of, 582–583 trazodone as cause, 524 healing, 229 synthesis direction, 67 DIC in, 398 Primaquine Prometric testing centers, 5, 7, 15, 16 synthesis inhibitors, 184, 261 diffuse cortical necrosis in, 548 for malaria, 634 Promoter, in gene expression, 68 synthesis of, 71, 72 144 178 409 583 ectopic, , , , reactions to, 258 Pronephros, 526 vesicular trafficking, 73 erythrocyte sedimentation rate Primary amyloidosis, 631 Propafenone, 308 Protein S deficiency, 398 in, 230 Primary biliary cirrhosis, 628 Prophase, 72 Proteinuria estrogen in, 573 Primary ciliary dyskinesia. Propionibacterium ACE inhibitors for, 555 exogenous androgens in, 579 See Kartagener syndrome in bacterial taxonomy, 119 nephritic syndrome and, 540 fetal lung maturity, 600 Primary disease prevention, 55 Propofol, 498 nephrotic syndrome as cause, 627 fetal screening tests, 86 Primary hypertension, 304 Propranolol, 261, 309 preeclampsia as cause, 581 folate in, 91 Primary tuberculosis, 133 for migraine headaches, 490 renal papillary necrosis as glucose clearance in, 531 Primase, 65 for thyroid storm, 329 cause, 549 Group B strep in, 129, 189 Primidone, 459 Propylene glycol, 538 Proteolysis, 319 HELLP syndrome, 581 Primitive atria, 268 Propylthiouracil, 339 Proteus heparin in, 405 Primitive esophagus, 564 reactions to, 258 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Hepatitis E (HEV) in, 166 Primitive pharynx, 564 thyroid hormones and, 322 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 hydrops fetalis, 175 Primitive pulmonary vein, 268 for thyroid storm, 329 as nosocomial infection, 178 hypertension in, 254, 304, 581 Primitive reflexes, 473 Prostacyclin as urease-positive organism, 122 hypothyroidism in, 328 558 in platelet plug formation, 387 Proteus mirabilis Listeria infection in, 132 Primitive streak, 268 production of, 444 acute cystitis caused by, 547 insulin in, 314 Primitive ventricle, 182 iron deficiency caused by, 390 Pringle maneuver, 344 Prostaglandins antimicrobials for, 544 labor induction drugs, 379 PR interval, 282 aspirin, effect on, 407, 445 kidney stones caused by, malrotation in, 364 in atrioventricular block, 284–285 cortisol, effect on, 319 UTIs caused by, 174 maternal-fetal blood barrier of Prinzmetal angina, 293 filtration fraction, effect on, 530 Proteus vulgaris, 638 placenta, 453 Prions, 171 gastric acid, effect on, 354 Prothrombin, 386 maternal phenylketonuria Probenecid, 446 in gastric parietal cell, 355 Prothrombin gene mutation, 398 (PKU), 107 for chronic gout, 633 for glaucoma, 494 Prothrombin time, 405 melasma in, 438 as sulfa drug, 260 glucocorticoids, effect on, 340 Protodiastolic gallop, 639 oxytocin in, for labor Procainamide, 308 for keeping PDAs open, 271 Proton pump inhibitors, 378 induction, 340 reactions to, 259 kidney functions, 535 drug name suffixes, 261 parvovirus in, 158 Procaine, 499 NSAIDs, effect on, 445 in gastrointestinal system, 377 postpartum mood disturbances, 511 Procarbazine, 260 production of, 444 nephritis caused by, 548 Potter syndrome in, 526 Procedure bias, 52 Prostate cancer, 638 Vitamin B12 deficiency caused progesterone in, 573 Processing bodies, 68 common treatments for, 634 by, 392 propylthiouracil/methimazole Processus vaginalis, 569 estrogens for, 596 Protozoa in, 339 inguinal hernias and, 352 flutamide for, 597 antiprotozoan therapy for, 191 pyogenic granulomas in, 301 Procoagulation, 386 incidence/mortality of, 239 CNS infections, 150 rubella in, 163 Progesterone, 573 metastases to bone, 638 diarrhea caused by, 172 syphilis transmission during, 141 lactation and, 576 tumor markers, 237 GI infections, 149 teratogens. See teratogens in menstrual cycle, 574 tumor suppressor gene, 236 hematologic infections, 151 thyroxine-binding globulin in, 322 in ovulation, 576 Prostate gland visceral infections, 152 ToRCHeS infections, 175 secretion of, 595 diagram of, 571 Proximal convoluted tubule, 530 in Turner syndrome, 578 signaling pathway for, 321 female analogue to, 568 amino acid clearance and, 531 ZDV as HIV prophylaxis synthesis of, 318 Prostate-specific antigen, 594 defects in, 533 during, 194 Progestins, 596 Prostate-specific antigens (PSAs), 237 glucose clearance and, 531

Pruritus for postpartum depression, 511 Pulmonary wedge pressure, 606 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 99 chloroquine as cause, 192 for post-traumatic stress Pulmonic regurgitation, 278 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PSA. See Prostate-specific antigen disorder, 513 Pulmonic stenosis deficiency, 100 Psammoma bodies, 239, 631 Psychotic disorder ejection click caused by, 637 Pyruvate kinase calcification and, 226 postpartum psychosis and, 511 murmur indicating, 278 anemia caused by, 390 meningiomas and, 492 PT. See Prothrombin time (PT) wide splitting in, 277 deficiency in, 394 in papillary thyroid carcinoma, 330 PTEN gene, 236 Pulsatile parathyroid hormone, 425 Pyruvate metabolism, 100 in serous cystadenocarcinomas, 587 Pterygoid muscle, 478 Pulse Pyuria, 548 Pseudodementia, 508 Ptosis jugular venous (JVP), 276 Pseudodiverticulum, 363 Horner syndrome as cause, 483, weak, in Takayasu arteritis, 302 Q Pseudoephedrine, 620 627 “Pulseless disease”, 302 Q fever, 142–143 Pseudogout, 431 myasthenia gravis as cause, 435 Pulse pressure, 272 bacterial spores causing, 130 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 oculomotor nerve (CN III) damage Pulsus paradoxus, 299 QRS complexes, 282 Pseudo-Helger-Huet anomaly, 401 and, 485 asthma as cause, 610 in ECG tracings, 285 Pseudohermaphroditism, 318, 579 Puberty, precocious, 596, 624 croup as cause, 164 QT interval, 282 Pseudohypoparathyroidism, 331 adrenal hormones and, 318 Punched-out ulcers, 358 fluoroquinolones and, 187 Pseudomembranous colitis, 131 Pudendal nerve, 571 Punishment, 504 in torsades de pointes, 283 antimicrobials for, 183 Pulmonary. See also Lungs Pupillary constrictor muscle, 483 Quadriplegia, from stroke, 464 clindamycin as cause, 185 Pulmonary anthrax, 132 Pupillary reflex, 476 Quantifying risk, 50 as drug reaction, 258 Pulmonary arterial hypertension Pupils, 479 Quaternary disease prevention, 55 Pseudomonas common treatments for, 634 “blown”, 485 Quetiapine, 521 antimicrobials for, 181 Pulmonary artery control of, 483 Quinidine, 308 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 as aortic arch derivative, 564 light reflex in, 483 for malaria, 151 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 bronchi and, 601 Purine salvage deficiencies, 64 reactions to, 257, 259 as catalase-positive organism, 122 catheters, 286 Purine synthesis, 63, 96 Quinine, 259 cystic fibrosis association, 629 in fetal circulation, 271 Purkinje cells, 224, 457 Quinolone, 137 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 in respiratory tree, 600 Purkinje system, 282 mechanism of action, 180 as immunodeficiency infection, 216 vascular resistance and, 606 Purpura Quinupristin osteomyelitis caused by, 638 Pulmonary artery stenosis, 290 aplastic anemia as cause, 393 for VRE, 190 pneumonia caused by, 172 Pulmonary capillary wedge Henoch-Schönlein purpura as Q waves, in myocardial Type III secretion system and, 123 pressure, 286 cause, 303 infarction, 295 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 137 Pulmonary circulation, 605 platelet disorders as cause, 397 as aerobe, 121 Pulmonary edema Pustular psoriasis, 437 R common treatments for, 634 compliance in, 603 Pustules, 437 Rabies, 161, 165 exotoxin produced by, 124 furosemide for, 553 Putamen basal ganglia, 458 antibodies for, 210 multidrug-resistant, 190 in heart failure, 297 P waves, 282 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 as nosocomial infection, 178 inhalation injury as cause, 228 in ECG tracings, 284–285 vaccine for, 156, 210 pigment production, 122 mannitol as cause, 553 Pyelonephritis, 174, 548 virus for, 165 UTIs caused by, 174 nitrates for, 305 kidney stones as cause, 544 Radial nerve, 418, 422 Pseudopalisading tumor cells in renal failure as cause, 550 lab/diagnostic findings, 632 Radiation exposure brain, 631 Pulmonary embolism, 609 urine casts in, 539 acute myelogenous leukemia Pseudotumor cerebri, 468, 553 heparin for, 405 Pyloric sphincter, 354 caused by, 402 Vitamin A toxicity as cause, 89 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Pyloric stenosis, 342 aplastic anemia caused by, 393 Psittacosis, 142 respiratory alkalosis caused by, 538 Pyoderma gangrenosum apoptosis caused by, 222 Psoas, 363 rivaroxaban for, 406 Crohn disease as cause, 362 as carcinogen, 238 Psoriasis, 437, 439 thrombolytics for, 406 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 free radical injury from, 228 etanercept for, 446 Pulmonary fibrosis Pyogenic infections lymphopenia caused by, 395 HLA-B27 and, 201 bleomycin as cause, 410 C3 deficiency as cause, 206 myelodysplastic syndromes caused methotrexate for, 409 busulfan as cause, 410 granulomas, 301 by, 401 pustular, 437 compliance in, 603 osteomyelitis, 631 neoplasms associated with, 235 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 as drug reaction, 260 Pyramidal cells of hippocampus, 224 neutropenia caused by, 395 Psoriatic arthritis, 432 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Pyramidal decussation, 470 Radiation therapy HLA-B27 and, 637 methotrexate as cause, 409 Pyramidalis muscle, 351 acute pericarditis caused by, 299 Psychiatry as restrictive lung disease, 611 Pyrantel pamoate, 192 Radiation treatment pathology, 506–519 Pulmonary hypertension, 605, 614 Pyrazinamide, 189 cardiomyopathy caused by, 296 pharmacology, 520–524 associations, common/ for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 634 hypopituitarism caused by, 334 psychology, 504–505 important, 639 reactions to, 259 papillary thyroid carcinoma caused Psychoactive drugs drug therapy for, 620 for tuberculosis, 188 by, 330 gynecomastia caused by, 590 Schistosoma haematobium as Pyridostigmine, 250 Radiocontrast agents intoxication and withdrawal, 518 cause, 155 Pyridoxine. See Vitamin B6 acute tubular necrosis caused Psychology, 504–505 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 526 Pyrimethamine by, 549 Psychosis, 508 Pulmonary infundibular stenosis, 288 effect on purine synthesis, 63 Radioimmunosorbent assay, 211 antipsychotics for, 521 Pulmonary surfactant, 600 for Toxoplasma gondii, 635 Radon, 238 prednisone as cause, 412 Pulmonary valve development, 269 for toxoplasmosis, 150 lung cancer and, 619 in schizophrenia, 509 Pulmonary vascular resistance, 606, Pyrimidine synthesis, 63, 96 Raloxifene, 412, 596 Psychotherapy 641 Pyruvate carboxylase, 97 Raltegravir, 194 for anorexia nervosa, 632 Pulmonary vein, 600 in gluconeogenesis, 101 Random error, 51

Randomization of study group, 52 Reduction, in drug metabolism, 244 antithrombin III deficiency caused Residual volume (RV), 602 Ranitidine, 378 Reduviid bug, 152 by, 398 in obstructive vs. restrictive lung Rapamycin, 218. See Sirolimus Reed-Sternberg cells, 400, 630 aspirin as cause, 407, 445 disease, 611 Raphe nucleus, 453 in Hodgkin lymphoma, 399 cervical cancer as cause, 584 Resistance equation, 641 Rapidly progressive Reflex bradycardia, 254 consequences of, 550 Resistance, pressure, flow, 274 glomerulonephritis, 541 Reflexes diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 Respiratory acidosis, 538 ras gene, 236 clinical, 473 hypertension and, 290 Respiratory alkalosis, 538 Rashes cranial nerve, 476 myoclonus in, 459 aspirin as cause, 407, 445 blueberry muffin, 175 primitive, 473 NSAIDs as cause, 535 Respiratory bacteria, 119 bull’s-eye, in Lyme disease, 626 pupillary, 483 preeclampsia as cause, 581 Respiratory burst (oxidative of childhood, 176 Refractive errors in eye, 479 Renal innervation, 247 burst), 208 from dermatomyositis, 435 Regadenoson, 293 Renal insufficiency in multiple Respiratory synctial virus (RSV), 161, diaper, 147 Regression (ego defense), 505 myeloma, 401 163 diseases causing, 627 Regular insulin, 338 Renal ischemia, 445 pneumonia caused by, 172 in lupus, 433 Regulation of gene expression, 68 Renal oncocytoma, 546 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in rickettsial diseases, 143 Regulatory T cells, 202, 209 Renal osteodystrophy, 332, 550 ribavirin for, 195 in roseola, 159 surface proteins, 384 renal failure as cause, 550 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 slapped cheek, 176 Reheated rice syndrome, 132 Renal papillary necrosis, 549 Respiratory system in unimmunized children, 179 Reichert cartilage, 565 free radical injury as cause, 228 anatomy, 600–601 Rate-determining enzymes of Reid index, 610 in sickle cell anemia, 394 drug reactions in, 260 metabolic processes, 96 Reinke crystals, 593, 631 Renal pelvis, 528 pathology, 608–618 Rathke pouch, 313 Reiter syndrome, 201, 432 transitional cell carcinoma in, 547 pharmacology, 620–622 craniopharyngiomas and, 493 Relative risk, 48, 50, 640 Renal plasma flow, 530 physiology, 602–607 Rationalization (ego defense), 505 Relative risk reduction, 50 changes in, 530 Respiratory tract infections Raynaud phenomenon, 301 Relaxed form of hemoglobin, 603 Renal system C3 deficiency as cause, 206 528 in Buerger disease, 302 Reliability, 51 anatomy, as immunodeficiency drug reactions in, 259 clinical presentation of, 626 Remodeling phase of wound infection, 216 embryology, 526–527 in CREST syndrome, 436 healing, 229 Respiratory tree, 600 pathology, 539–550 in lupus, 433, 624 REM sleep, 455 Respiratory zone, 600 pharmacology, 552–555 RBCs. See Erythrocytes benzodiazepines, effect on, 497 Resting tremor, 459, 627 physiology, 529–538 Rb gene, 236 narcolepsy and, 517 Restrictive cardiomyopathy, 296, Renal tubular acidosis, 539 Reabsorption rate, 531 Renal. See also Kidney 639 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 627 Reaction formation (ego defense), 505 Renal agenesis in fetus, 526 Restrictive lung disease, 611 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 Reactive arthritis, 432 Renal angiomyolipomas vs. obstructive, 611 Renal tubular defects, 533 clinical presentation of, 628 diseases associated with, 235 sarcoidosis and, 434 Renal tumors, 639 HLA-B27 and, 637 in tuberous sclerosis, 491 Retained placental tissue, 583 Renal vein, 528 Campylobacter jejuni as Renal arteries, 346, 528 Retardation Renin antecedent, 138 in horseshoe kidney, 527 in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 64 in juxtaglomerular apparatus, 535 Reactive oxygen species, 208 Renal blood flow Reteplase, 406 kidney functions, 535 Reassortment, viral, 156 in acute renal failure, 550 83 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone ret gene, 52 equation for, 641 236 Recall bias, system, 534 RET gene, 238–239 545 Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase Renal cell carcinoma, , Reoviruses, 161 Reticular activating system, 461 endocrine hormones and, 321 chromosome associated with, 87 as naked virus, 157 Reticular cells, 198 Receptor binding, 246 horseshoe kidney and, 527 segmented, 162 Reticulin, 75 Receptors paraneoplastic syndromes Repair, DNA, 67 Reticulocytes, 382 cholinergic, 249 associated with, 238 Reperfusion in intravascular hemolysis, 393 noradrenergic, 249 polycythemia and, 404 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 Reticulocytosis, 392 Recombinant cytokines, 219 recombinant cytokines for, 219 Reperfusion injury, 224, 228 nonmegaloblastic macrocytic Recombinant vaccines, 156 renal tumors and, 639 Replication, DNA, 65 anemia as cause, 392 Recombination, viral, 156 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 Replication fork, 65 Retina Rectal cancer, 239. See tumor suppressor gene for, 236 Reportable diseases, 57 anatomy of, 479 also Colorectal cancer von Hippel-Lindau disease as Repression (ego defense), 505 detachment of, 481 Rectal varices, 348 cause, 627 Reproductive hormones, 595. See development of, 559 Rectal veins, 348 Renal clearance, 529, 641 also specific hormones Retinal detachment Rectum Renal cortex, 545 Reproductive system child abuse as cause, 506 anastomosis in, 348 Renal cysts, 551 anatomy, 569–571 Retinal hemorrhage blood supply and innervation Renal disease drug reactions in, 258 hypertension as cause, 290 to, 346 dosage calculations with, 243 embryology, 558–568 retinal vein occlusion as cause, 481 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 end-stage, amyloidosis and, 231 pathology, 578–593 Roth spots and, 627 Rectus abdominis muscle, 351, 352 hyperparathyroidism and, 332 pharmacology, 595–598 Retinal vein occlusion, 481 Recurrent branch of median hypertension and, 637 physiology, 573–579 Retinitis, 482 nerve, 418 lupus and, 433 Reserpine CMV as cause, 159 Red blood cells. See Erythrocytes osteitis fibrosa cystica and, 427 for Huntington disease, 502 foscarnet for, 193 Red infarcts, 224 Renal epithelial casts, 631 mechanism, 249 Retinoblastomas Red man syndrome, 183 Renal failure reactions to, 259 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Redox reaction, 228 acute tubular necrosis as cause, 549 Residency, 24, 25, 30 tumor suppressor genes, 236 Red rashes of childhood, 176 acyclovir as cause, 193 interviews for, 32 Retinol. See Vitamin A

Retinopathy lab values in, 427 RNA viruses, 161 Sabouraud agar, 121, 147 diabetes mellitus as cause, 334 potassium in, 537 genomes of, 157 Saccular aneurysms. See Berry hypertension and, 290 renal tubular acidosis and, 539 naked nucleic acid infectivity, 157 aneurysms of prematurity, 228 Rickettsia positive-stranded, 157 Saddle nose in congenital Retrograde amnesia, 507 antimicrobials for, 185 replication of, 157 syphilis, 141, 175 electroconvulsive therapy as Gram stain limitations, 120 Robertsonian translocation, 87 Salicylates cause, 512 as obligate intracellular bug, 122 Rocker-bottom feet, 86 antidote to, 257 Retro-orbital fibroblasts, 329 Rickettsiae Rocky Mountain spotted fever respiratory alkalosis caused by, 538 Retroperitoneal fibrosis in bacterial taxonomy, 119 antimicrobials for, 185 Salivary gland Sjögren syndrome and, 430 as IgG4-related systemic stains used for, 120 clinical presentation of, 627 disease, 328 Rickettsial diseases, 143 transmission and source, 142 tumors of, 357 Retroperitoneal structures, 343 Rickettsia prowazekii, 142, 143 Rod bacteria. See Bacilli bacteria Salmeterol, 621 Retroviruses, 161 Rickettsia rickettsii, 142, 143 Romaña sign, 152 clinical use, 253 Rett disorder, 507 common treatments for, 634 Romano-Ward syndrome, 283 Salmonella Reverse transcriptase, 161, 168 Rickettsia typhi, 142, 143 Romberg sign, 471 antimicrobials for, 186 Revocation of consent, 56 Riedel thyroiditis, 328 Romiplostim, 219 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Reye syndrome, 369 Rifampin Rooting reflex, 473 diarrhea caused by, 172 aspirin as cause, 445 for Haemophilus influenzae type Ropinirole, 500 as encapsulated bacteria, 122 Rhabdomyolysis, 306 B, 633 Rose gardener’s disease, 148 as facultative intracellular bug, 122 daptomycin as cause, 187 interstitial nephritis caused by, 548 Rosenthal fibers, 493 food poisoning caused by, 171 potassium shifts in, 536 mechanism of action, 180 Roseola in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Rhabdomyomas, 234, 300, 636 for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 634 HHV-6 as cause, 158, 159 as immunodeficiency in tuberous sclerosis, 491 for Neisseria meningitidis, 634 Rosiglitazone, 338 infection, 216 Rhabdomyosarcomas, 234 protease inhibitors and, 194 Rosuvastatin, 306 osteomyelitis caused by, 173, 638 dactinomycin for, 410 RNA polymerases and, 68 Rotator cuff muscles, 417 reactive arthritis and, 432 139 Rhabdoviruses, 161 Rifamycins, 188 Rotavirus, 161, 162 vs. Shigella, Type III secretion system and, 123 negative-stranded, 162 for Hansen’s disease, 134 diarrhea caused by, 172 as zoonotic bacteria, 142 Rheumatic fever, 299 for tuberculosis, 188 vaccine for, 156 Salpingitis, 178 diagnostic criteria, 129 Rift Valley fever, 161 Rotenone, 101 ectopic pregnancy and, 583 heart murmurs in, 279 Right anterior cardinal vein, 268 Roth spots Sandfly fever, 161 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Right bundle branch block, 282 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 Saquinavir, 194 Streptococcus pyogenes as wide splitting in, 277 clinical presentation of, 627 Sarcoidosis, 434 cause, 129 Right common cardinal vein, 268 Rotor syndrome, 371 cardiomyopathy caused by, 296 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 Right coronary artery thrombosis, 636 Rough endoplasmic reticulum clinical presentation of, 624 streptolysin O antibodies in, 125 Right horn of sinus venosus, 268 (RER), 72 facial nerve palsy in, 478 Rheumatic heart disease, 638 Right parietal-temporal cortex, 461 Rouleaux formation, 401, 632 as granulomatous disease, 230 atrial fibrillation caused by, 284 Right-sided endocarditis in heroin Round ligament of the uterus, 570 macrophages in, 383 Rheumatoid arthritis, 429 addiction, 519 Roundworms. See Nematodes as restrictive lung disease, 611 amyloidosis and, 231 Right-to-left shunts, 288 627 Rovsing sign, Sarcomas COX-2 inhibitors for, 445 Right ventricular hypertrophy 363 in appendicitis, drug therapy for, 409 446 629 etanercept for, lab/diagnostic findings, rRNA, 68 osteosarcomas, 236 HLA genes and, 201, 637 in Tetralogy of Fallot, 288 in protein synthesis, 71 radiation exposure and, 235 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 Riluzole, 471 RSV. See Respiratory synctial virus Sarcoplasmic reticulum immunosuppressants for, 218 Rimantadine, 634 (RSV) dantrolene, effect on, 499 lab/diagnostic findings, 628 Ringed sideroblasts, 388, 391 RU-486. See Mifepristone in muscle contraction, 423 methotrexate for, 409 Ringworm Rubella, 161, 163 Sargramostim, 219 rituximab for, 412 griseofulvin for, 191 cardiac defects associated with, 290 SARS, 161 Sjögren syndrome and, 430 Rinne test, 477 clinical presentation, 176 Sartorius muscle, 350 therapeutic antibodies for, 220 Risk, quantification of, 50 neonatal transmission of, 175 “Saturday night palsy”, 418 Rhinosinusitis, 608 Risperidone, 521 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) “Sausage fingers” in psoriatic Rhinovirus, 161, 162 for Tourette disorder, 520 in, 279 arthritis, 432 Rhizopus, 147 for Tourette syndrome, 520 rash in, 176 Saxagliptin, 339 mucormycosis caused by, 335 Ristocetin, 387 in unimmunized children, 179 Scalded skin syndrome, 125 Rhomboid crystals, 631 Ristocetin cofactor assay, 398 vaccine for, 156 Scales, skin, 437 Ribavirin, 195 Risus sardonicus, 131 Rubeola. See Measles Scaphoid bone, 417 avoiding in pregnancy, 195 Clostridium botulinum as Ruffini corpuscles, 452 Scar formation, 229 effect on purine synthesis, 63 cause, 124 Rugae of stomach in Ménétrier chronic inflammation as cause, 225 Rib notching, 631 Ritonavir, 194 disease, 359 Scarlet fever Riboflavin. See Vitamin B2 Rituximab, 220, 412 Russell’s sign in bulimia nervosa, 516 clinical presentation, 176, 628 Ribonuclease, 208 Rivaroxaban, 406 Rusty sputum, 129 Streptococcus pyogenes as Ribosomes, 118 River blindness, 153 Ryanodine receptor, 423 cause, 129 Rice-water diarrhea, 124, 139, 172 RNA Schaumann bodies, 434 Rickets, 93 interference in gene expression, 79 S Schiller-Duval bodies, 630 causes of, 319 polymerases, 68 Saber shins in congenital in yolk sac tumors, 593 common treatments for, 634 processing, 68 syphilis, 141, 175 Schistocytes, 388 Fanconi syndrome as cause, 627 in protein synthesis, 71 Sabin polio virus in β-thalassemia, 391 hypophosphatemic, 82 synthesis direction, 67 vaccine for, 156 in DIC, 398

in intravascular hemolysis, 393 Scopolamine, 251 Senile osteoporosis, 425 Serum sickness, 211 in microangiopathic anemia, 395 Scores on USMLE Step 1 exam, 7 Sensitivity (diagnostic tests), 49 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 in thrombotic thrombocytopenic Scorpion sting, acute pancreatitis equation for, 640 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 318 purpura, 397 caused by, 376 Sensorineural hearing loss, 477 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 318 Schistosoma, 155 Scotch tape test, 153 Sensory cortex, effects of stroke Severe refractory hypertension antimicrobials for, 192 Scrotum on, 464 minoxidil for, 598 Schistosoma haematobium, 155 diagram of, 571 Sensory receptors, 452 Sevoflurane, 498 oncogenicity, 237 female analogue to, 568 Separation anxiety disorder, 506 Sex chromosome disorders, 578 squamous cell carcinoma of the lymphatic drainage, 569 Sepsis Sex development bladder and, 547 masses in, 593 disseminated intravascular disorders of, 579 Schistosoma japonicum, 155 varicoceles and, 592 coagulation caused by, 398, Tanner stages of, 574 Schistosomiasis, 226 Scurvy, 93 637 Sex hormone-binding globulin, 321, as granulomatous disease, 230 clinical presentation of, 628 ileus and, 365 573 Schizoaffective personality collagen synthesis and, 76 as immunodeficiency Sex hormones. See also specific disorder, 509, 516 Seborrheic keratosis, 439 infection, 216 hormones Schizoid personality disorder, 515, Secobarbital, 497 Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Sex steroids, for hypopituitarism, 334 516 Secondary disease prevention, 55 cause, 137 Sexual abuse, 510. See also Child Schizophrenia, 509, 516 Secondary tuberculosis, 133 lymphopenia caused by, 395 abuse antipsychotics for, 521 Secretin, 353 neutropenia caused by, 395 dissociative identity disorder atypical antipsychotics for, 521 gastric acid, effect on, 354 in newborns, 179 and, 510 cluster A personality disorders Secretion rate, 531 Septate uterus, 568 Sexual dysfunction, 516 and, 515 Secretions, immunoglobulin in, 205 Septation of heart chambers, 268 SSRIs as cause, 523 common treatments for, 634 Sedatives, respiratory acidosis caused Septic arthritis, 136 Sexually transmitted diseases. drug therapy for, 509, 520 by, 538 Septicemia, 132 See STDs (sexually hallucinations caused by, 509 Segmental artery, 528 Septic shock transmitted diseases) neurotransmitters in, 453, 507 Segmented viruses, 162 diffuse cortical necrosis and, 548 Sexual problems Schizophrenic personality Seizures, 489. See also Absence Septum primum and secundum, 268 in elderly patients, 60 disorder, 516 seizures defects in, 268 Sexual response Schizotypal personality disorder, 515, barbiturates for, 497 Sequence, organ, 559 of female, 571 516 as drug reaction, 259 Seronegative of male, 571 Schuffner stippling, 151 eclampsia, 496 spondyloarthropathies, 432 Sézary syndrome, 400, 625 Schwann cells, 451 tramadol and, 495 Serosa, 345 SGLT-2 inhibitors, 339 in acute inflammatory Selection bias, 52 Serotonin Shaken baby syndrome, 466 demyelinating Selection of T cells, in thymus, 199 in carcinoid syndrome, 336 “Shawl and face” rash, 435 polyradiculopathy, 488 Selective estrogen receptor hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, Sheehan syndrome, 582 development of, 559 modulators (SERMs), 596 effect on, 315 clinical presentation of, 626 myelin and, 451 Selective Ig deficiency, 214 tramadol effect on, 495 hypopituitarism caused by, 334 origins of, 448 Selective serotonin reuptake Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Shield chest, 578 schwannomas and, 492 inhibitors (SSRIs), 523 inhibitors (SNRIs), 523 Shiga-like toxin, 124, 172 Schwannomas, 492, 636 for anxiety disorders, 512 for fibromyalgia, 434 lysogenic phage encoding, 126 acoustic neuromas as, 451 for atypical depression, 511 for generalized anxiety Shiga toxin, 124 in neurofibromatosis type 2, 83 for bulimia nervosa, 633 disorder, 513 Shigella Sciatic nerve, 421 for depression, 633 Serotonin syndrome antimicrobials for, 186 SCID (severe combined for generalized anxiety MAO inhibitors as cause, 523 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 immunodeficiency disease), disorder, 513, 520 SSRIs as cause, 523 diarrhea caused by, 172 64 for major depressive disorder, 511 tramadol as cause, 495 exotoxin produced by, 124 lymphopenia caused by, 395 name suffix, 261 Serous cystadenocarcinomas, 587, 638 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Sclerae, 479 for obsessive-compulsive Serous cystadenomas, 586, 638 reactive arthritis and, 432 in aqueous humor pathway, 479 disorder, 513, 520 Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma vs. Salmonella, 139 blue, in osteogenesis imperfecta, 76 for panic disorder, 512 of ovary, 239 Type III secretion system and, 123 Scleral icterus, 368 for phobias, 513 Serratia Shingles. See Varicella zoster virus Sclerodactyly, in CREST for postpartum depression, 511 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 (VZV) syndrome, 436 for post-traumatic stress as catalase-positive organism, 122 Shock Scleroderma, 436 disorder, 513 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 pulse pressure in, 272 autoantibodies associated with, 213 for separation anxiety disorder, 506 as lactose fermenter, 135 Short gastric arteries, 347 lab/diagnostic findings, 628 sexual dysfunction and, 516 Serratia marcescens Shoulder Sclerodermal esophageal Selegiline, 500, 501, 523 pigment production, 122 polymyositis in, 435 dysmotility, 358 Seminal vesicles UTIs caused by, 174 rotator cuff muscles, 417 Sclerosing adenosis, 589, 590 development of, 567 Serratus anterior muscle, 419 Shunts, cardiac Sclerosing cholangitis testosterone, effect on, 577 Sertoli cells, 567, 572, 593 left-to-right, 289, 614 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 Seminiferous tubules, 572 Sertraline, 523 right-to-left, 288 Sclerosis, 429. See also Multiple dysgenesis of, in Klinefelter for postpartum depression, 511 SIADH, 333 sclerosis syndrome, 578 Serum amyloid A, 205 associations, common/ Scoliosis spermatogenesis in, 577 Serum osmolarity important, 639 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in sperm pathway, 571 in diabetes insipidus, 317 carbamazepine as cause, 496 and, 489 Seminomas, 593, 639 in SIADH, 333 common treatments for, 634 restrictive lung disease and, 611 Semustine, 410 vasopressin regulation of, 317 demeclocycline for, 340

SIADH (continued) Sinus venarum, 268 Slow twitch muscle fibers, 423 Sodium cyanide nitroprusside test, 544 as drug reaction, 259 Sinus venosus, 268 SMA. See Superior mesenteric artery Sodium nitroprusside test, 544 lithium for, 522 Sipple syndrome, 337 Small bowel necrosis Sodium oxybate, 517 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 238 Sister Mary Joseph nodules, 360 acute mesenteric ischemia as Sodium-potassium pump, 75 Sialyl-LewisX leukocyte, 227 Sitagliptin, 339 cause, 365 impaired in cell injury, 224 Sickle cell anemia, 394 Situs inversus, 627 Small bowel tumors, 336 Sodium stibugluconate, 152 autosplenectomy and, 635 Kartagener syndrome as cause, 74 Small cell carcinoma of lung, 619, 639 Somatic nervous system, 247 common treatments for, 635 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) drug therapy for, 411 Somatic symptom disorder, 514 erythrocyte sedimentation rate for ulcerative colitis, 362 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Somatoform disorders, 514 in, 230 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) syndrome and, 435 Somatostatin, 315, 353 hydroxyurea for, 411 effect on purine synthesis, 63 SIADH caused by, 333 gastric acid, effect on, 354 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) Small cell lung cancer in gastric parietal cell, 355 osteomyelitis in, 638 as antimetabolite, 409 tumor markers, 237 in gastrointestinal system, 377 osteonecrosis caused by, 426 toxicities of, 413 Small intestine, motilin production glucagon and, 315 priapism and, 592 6-thioguanine, 409 by, 353 secretion of, 313 renal papillary necrosis and, 549 Sjögren syndrome, 430 Small lymphocytic lymphoma, 402 Somatostatin analogs, 336 sickle cells in, 389 autoantibodies associated with, 213 Smallpox Somatotropin. See GH (growth treatment for, 394 clinical presentation of, 625 germ warfare risk, 158 hormone) Sickle cells, 389 Skeletal muscle vaccine for, 156 Sonic hedgehog gene, 558 Side effects of drugs, 257–259. See action potential of, 280 Small vessel disease, 334 Sorbitol, 104 also specific drugs autoregulation factors, 287 Smoke inhalation. See Inhalation Sotalol, 309 Sideroblastic anemia, 388, 391 glycogen in, 109 injury reactions to, 257 lead poisoning as cause, 391 innervation of, 247 Smoking Sounds, heart, 276 292 Vitamin B deficiency as cause, 90 Skeletal system. See Musculoskeletal atherosclerosis and, Southern blot, 78 6 bronchiectasis and, 610 Sideroblasts, ringed, 388, 391 system Southwestern blot, 78 Skin Buerger disease and, 633 SIDS (sudden infant death Space of Disse, 349 anatomy and physiology, 416–426 as carcinogen, 238 syndrome), 59 Sparfloxacin, 187 autoregulation factors, 287 emphysema and, 610 Sigmoid colon Spatial neglect syndrome, 461 bacterial flora, 171 lung cancer and, 619 diverticula in, 363, 639 Specificity (diagnostic tests), 49 blistering disorders of, 441–442 menopause age, effect on, 576 volvulus at, 364 equation for, 640 as collagen, 75 oral contraception and, 597 Sigmoid sinus, 467 Sperm common disorders of, 439 placental abruption risk and, 582 Signaling pathways in Kallmann syndrome, 579 dermatologic terms, 437 renal tumors and, 639 of endocrine hormones, 321 pathway of, 571 hyperpigmentation of, 324 as teratogen, 560 of steroid hormones, 321 production of, 572 infectious disorders of, 440 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Signal recognition particles testosterone, effect on, 577 miscellaneous disorders of, 442– (SER), 72 (SRPs), 73 Spermatic cord, 351 443 Smooth muscle Signet ring cells, 360 Spermatic fascia, 351 nerve endings in, 452 autoantibodies targeting, 213 Sildenafil, 598, 620 Spermatoceles, 593 pathology, 436–445 contraction of, 424 633 572 for erectile dysfunction, pharmacology, 444–446 G-protein-linked receptors and, 248 Spermatocytes, male sexual response, effect on, 571 pigmentation disorders, 438 innervation of, 247 Spermatogenesis, 577 for pulmonary arterial Skin cancer, 443 Smudge cells, 402 in cryptorchidism, 592 hypertension, 634 carcinogens affecting, 238 snRNPs (small nuclear prolactin, effect on, 316 Silencer, in gene expression, 68 Skin lesions ribonucleoproteins), 69 Sertoli cells and, 572 Silent DNA mutations, 66 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 496 Soap bubble bone tumors, 632 Spermatogonia, 572 Silicosis, 612 Skin test for allergies, 211 Soap bubble brain lesions, 147 Sphenoparietal sinus, 467 as restrictive lung disease, 611 Skip lesions, 635 SOAP (Supplemental Offer and Spherocytes, 389 Silver stain, 120 in Crohn disease, 362 Acceptance Program), 33 in extravascular hemolysis, 393 Simple renal cysts, 551 Skull development, 559 Social anxiety disorder, 513 Spherocytosis Simple seizures, 496 Slapped cheek rash, 158, 176, 624 Social development, 59 anemia caused by, 390 Simvastatin, 306 Sleep apnea, 299, 613 Social phobias hereditary, 389 Single nucleotide polymorphisms pulse pressure in, 272 drug therapy for, 520 Sphincter of Oddi, 350 (SNPs), 78 pulsus paradoxus in, 299 SSRIs for, 523 cholecystokinin and, 353 Single palmar crease, 627 Sleep disorders Sodium Sphincter pupillae, 479 Sinoatrial node, 282 apnea, 613 in acute renal failure, 550 Sphingolipidoses, 111 as target of noradrenergic enuresis (bedwetting), 455 disturbances in, 537 Spider nevi in cirrhosis, 368 signaling, 249 insomnia, 497, 524 in nephron physiology, 532 Spina bifida Sinuses menopause and, 576 Sodium channel blockers, 308 Dandy-Walker malformations dural venous, 467 narcolepsy, 517 Sodium channels and, 449 infections in, 206 sleep terror disorder, 516 epilepsy drugs, effect on, 496 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 rhinosinusitis in, 608 sleepwalking, 455, 497 local anesthetics, effect on, 499 valproic acid as cause, 496 Sinusitis Sleep physiology, 455 potassium-sparing diuretics, effect Spina bifida occulta, 449 Churg-Strauss syndrome as SLE-like syndrome on, 554 Spinal arteries, 462 cause, 303 as drug reaction, 259 ventricular action potential Spinal cord, 469 Streptococcus pneumoniae as phenytoin as cause, 496 and, 280 cranial nerve nuclei in, 474 cause, 129 SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). Sodium chloride, in urine, 554 development of, 559 Kartagener syndrome as cause, 74 See Lupus Sodium consumption hemisection of, 472 Sinusoids of spleen, 199 Sliding hiatal hernias, 352 hypertension and, 290 lesions of, 471, 483

lower extent, 469 Sporotrichosis, 148 Protein A virulence factor, 123 Steroids lumbar puncture, 469 Sprue, vitamin deficiencies in, 88, 92 skin disorders caused by, 440 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 Spinal muscular atrophy. Spur cells. See Acanthocytes Staphylococcus epidermidis, 128 adrenal, 318 See Werdnig-Hoffmann Sputum, epithelial casts in, 629 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 for asthma, 621 disease Squamocolumnar junction, 358 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 diabetes mellitus caused by, 334 Spinal nerves, 469 Squamous cell carcinoma labs/diagnostic findings, 631 for lupus, 433 Spinal tap, xanthochromic, 466 actinic keratosis and, 635 osteomyelitis caused by, 173 for platelet disorders, 397 Spinal tract, 470 of bladder, 155, 547 as skin flora, 171 for pseudogout, 431 Spinal trigeminal nucleus, effects of of cervix, 584 as urease-positive organism, 122 for sarcoidosis, 434 stroke on, 464 diseases associated with, 235 Staphylococcus pneumoniae synthesis of, 72 Spindle cells, 492 of esophagus, 357, 359, 637 pneumonias caused by, 172, 616 for temporal arteritis, 635 Spinocerebellar tract labs/diagnostic findings, 630 rhinosinusitis caused by, 608 Sterols demyelination, 471 of lungs, 619 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 128 in mycoplasma, 119 Spinothalamic column, 456 pectinate line and, 349 acute cystitis caused by, 547 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 441 Spinothalamic tract, 469, 470 of penis, 592 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 carbamazepine as cause, 496 Spiral bacteria, 119 of skin, 437, 443 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 as drug reaction, 259 Spiral fractures SRY gene, 567 as urease-positive organism, 122 ethosuximide as cause, 496 child abuse as cause, 506 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin urinary tract infections caused lamotrigine as cause, 496 Spirochetes, 140 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by, 640 phenytoin as cause, 496 Spironolactone, 554, 597 Stable cells, 72 UTIs caused by, 174 Stimulants, 518, 520 gynecomastia caused by, 590 Stage, tumor, 233 Starling curve, 274 STIs (sexually transmitted for heart failure, 297 Stains (microbiology), 120 Starling forces, 287 infections), 177 for hyperaldosteronism, 633 Auramine-rhodamine, 120 “Starry sky” lymphocytes, 400 antimicrobials for, 186 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 Congo red, 231 Start and stop codons, 67 cytomegalovirus, 159 113 Spleen. See also Asplenic patients Giemsa, 144 Starvation and fasting, herpes genitalis, 159 blood supply and innervation H&E, 586 Statins HHV-8, 159 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 to, 346 immunohistochemical, 74 Neisseria as, 136 for hypercholesterolemia, 634 embryology, 343 mucicarmine, 147 St. John’s wort reactions to, 259 embryonic development of, 559 silver stain, 120 serotonin syndrome and, 523 Statistical distribution, 52 pale infarcts in, 224 Standard deviation, 53 St. Louis encephalitis, 161 Statistical hypotheses, 53 platelets in, 382 Standard error of the mean, 53 Stomach outcomes of, 54 sinusoids of, 199 Stapedial artery, 564 basal electrical rhythm in, 345 Statistical tests, 55 Splenectomies, 199, 394. See Stapedius muscle, 565 blood supply to, 347 Status epilepticus, 489 also Asplenic patients Stapes bone, 477 histology of, 345 benzodiazepines for, 497 Splenic artery, 344, 347 Staphylococcal scalded skin Stomach cancer. See Gastric cancer drug therapy for, 496 Splenic flexure, 365 syndrome, 440 Stomach ulcers. See Gastric ulcers Stavudine (d4T), 194 Splenic sequestration crisis, 394 Staphylococcus Stomatitis STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) Splenic veins, 348 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 glucagonoma as cause, 335 associations, common/ Splenomegaly as catalase-positive organism, 122 Straight sinus, 467 important, 639 in chronic myelogenous in Gram stain algorithm, 127 Strata, epidermis, 436 gonococcal arthritis as, 432 402 as immunodeficiency 439 leukemia, as sexual abuse signs, 506 in psoriasis, 216 hereditary spherocytosis as infection, sexual dysfunction and, 516 Strawberry hemangiomas, 301 cause, 394 kidney stones and, 638 Steady state of drugs, 243 “Strawberry tongue” in Kawasaki portal hypertension as cause, 368 Staphylococcus aureus, 128 Steatorrhea disease, 628 Splenorenal ligament, 344 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 chronic pancreatitis as cause, 376 Streak ovary, 578, 628 Splicing of pre-mRNA, 69 bacterial endocarditis and, 298 malabsorption syndromes as Streptococcus Splinter hemorrhages as β-hemolytic, 128 cause, 361 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 brain abscesses caused by, 173 octreotide as cause, 379 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 in fingernails, 628 as catalase-positive organism, 122 orlistat as cause, 380 infectious arthritis caused by, 432 Splitting, cardiac, 277 chronic granulomatous disease vitamin deficiencies in, 88 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Splitting (ego defense), 505 and, 637 Stein-Leventhal syndrome. strep), 129 in borderline personality common treatments for, 635 See Polycystic ovarian bacterial meningitis caused by, 636 disorder, 515 daptomycin for, 187 syndrome as β-hemolytic, 128 Spondyloarthropathy effect on leukocytes, 209 ST elevation in MI, 295 as encapsulated bacteria, 122 amyloidosis and, 231 exotoxin produced by, 125 STEMI in Gram stain algorithm, 127 seronegative types, 432 food poisoning caused by, 171, 637 acute pericarditis caused by, 299 as immunodeficiency Spongiform cortex in Creutzfeldt- in Gram stain algorithm, 127 treatments for, 295 infection, 216 Jakob disease, 487 infectious arthritis caused by, 432 “Steppage gait”, 421 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Spongiform encephalopathy, 171 influenza and, 163 Stercobilin, 357 pneumonia caused by, 173 Spongiosis, 438 lung abscesses caused by, 617 Sterility. See Infertility in pregnancy, 175 Spontaneous abortion. mastitis caused by, 590 Sternal defects, 342 Streptococcus bovis See Miscarriages methicillin-resistant (MRSA), 128 Steroid diabetes, 334 in colon cancer, 298 Spontaneous pneumothorax, 614, 615 as nosocomial infection, 178 Steroid hormone signaling Streptococcus bovis (Group D Spoon nails, 390 osteomyelitis caused by, 173, 638 pathways, 321 strep), 130 Spores, bacterial, 118, 130 pigment production, 122 Steroid receptors, 321 colon cancer caused by, 632 Sporothrix schenckii, 148 pneumonias caused by, 172, 616 Steroid-refractory chronic disease common treatments for, 635 common treatments for, 635 prophylactic antimicrobial for, 189 rituximab for, 412 in Gram stain algorithm, 127

Streptococcus epidermidis Stylohyoid muscle, 565 Suicidal ideation, 58 Supramarginal gyrus, in aphasia, 460 as nosocomial infection, 178 Subacute endocarditis, 130 bipolar disorder as risk factor for, 510 Supraoptic nucleus of thalamus, 454 Streptococcus mutans, 129 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis as drug withdrawal symptom, 518 Suprarenal arteries, 346 as normal flora, 171 (SSPE), 164 electroconvulsive therapy for, 512 Suprarenal glands, 343 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 129 Subacute thyroiditis, 328 major depressive disorder and, 511 Supraspinatus muscle, 417 as α-hemolytic, 128 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 465, 466 risk factors for suicide brachial plexus lesions antimicrobials for, 185 clinical presentation of, 628 completion, 512 affecting, 419 bacterial meningitis caused by, 636 headache caused by, 490 schizophrenia as risk factor for, 509 Supraventricular tachycardia common treatments for, 635 lab/diagnostic findings, 629, 632 Sulbactam, 181 β-blockers for, 256 as encapsulated bacteria, 122 Subarachnoid space, 469 Sulci, in Alzheimer disease, 487 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Gram stain algorithm, 127 in cavernous sinus, 477 Sulfadiazine, 186 and, 283 IgA protease virulence factor, 123 Subcapular sinus of lymph for Toxoplasma gondii, 635 Suramin, 150 as immunodeficiency node, 198 for toxoplasmosis, 150 Surface ectoderm, 559 infection, 216 Subchondral cysts, 429 Sulfa drugs, 260 Surface F protein, 163 influenza and, 163 Subclavian artery, 564 acute pancreatitis caused by, 376 Surgery, ethical issues in, 58 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Subcutaneous nodules, in rheumatic reactions to, 258, 259 Surrogate decision-makers, 57 meningitis caused by, 173 fever, 299 Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), 186 Swan-Ganz catheters, 286 pneumonia caused by, 172 Subdural hematomas, 466 Sulfasalazine, 379 Sweat glands Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A associations, common/ for rheumatoid arthritis, 429 development of, 559 strep) important, 637 as sulfa drug, 260 innervation of, 247 rheumatic fever caused by, 299 child abuse as cause, 506 for ulcerative colitis, 362 Swimmer’s ear. See External otitis Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Subendocardial myocardial Sulfation, 244 “Swinging flashlight test”, 483 strep), 129 infarction, 295 Sulfisoxazole, 186 Sydenham chorea, 129, 299 acute poststreptococcal Sublimation (ego defense), 505 Sulfonamides, 186 Sylvian fissure, 460 glomerulonephritis, 540 Submucosa, 345 avoiding in pregnancy, 195 Sympathetic fibers, effects of stroke as β-hemolytic, 128 Peyer patches in, 356 folate deficiency caused by, 91 on, 464 common treatments for, 635 Subscapularis muscle, 417 interstitial nephritis caused by, 548 Sympathetic nervous system, 247 effect on leukocytes, 209 Substance abuse. See also Alcohol mechanism of action, 180 Sympathetic receptors, 248 erythrogenic toxin of, 126 use reactions to, 258, 259 Sympatholytics, 254 exotoxin produced by, 125 adult T-cell lymphoma caused as sulfa drug, 260 Sympathomimetics, 253 in Gram stain algorithm, 127 by, 400 Sulfonylureas, 338 Symphysis pubis, 571 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 cardiomyopathy and, 296 reactions to, 260 Syncope M protein virulence factor, 123 cluster B personality disorders as sulfa drug, 260 aortic stenosis and, 279 rash in, 176 and, 515 Sulfur granules, 133 insulinomas as cause, 336 skin disorders caused by, 440 delirium caused by, 508 Sumatriptan, 502 Syncytiotrophoblasts, 562 toxic shock syndrome caused dementia caused by, 508 for cluster headaches, 490 in pregnancy, 576 by, 128 disorientation caused by, 507 for migraine headaches, 634 Syndrome of inappropriate Streptococcus sanguinis, 129 dissociative identity disorder reactions to, 257 antidiuretic hormone Streptogramins and, 510 Superantigens, 209 secretion. See SIADH mechanism of action, 180 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 Superficial inguinal lymph node, 198 Syngeneic grafts, 217 for VRE, 190 hallucinations caused by, 509 Superficial inguinal ring, 351 Synovial joints, in rheumatoid Streptokinase, 257 methadone for, 494 Superficial spreading melanoma, 443 arthritis, 429 Streptolysin O, 125 minors’ right to treatment, 56 Superior cerebellar artery, 462 Synovitis, 432 Streptomycin, 184 pneumonia and, 172 Superior gluteal nerve, 421 Syphilis, 141 Streptozocin, 410 schizophrenia caused by, 509 Superior lobe of lungs, 601 aortic aneurysms and, 292, 635 “String sign” on barium swallow stages of overcoming addiction, 517 Superior mesenteric artery, 346 clinical presentation of, 627 test, 362 as suicide risk factor, 512 Superior mesenteric artery congenital, 141 Stroke, 467 teratogens and, 560 syndrome, 346 dementia caused by, 487 atrial fibrillation and, 284 tricuspid valve endocarditis malrotation as cause, 364 as granulomatous disease, 230 central post-stroke pain and, 298 Superior mesenteric lymph node, 198 heart disease caused by, 299 syndrome, 465 Substance P, 494 Superior olive, 456 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction effects of, 464 Substance use disorder, 517 Superior opthalmic vein, 467 and, 625 histologic features of, 467 Substantia nigra, 629 Superior orbital fissure, 475 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 hypertension and, 290 Substantia nigra pars compacta Superior rectal vein, 348 neonatal transmission of, 175 oral contraception and, 597 basal ganglia and, 458 Superior sagittal sinus, 467 as sexually transmitted in Parinaud syndrome, 474 in Parkinson disease, 459 Superior vena cava, 268, 282 infection, 177 prophylaxis for, 406, 407 Subthalamic nucleus, 458 in fetal circulation, 271 spinal cord lesions caused Stroke volume, 272, 273 lesions in, 461 Superior vena cava syndrome, 618 by, 471 equation for, 641 Succimer as lung cancer complication, 619 Syphilitic heart disease, 299 Starling curve for, 274 as antidote, 257 Pancoast tumor as cause, 617 Syringomyelia, 450 Strongyloides stercoralis, 153 for lead poisoning, 391 Supernumerary teeth, in Gardner Horner syndrome and, 483 Struvite, in kidney stones, 544, 638 Succinylcholine, 499 syndrome, 626 spinal cord lesions in, 471 Study errors, 52 Sucking reflex, 473 Superoxide dismutase 1, 471 Systematic error, 51 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 491 Sucralfate, 378 Suppression (ego defense), 505 Systemic lupus erythematosus. St. Vitus dance of rheumatic in gastrointestinal system, 377 Suprachiasmatic nucleus of See Lupus fever, 299 Sudden cardiac death, 293 hypothalamus, 454, 455 Systemic mycoses, 145 Styloglossus, 450 Suffixes for drug names, 261 circadian rhythm and, 455 Systemic sclerosis, 614

T helper T cells, 202, 209 lithium as, 522 reactions to, 259 Tabes dorsalis in HIV infection, 169 methimazole, 339 as teratogen, 195, 560 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 location of, in lymph node, 198 methotrexate as, 409 Tetralogy of Fallot, 269, 288 spinal cord lesions in, 471 major functions of, 201 phenytoin as, 496 22q11 syndromes and, 290 Tachyarrhythmia, in thyroid neoplasms of, 400 retinol as, 89 cyanosis and, 636 storm, 329 polyclonal activation with ribavirin, 195 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 Tachycardia TSST, 128 tetracyclines, 185 Tetrodotoxin, 252 alcohol withdrawal as cause, 519 positive and negative selection, 202 warfarin as, 405 TGF-β (transforming growth in female sexual response, 571 regulatory, 209 Teratomas, 593 factor β), 229 levothyroxine/triiodothyronine as regulatory T cells, 202 immature, 587 Thalamus, 456 cause, 339 in spleen, 199 Terazosin, 255, 594 central post-stroke pain syndrome tricyclic antidepressants as surface proteins, 209, 384 Terbinafine, 190, 191 and, 465 cause, 523 Teardrop cells, 389 Terbutaline, 597 development of, 448 Tachypnea, in asthma, 610 in myelofibrosis, 404 for priapism, 592 Thalassemia Tacrine, 502 Teeth Teres minor muscle, 417 anemia caused by, 390 Tacrolimus, 218 bacterial flora on, 171 Teriparatide, 445 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Tacrolimus (FK-506), 258 discolored, from tetracyclines, 259, Terminal duct, 589 target cells in, 389 Tactile hallucinations, 509 560 Terminal ileum Thalidomide, 560 Tadalafil, 598 Hutchinson’s, in congenital angiodysplasia in, 365 Theca-lutein cysts, 585 Taenia solium, 154 syphilis, 141, 175 Tertiary disease prevention, 55 Thecomas, 586 Takayasu arteritis, 302 impacted/supernumerary, in Tesamorelin, 315 Thenar eminence, 420 Tamoxifen, 412, 596 Gardner syndrome, 626 Testes Thenar muscles, 420 for breast cancer, 633 in Sjögren syndrome, 430 cryptorchidism, 592 brachial plexus lesions reactions to, 258 TEF. See Tracheoesophageal fistula descent of, 569 affecting, 419 Tamponade. See Cardiac tamponade Telangiectasias diagram of, 571 Theophylline, 621 Tamsulosin, 594, 598, 632 in basal cell carcinoma, 443 drainage of, 569 therapeutic index (TI) value, 246 Tanner stages of sexual in CREST syndrome, 436 embryonic development of, 559 Therapeutic antibodies, 220 development, 574 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome as progesterone production by, 573 Therapeutic index, 246 Tapeworms (cestodes), 154 cause, 628 reproductive hormones and, 595 Therapeutic privilege, 56 TAPVR (total anomalous pulmonary Telencephalon, 448 Testicular arteries, 346 Thiamine. See Vitamin B1 venous return), 288 Telomerase, 65 Testicular atrophy Thiazide diuretics, 532 Tarasoff decision, 57 Telophase, 72 alcohol use as cause, 519 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Tardive dyskinesia, 521 Temazepam, 497 cirrhosis as cause, 368 Thiazides, 554 as drug reaction, 259 Temporal arteritis, 302 hemochromatosis as cause, 373 electrolytes, effect on, 554 Target cells, 389 associations, common/ Klinefelter syndrome as cause, 578 gout, effect on, 430 in β-thalassemia, 391 important, 639 Testicular cancer for heart failure, 297 postsplenectomy, 199 common treatments for, 635 bleomycin for, 410 for kidney stones, 544 Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 421 polymyalgia rheumatica and, 434 drug therapy for, 411 reactions to, 259 Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase Temporal fracture, 466 Testicular feminization, 579 site of action, 552 as hairy cell leukemia test, 402 Temporalis muscle, 478, 565 Testicular lymphoma, 593 as sulfa drug, 260 Taut form of hemoglobin, 603 Temporal lobe, 460 Testicular tumors, 593 Thiazolidinediones, 338 Taxols, 411 aphasia and, 460 associations, common/ Thick ascending loop of Henle, 532, Tay-Sachs disease, 111 stroke effects, 464 important, 639 533 clinical presentation of, 624 Tendinous xanthomas, 291 gynecomastia caused by, 590 Thin descending loop of Henle, 532 Tazobactam, 181 Tendonitis Testis-determining factor, 567 Thiopental, 497, 498 TBG (thyroxine-binding as drug reaction, 259 Testosterone, 577 Thioridazine, 521 globulin), 322 fluoroquinolones as cause, 187 in cryptorchidism, 592 Thiosulfate TCA cycle, 97 Tendons, 75 secretion of, 572, 595 as antidote, 257 rate-determining enzymes, 96 Tenecteplase, 406 in sex chromosome disorders, 579 Thoracic aortic aneurysms, 272, 292 T-cell lymphomas, and celiac Teniposide, 411 in sex development disorders, 579 Thoracic artery, 422 sprue, 361 Tennis elbow, 417 SHBG, effect on, 321 Thoracic duct, 198 T-cell receptor (TCR), 209 Tenofovir signaling pathway for, 321 diaphragm and, 601 T cells, 384. See also Killer T cells Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 synthesis of, 318 Thoracic nerve lesions, 419 activation of, 203 Tenofovir (TDF), 194 Testosterone (exogenous), 597 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 419 adaptive immunity and, 200 Tenosynovitis, 432 Testosterone-secreting tumors, 579 Threonine, 104 anergy, 209 Tension headaches, 490 Tetanospasmin, 124, 131 Throat cancer bacterial toxin effect on, 209 Tension pneumothorax, 614, 615 Tetanus, 131. See also Clostridium oncogenic microbes, 237 cytokines secreted by, 207 Tensor tympani muscle, 565 tetani Thrombi cytokines stimulating Tensor veli patini muscle, 565 bacterial spores causing, 130 as atherosclerosis complication, 292 differentiation of, 202, 207 Teratogens, 560. See also Pregnancy Tetanus toxin, 210 calcification and, 226 cytotoxic, 202, 209 ACE inhibitors as, 555 Tetany, in hypoparathyroidism, 331 lines of Zahn, 632 deficiencies, infections caused aminoglycosides, 184 Tetrabenazine, 502 Thrombin, 386 by, 216 carbamazepine as, 496 Tetracaine, 499 heparin, effect on, 405 in delayed (type IV) in fetal development, 558 Tetracyclines, 185 Thromboangiitis obliterans, 302 hypersensitivity, 211 fluoroquinolones, 187 expired, reactions to, 259 Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger differentiation and maturation, 199 griseofulvin, 191, 195 mechanism of action, 180 disease), 541 disorders of, 214–215 isoretinoin as, 89 as protein synthesis inhibitors, 184 Thrombocytes, 382

Thrombocytopenia, 382 Thyroid follicular cells, 559 Tolbutamide, 338 Transcortical aphasia, 460 aplastic anemia as cause, 393 Thyroid gland, 312 Tolcapone, 500 Transduction (genetics), 126 blood transfusions for, 399 development of, 312 Tolvaptan, 333 Transesophageal cytarabine as cause, 409 parafollicular cells (C cells), 321 Tongue echocardiography, 272 as drug reaction, 258 Thyroid hormones, 322 cranial nerve lesions affecting, 476 Transference and ganciclovir as cause, 193 Thyroid peroxidase, 339 development of, 450 countertransference, 504 heparin-induced, 405 Thyroid stimulating hormone. Tonic-clonic seizures, 489 Transferrin, 205 recombinant cytokines for, 219 See TSH (thyroid common treatments for, 635 in anemia, 395 sodium channel blockers as stimulating hormone) drug therapy for, 496 oral contraceptive pills, effect cause, 308 Thyroid storm, 329 Tonic seizures, 489 on, 395 sulfa drugs as cause, 260 Thyroid tumors Tophi, in gout, 430 Transformation (genetics), 126 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome as MEN 2A as cause, 628 Topiramate Transformation zone, 570 cause, 631 MEN 2B as cause, 628 for epilepsy, 496 Transfusion reactions. See Blood Thromboembolism, 609 Thyrotoxicosis, 329 for migraine headaches, 490 transfusion reactions pulmonary hypertension caused Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 315, Topotecan, 411 Transgender individuals, 516 by, 614 321 ToRCHeS infections, 175 Transient ischemic attacks, 407, 467 Thrombogenesis, 387 Thyroxine, 334 Torsades de pointes, 283 Transitional cell carcinoma, 547 Thrombolytics, 406 Thyroxine-binding globulin, 322 as drug reaction, 257 Transition metals, free radical injury Thrombomodulin, 387 Tiagabine, 496 magnesium for, 310 from, 228 Thrombophlebitis, 377 TIBC (total iron-binding capacity) sodium channel blockers as Transjugular intrahepatic Thromboplastin, 386 in anemia of chronic disease, 393 cause, 308 portosystemic shunts Thrombopoietin, 219 in anemias, 395 sotalol as cause, 309 (TIPS), 348 signaling pathway for, 321 in iron deficiency, 390 Total anomalous pulmonary venous Transmural myocardial Thrombosis in sideroblastic anemia, 391 return (TAPVR), 288 infarction, 295 coronary arteries involved in, 636 Tibial nerve, 421, 422 Total lung capacity (TLC), 602, 611 Transorgan static pressure, 603 COX-2 inhibitors as cause, 445 Ticagrelor, 407 Total peripheral resistance, 275 Transplant rejection, 217 syndromes of, 398 Ticarcillin, 181 Tourette syndrome, 506, 520 antimetabolites for, 409 Thrombotic stroke, 407, 467 Ticks, diseases transmitted by, 142, antipsychotics for, 521 immunosuppressants for, 218 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic 143, 161 atypical antipsychotics for, 521 T cells and, 201, 211 purpura, 397 Ticlopidine, 387, 407 obsessive-compulsive disorder urine casts in, 539 Thromboxane Tics, in Tourette syndrome, 506 and, 513 Transplants, kidney, 528 production of, 444 Tidal volume (TV), 602 Toxic hepatitis, 630 Transposition (genetics), 126

Thromboxane A2 Tight junctions Toxicities, 257–259 Transposition of great vessels, 269, 288 aspirin, effect on, 445 in endothelial cells, 453 of antiarrhythmics, 308 cyanosis and, 636 in platelet plug formation, 387 in epithelial cells, 437 anticholinergic, 250 disorder associated with, 290 Thrush, 147 Timeline for study, 13–18 antidotes, 257 Transsexualism, 516 nystatin for, 191 Timolol, 256, 309, 494 of calcium channel blockers, 304 Transudate vs. exudate, 230 Thumbprint sign on X-ray, 179 Tineae, 191 of cardiac glycosides, 307 Transudative pleural effusions, 615 Thymic aplasia. See Thymic aplasia Tinel sign, 418 of hydralazine, 304 Transversalis fascia, 351 (DiGeorge syndrome) Tinnitus, 407, 445 P-450 interactions, 260 Transverse sinus, 467 Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge Meniere disease as cause, 625 Toxic megacolon, in ulcerative Transversus abdominis muscle, 351 syndrome), 88 Tiotropium, 621 colitis, 362 Transvestism, 516 hypoparathyroidism caused by, 331 clinical use, 251 Toxic multinodular goiter, 329 Tranylcypromine, 523 as immunodeficiency disease, 214 Tirofiban, 407 Toxic shock syndrome, 125 Trapezium bone, 417 paracortex development in, 198 Tissue mediators, 229 clinical presentation of, 628 Trapezoid bone, 417 Thymic cortex, 199 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Staphylococcus aureus as cause, 128 TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid Thymic hyperplasia, in myasthenia antidote to, 257 Toxic shock syndrome toxin phosphatase) gravis, 435 for ischemic stroke, 467 (TSST‑1), 125 as hairy cell leukemia test, 402 Thymidylate synthase inhibition, 409 as thrombolytic, 386 Toxins, microorganism, 124–125 Trastuzumab, 220, 413 Thymomas TMP-SMX Toxocara canis, 153 for breast cancer, 633 myasthenia gravis and, 435 as HIV prophylaxis, 190 Toxoid vaccine, 130 toxicities of, 413 Thymus, 199, 312 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 148, 634 Toxoplasma gondii, 150 Traumatic hemolysis, 388 antigens and, 205 for urinary tract infections, 635 common treatments for, 635 Travelers’ diarrhea, 172 as branchial pouch derivative, 566 TNF-α lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Trazodone, 524 development of, 559 cachexia mediated by, 234 neonatal transmission of, 175 Treacher Collins syndrome, 565 T cells in, 202 corticosteroids, effect on, 621 Toxoplasmosis “Tree bark” aorta, 299 Thyroglobulin autoantibodies, 213 granuloma formation by, 230 pyrimethamine for, 191 Trematodes (flukes), 155 Thyroglossal duct, 312 in tuberculosis, 134 Trabecula of lymph node, 198 antihelminthic therapy for, 192 Thyroid cancer, 330 TNF-α inhibitors, 446 Trabecular meshwork, 479 Tremors associations, common/ for rheumatoid arthritis, 429 Trachea, 312 alcohol withdrawal as cause, 519 important, 639 Tobacco use. See Smoking in respiratory tree, 600 cerebellar dysfunction as cause, 459 carcinogens affecting, 238 Tobramycin, 184 Tracheobronchitis drug withdrawal as cause, 518 medullary carcinoma, 237 Tocainide, 632 inhalation injury as cause, 228 essential/postural, 459 metastases to bone, 638 Tocolysis, 248 Tracheoesophageal anomalies, 342 intention, 488, 626 psammoma bodies in, 239 Tocopherol/tocotrienol. Tracheoesophageal fistula, 342, 559 lithium as cause, 522 radiation exposure and, 235 See Vitamin E Traits, personality, 514 Parkinson disease as cause, 459 tumor markers, 237 Togaviruses, 161, 163 Tramadol, 495 resting, 627

Trendelenberg sign, 421 Triquetrum bone, 417 aspergillomas in, 147 Type II hypersensitivity reactions, 201, Treponema Trismus, 131. See also Tetanus cachexia in, 234 211 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Trisomies, autosomal. See Autosomal calcification in, 226 Type III hypersensitivity Gram stain limitations, 120 trisomies; Down syndrome constrictive pericarditis caused reactions, 201, 211, 612 as spirochete, 140 Trisomy 18. See Edwards syndrome by, 636 acute poststreptococcal Treponema pallidum, 177 tRNA, 68, 70–71 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 glomerulonephritis as, 540 clinical presentation of, 626 tRNA wobble, 70 lung apex, preference for, 606 C3 deficiency and, 206 common treatments for, 635 Trochlear nerve (4th cranial macrophages in, 383 rheumatoid arthritis and, 429 syphilis caused by, 141 nerve), 475 PPD test for, 212 Type IV hypersensitivity TRH (thyrotropin-releasing cavernous sinus and, 477 silicosis and, 612 reactions, 201, 211 hormone), 315, 321 Tropheryma whipplei TNF-α and, 230 allergic contact dermatitis as, 439 Triamcinolone, 340 clinical presentation of, 628 vertebral, 624 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Triamterene, 554 PAS stain for, 120 Tuberin protein, 236 as, 612 Triazolam, 497 Whipple disease caused by, 361 Tuberous sclerosis, 83 rheumatoid arthritis and, 429 Triceps reflex, 473 Trophozoites, 149 neoplasms associated with, 235 Type I error (α), 54 Trichinella spiralis, 153, 154 Tropical sprue, 361 rhabdomyomas in, 300 Type II error (β), 54 Trichinosis, 153 Tropicamide, 251 tumor suppressor genes, 236 Type III secretion system, 123 Trichomonas, 187 Tropomyosin, 423–424 Tubular carcinoma, 589 Typhus, 143 Trichomonas vaginalis, 177 Trousseau sign, 331 Tubulointerstitial nephritis, 548 Tyramine, 255 common treatments for, 635 Trousseau syndrome Tularemia, 142 Tyrosine, 107 Trichomoniasis, 174 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 Tumor emboli, 609 in albinism, 438 as sexually transmitted pancreatic adenocarcinoma Tumor lysis syndrome, 630 in noradrenergic signaling, 249 infection, 177 and, 377 Tumor markers, 237 Tyrosine catabolism, 107 Tricuspid atresia, 269, 288 True hermaphroditism, 578 Tumor necrosis factor alpha. Tyrosine kinase, 236 Tricuspid regurgitation Truncal ataxia, 461 See TNF-α endocrine hormones and, 321 637 holosystolic murmur caused by, cerebellum and, 457 Tumors. See also specific types of insulin and, 338 murmur indicating, 278, 279 268 288 Truncus arteriosus, , cancers Tyrosinemia Tricuspid stenosis, 278 22q11 syndromes and, 290 adrenocortical, 326 Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 Tricuspid valve cyanosis and, 636 antibiotics for, 410 Tzanck test, 160 development of, 269 Trypanosoma brucei, 150 benign vs. malignant, 234 endocarditis of, 637 antimicrobials for, 191 bone, 428–429 U Tricyclic antidepressants, 523 Trypanosoma cruzi, 152 breast, 589, 590, 591, 636 Ulcerative colitis, 362 antidote to, 257 antimicrobials for, 191 carcinoid, 336 common treatments for, 635 for depression, 520 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 cardiac, 300, 636 HLA-B27 and, 637 for fibromyalgia, 434 Trypanosoma gambiense, 150 functional vs. nonfunctional, 332 labs/diagnostic findings, 630 for generalized anxiety Trypanosoma rhodesiense, 150 grade vs. stage, 233 neoplasms associated with, 235 disorder, 513 Trypanosomes metastases, common, 240 spondyloarthropathies and, 432 mechanism, 249 antigen variation of, 209 nomenclature, 234 sulfasalazine for, 379 name suffix, 261 stains used for, 120 pancreatic, 336 Ulcers, 345 reactions to, 260 Trypsin, 355 pituitary, 333 bismuth/sucralfate for, 378 serotonin syndrome and, 523 Trypsinogen, 355 testicular, 590, 593 complications of, 360 Trifluoperazine, 521 Tryptophan, 104 628 in Crohn disease, 362 Trigeminal nerve (5th cranial gastrin, effect on, 353 thyroid, 301 duodenal, 360 nerve), 475 in Hartnup disease, 531 vascular, 358 as branchial arch derivative, 565 TSC1/TSC2 genes, 236 Tumor suppressor genes, 236 esophagitis and, cavernous sinus and, 477 Tsetse fly, sleeping sickness in cell cycle regulation, 72 gastric, 360 division of, 475 transmitted by, 150 Tumor (swelling), 225 “Ulnar claw” injury, 418 lesions of, 476 TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) Tunica vaginalis, 569 Ulnar nerve, 418 mastication muscles and, 478 in hyperthyroidism, 327 Turner syndrome, 578 injury to, 417 sumatriptan, effect on, 502 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, amenorrhea caused by, 638 lesions in, 420 Trigeminal neuralgia effect on, 315 cardiac defects associated with, 290 Umbilical cord, 563 carbamazepine for, 496 secretion of, 313 chromosome associated with, 87 Umbilical veins and arteries, 271 vs. cluster headaches, 490 signaling pathway for, 321 clinical presentation of, 628 Umbilicus common treatments for, 635 t-test, 55 cystic hygromas and, 301 anastomosis in, 348 Trigeminal pathway, 456 TTP/HUS drug therapy for, 340 dermatome at, 473 Triglycerides ADP receptor inhibitors as horseshoe kidney and, 527 Uncinate process, 343 in chylothorax, 615 cause, 407 T waves, 282 Uncoupling agents, 101 drug therapy for, 306 anemia caused by, 395 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 636 Undifferentiated thyroid cancer, 330 synthesis of, 314 blood transfusions for, 399 22q11 deletion syndromes, 88 Undulant fever, 142 Triiodothyronine, 339 schistocytes in, 388 Twin concordance studies, 48 Unhappy triad, 416 Trilaminar embryonic disc, 558 T tubules, 423 Twinning, 561 Unimmunized children, Trimethoprim, 186 Tubal ligation, and ovarian Tympanic membrane rupture, 477 microorganisms effect on purine synthesis, 63 neoplasms, 586 Type 1 diabetes. See Diabetes affecting, 179 folate deficiency caused by, 392 Tuberculoid Hansen’s disease, 134 mellitus Uniparental disomy, 81 mechanism of action, 180 Tuberculosis, 133. See Type I hypersensitivity reactions, 201, Universal electron acceptors, 98 Trinucleotide repeat diseases, 80, 85. also Mycobacterium 211 Unstable angina See also Huntington disease tuberculosis mast cells in, 383 treatments for, 295 Triptans, 490 adrenal insufficiency caused by, 324 Type I/II pneumocytes, 600 Upper extremity nerves, 418–419

Upper motor neuron (UMN) enterococci as cause, 130 timeline for study, 13–18 Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma disease, 638 hypospadias and, 569 timing considerations, 26 associations, common/ Upper motor neuron (UMN) Klebsiella as cause USMLE Step 2 CK exam, 24, 26, important, 636 lesion, 478 (nosocomial), 138 27–28 diethylstilbestrol as cause, 560 Upper trunk compression, 418 organisms causing, 174 USMLE Step 2 CS exam, 24, 28–29, Vaginal tumors, 584 Urachal cysts, 563 prophylaxis for, 635 32 Vaginismus, 516 Urachus, 271, 563 Pseudomonas aeruginosa as USMLE Step 2 exam, 31 Vaginitis, 152 Urachus-median umbilical cause, 137 USMLE Step 3 exam, 25, 30–31, 32 treatment for, 633 ligament, 271 as sexual abuse signs, 506 Uterine artery, 528, 570 Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve), 354, Urea breath test, 140 Staphylococcus saprophyticus as Uterine hemorrhage, 340 475 Urea cycle, 97, 105 cause, 128 Uteropelvic junction, 526 as branchial arch derivative, 565 Ureaplasma, 122 sulfa drugs as cause, 260 Uterus diaphragm and, 601 Urease-positive organisms, 122 sulfonamides for, 186 anomalies of, 568 in gastrointestinal system, 377 Uremia Urinary urgency, medications for, 251 bicornuate, 568 lesions of, 476 acute pericarditis caused by, 299 Urine development of, 567 structures supplied by, 346 acute respiratory distress syndrome calcium in, 554 epithelial histology, 570 Valacyclovir, 193 caused by, 613 casts in, 539, 631 female sexual response cycle Valganciclovir, 193 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 cola-colored, 540 and, 571 Validity of test measurements, 51 renal failure as cause, 550 concentrations, 529 fibroid tumors, treatments for, 634 Valine, 104 Ureter, 528 erythrocyte casts in, 631 honeycombed appearance, 580 in maple syrup urine disease, 107 constriction effects, 530 leukocytes in, 632 hydatidiform moles and, 580 Valproate course of, 528 osmolality, in acute renal lymphatic drainage, 569 for bipolar disorder, 633 diagram of, 570 failure, 550 septate, 568 as teratogen, 560 injury, and hydronephrosis, 545 port wine-colored, in zygote implantation in, 576 for tonic-clonic seizures, 635 568 as retroperitoneal structure, 343 porphyria, 396 Uterus didelphys, Valproic acid 480 transitional cell carcinoma in, 547 potassium in, 554 Uveitis, for bipolar disorder, 510, 520 ankylosing spondylitis as cause, 432 Y-shaped bifid, 527 red in morning, 627 for epilepsy, 496 Crohn disease as cause, 362 Ureteric bud, 526 renal epithelial casts in, 631 pancreatitis caused by, 258 glaucoma caused by, 480 multicystic dysplastic kidney sodium chloride in, 554 reactions to, 258 sarcoidosis and, 434, 624 and, 527 Urine flow rate, 529 Valsalva maneuver, 278 ulcerative colitis as cause, 362 Urethra Urine pH and drug elimination, 244 Valsartan, 555 Uvula development of, 559 Urobilin, 357 Valvular anomalies, 269 in cleft palate, 566 diagram of, 571 Urobilinogen Valvular disease cranial nerve lesions affecting, 476 injury to, 571 in intravascular hemolysis, 393 atrial fibrillation caused by, 284 U waves, 282 in sperm pathway, 571 Urogenital sinuses, 567 Vancomycin, 183 Urethral gland, 568 male/female homologues, 568 V for Clostridium difficile, 633 Urethritis Urokinase, antidote to, 257 for enterococci, 633 Vaccines, 210 Chlamydia trachomatis as cause, 144 Uroporphyrin, 396 for meningitis, 173 acute disseminated (postinfectious) reactive arthritis as cause, 432, 628 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, 396 for MRSA, 190 encephalomyelitis and, 489 Uric acid, 64 Urticaria, 437, 439 reactions to, 257, 260 encapsulated bacteria, 122 increase in, diagnosis for, 630 as hypersensitivity disorder, 212 for Staphylococcus aureus, 635 killed, 156 in kidney stones, 544 sulfa drugs as cause, 260 for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 635 live attenuated, 156 638 USMLE Bulletin of kidney stones and, live vs. killed, 210 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci 6 Uridine monophosphate, 392 Information, 2014, subunit, 156 (VRE), 130 Urinary alkalinization, 553 USMLE Step 1 exam, 1–22 viral, 156 antimicrobials for, 190 Urinary incontinence. See Bladder clinical review books, 18 Vagal nuclei, 476 daptomycin for, 187 incontinence clinical vignette strategies, 20–21 Vagina Vanillymandelic acid, 325 Urinary retention, delirium caused computer-based test (CBT), 3–4, 8 bacterial flora, 171 Vardenafil, 598 by, 508 disability accomodations, 41–42 clue cells in, 632 for erectile dysfunction, 633 Urinary tract international medical graduates common infections, 174 male sexual response, effect on, 571 obstruction, and (IMG), 24–34 development of, 567 Variable expressivity, 80 hydronephrosis, 545 keyboard shortcuts, 4 diagram of, 570 Variant angina, 293 obstruction, causes of, 638 NBPME, 39 embryonic development of, 559 Varicella zoster virus (VZV), 158, 159. transitional cell carcinoma in, 547 osteopathic medical students, 34– epithelial histology, 570 See also Herpesviruses Urinary tract infections 38 female sexual response cycle acute disseminated (postinfectious) SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 339 podiatric medical students, 39–41 and, 571 encephalomyelitis and, 489 Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 174, practice tests, 5, 17 lymphatic drainage, 569 acyclovir for, 193 547 prohibited items, 4, 16 Vaginal atrophy as immunodeficiency ADPKD as cause, 551 question format, 8–9 hormone replacement therapy infection, 216 antimicrobials for, 186 registration and scheduling, 5–7 for, 596 meningitis caused by, 173 associations, common/ retesting, 20 in menopause, 576 rash in, 176 important, 640 scores, 8–10 Vaginal bleeding Reye syndrome and, 369 benign prostatic hyperplasia as study materials, 14, 17–19 cervical cancer as cause, 584 vaccine for, 156 cause, 594 testing agencies, 21 hydatidiform moles as cause, 580 vesicles caused by, 437 diagnostic markers, 174 testing locations, 7 progestins for, 596 Varices, 348 duplex collecting system as test-taking strategies, 18–19 Vaginal candidiasis, 191 Varicoceles, 569, 572, 592 cause, 527 time allotted, 3, 7, 19 SGLT-2 inhibitors as cause, 339 in renal cell carcinoma, 545

Vasa previa, 583 Ventral posterolateral nucleus of Vigabatrin, 496 Vitamin B1, 89 Vascular component of thalamus, 456 Villi, in celiac sprue, 361 deficiency, dementia caused inflammation, 225 Ventral posteromedial nucleus of Vimentin, 74 by, 487 Vascular endothelial growth factor thalamus, 456 Vinblastine, 411 deficiency in, amnesia caused (VEGF), 229 Ventral shaft of penis Vinca alkaloids and taxols, 408–409 by, 507 Vascular function curves, 275 female analogue to, 568 Vincristine, 411 Korsakoff syndrome and, 507 Vascular tumors, 301 hypospadias and, 569 effect on microtubules, 74 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Vasculitides, 302–303 Ventral tegmentum, 453 microtubules and, 74 and, 461, 519

Vasculitis Ventricles toxicities of, 413 Vitamin B2, 89 intraparenchymal hemorrhage in cardiac cycle, 276 Vinyl chloride Vitamin B3, 90 and, 466 morphogenesis of, 269 angiosarcomas caused by, 370 deficiency, dementia caused lab/diagnostic findings, 628 smooth parts, 268 as carcinogen, 238 by, 487 necrotizing, 631 trabeculated left and right, 268 Violin string adhesions to liver, 178 deficiency, in pellagra, 625 Vas deferens Ventricular action potential, 308 VIPomas, 353 reactions to, 257, 258, 259

diagram of, 571 Ventricular aneurysms, 295 multiple endocrine neoplasia as Vitamin B5, 90 in sperm pathway, 571 Ventricular fibrillation cause, 337 Vitamin B6, 90 ureter and, 528 ECG tracing, 284 octreotide for, 379 deficiency in, sideroblastic anemia Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 353 Ventricular free wall rupture in Viral encephalitis, 640 caused by, 391 Vasoconstriction, and MI, 295 Viral envelopes, 157 for sideroblastic anemia, 391

autoregulation, 287 Ventricular preexcitation syndrome. Viral hepatitis, 630 Vitamin B7, 91 Vasodilators See Wolff-Parkinson-White Viral immunodeficiency as carrier molecule, 98

for coronary steal syndrome, 293 syndrome infections, 216 Vitamin B9. See Folate fenoldopam as, 304 Ventricular septal defect, 269, 289, Viral protein synthesis, 208 Vitamin B12, 92 nitroglycerin as, 305 636 Virchow node, 360 absorption of, 356 Vasogenic edema, 453 cyanosis and, 636 clinical presentation of, 625 deficiency, common treatments Vasopressin. See also Antidiuretic Down syndrome and, 290 Virchow triad, 637 for, 632 hormone (ADH) Eisenmenger syndrome and, 638 deep venous thrombosis and, 608 deficiency in, 392 antagonists, 552 holosystolic murmur caused by, 637 Viridans streptococci, 129 deficiency in, dementia caused blood-brain barrier and, 453 murmur indicating, 278, 279 as α-hemolytic, 128 by, 487, 508 for diabetes insipidus, 333, 340 in Tetralogy of Fallot, 288 in bacterial endocarditis, 298 HLA-DR5 and, 201 in nephron physiology, 532 Ventricular system, 468 brain abscesses caused by, 173 intrinsic factor and, 354 production of, 454 Ventricular tachycardia in Gram stain algorithm, 127 spinal cord lesions caused by receptors for, 248 antiarrhthmic drugs for, 308 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 deficiency, 471

in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone potassium channel blockers as normal flora, 171 Vitamin B3 system, 534 for, 309 Virilization, in congenital adrenal as lipid-lowering agent, 306

secretion of, 313 Ventromedial area of hyperplasia, 318 Vitamin B12 signaling pathway for, 321 hypothalamus, 454 Viruses. See also specific viruses deficiency in, 154 Vasopressin receptor antagonists, 634 Verapamil, 304, 310 diarrhea-causing, 172 Vitamin C, 93 Vasoproliferative retinopathy, 480 reactions to, 259 DNA, 157, 158 Vitamin D, 93 V(D)J recombination, 204 Verbal/cognitive development, 59 DNA genomes, 157 for breastfed infants, 576 VDRL test, 141 Verrucae, 439 envelopes, 157 deficiency in, rickets caused false positives, 141 Vertebral artery, 462 genetics, 156 by, 425 Veins Vertebral crush fractures, 425 naked genome infectivity, 157 kidney functions, 535 azygos, 601 Vertebral disc herniation, 469 negative-stranded, 162 for osteomalacia/rickets, 634 pulmonary, 600 Vertigo, 490 oncogenic, 237 for osteoporosis, 425, 634 umbilical, 271, 563 Meniere disease as cause, 625 pneumonia caused by, 172 signaling pathway for, 321

Velocardiofacial syndrome, 88 Vesamicol, 249 replication, 157 Vitamin D3, 319 Vemurafenib, 413 Vesicles, 437 RNA, 157, 161 Vitamin E, 93 for melanomas, 443 Vesicourachal diverticulum, 563 RNA genomes, 157 Vitamin K, 94 Venlafaxine, 523 Vesicoureteral reflex, 527 segmented, 162 as antidote, 257 for generalized anxiety Vesicular trafficking proteins, 73 structure of, 156 coagulation and, 386 disorder, 520 Vestibular bulbs, 568 Viscosity, cardiac, 274 deficiency in, 397 for panic disorder, 512, 520 Vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial Vision loss. See also Blindness for warfarin toxicity, 405, 406, 635 Venous return, 275 nerve), 475 cataracts as cause, 480 Vitamin/mineral absorption, 356 Venous system, embryonic, 268 aminoglycoside toxicity to, 560 in central retinal artery Vitamins. See also specific vitamins Venous thromboembolism schwannomas in, 492 occlusion, 482 fat-soluble, 88 warfarin as prophylaxis for, 405 VHL gene, 83 in glaucoma, 480 water-soluble, 88 Venous thrombosis von Hippel-Lindau disease retinal detachment as cause, 481 Vitelline duct, 563 paroxysmal nocturnal and, 491 visual field defects and, 486 Vitelline fistula, 563 hemoglobinuria as Vibrio, 119 Visual cortex, 460 Vitiligo, 438 cause, 394 Type III secretion system and, 123 stroke effects, 464 Vitreous body, as collagen, 75 Virchow triad and, 637 Vibrio cholerae, 139 Visual field defects, 486 Volume of distribution of drugs, 243, Ventilation, 602 diarrhea caused by, 172 Visual hallucinations, 509 640 exercise, response to, 607 exotoxin produced by, 124 Vital capacity (VC), 602 Volumetric flow rate, 274 at high altitude, 607 in Gram stain algorithm, 135 Vitamin A, 89 Volvulus, 364, 365 Ventral lateral nucleus of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 171 pseudotumor cerebri caused by, 468 malrotation as cause, 364 thalamus, 456 Vibrio vulnificus, 171 as teratogen, 560 Meckel diverticulum as cause, 364

von Gierke disease, 110 Waterhouse-Friderichsen Williams syndrome, 87 Xeropthalmia, in Sjögren clinical presentation of, 626 syndrome, 324 chromosome associated with, 87 syndrome, 430 gout and, 430 clinical presentation of, 624 supravalvular aortic stenosis Xerosis cutis, 89 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 491, 83 Neisseria meningitidis as cause, 136 and, 290 Xerostomia, in Sjögren syndrome, 430 clinical presentation of, 627 Watershed areas Wilms tumor, 546 Xiphoid process hemangioblastomas and, 492 in cerebral cortex, 462 chromosome associated with, 87 dermatome at, 473 pheochromocytoma and, 326 ischemia susceptibility, 224 dactinomycin for, 410 X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 214 renal cell carcinoma and, 545 Water-soluble vitamins, 88 horseshoe kidney and, 527 X-linked inheritance, 82 tumor suppressor gene, 236 Watery diarrhea, 172 polycythemia and, 404 X-linked recessive disorders, 84 von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Wavy fibers, in myocardial tumor suppressor genes, 236 X-rays chromosome associated with, 87 infarction, 294 Wilson disease, 84 teratogenicity of, 560 von Recklinghausen disease. Waxy casts, 539, 632 dementia caused by, 487 Y See Neurofibromatosis WBCs. See Leukocytes Fanconi syndrome caused by, 533 von Willebrand disease, 398, 637 Webbed neck, 578 Kayser-Fleischer rings in, 625 Yeast infections. See Candida albicans diagnosis of, 387 Turner syndrome as cause, 628 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 Yeasts, 147–148 von Willebrand factor (vWF) Weber test, 477 renal tubular acidosis caused Yellow fever, 161, 162 receptor for, 382 Wegener granulomatosis by, 539 anatomical site of, 349 in von Willebrand disease, 398 autoantibodies associated with, 213 serum markers for, 368 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 Voriconazole, 191 common treatments for, 633 Winged scapula, 419 vaccine for, 156 V/Q mismatch, 606 as granulomatous disease, 230 Winter formula, 538, 641 Yersinia Vulva labs/diagnostic findings, 628, 631 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 215, 84 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 135 lymphatic drainage, 569 rapidly progressive Withdrawal symptoms from in Gram stain algorithm, reactive arthritis and, 432 Paget disease in, 590 glomerulonephritis and, 541 psychoactive drugs, 518–519 Type III secretion system and, 123 Vulvovaginitis, from Candida as restrictive lung disease, 611 Wnt-7 gene, 558 Yersinia enterocolitica, 139 albicans, 147 Weight. See Obesity Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 322, 328 diarrhea caused by, 172 VZV. See Varicella zoster virus Weight changes Wolffian duct. See Mesonephric duct Yersinia pestis, 142 (VZV) adrenal insufficiency as cause, 324 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 283 as facultative intracellular bug, 122 Weil disease, 140 potassium channel blockers Yolk sac tumors, 587, 593 W Wenckebach atrioventricular for, 309 lab/diagnostic findings, 630 WAGR complex, 546 block, 284 Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, 629 “Waiter’s tip” palsy. See Erb- Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, 472 “Worst headache of my life”, 465, 466, Z Duchenne palsy spinal cord lesions in, 471 490, 628 Zafirlukast, 621 Waiving consent, 56 Wermer syndrome, 337 Wound healing, 229 Zaleplon, 497 460 417 Waldenström Wernicke aphasia, Wrist bones, Zanamivir, 193 macroglobulinemia, 401 Wernicke area, 460 Wrist drop Zenker diverticulum, 364, 637 labs/diagnostic findings, 631 stroke effects, 464 Churg-Strauss syndrome as Zero-order drug elimination, 244 “Walking” pneumonia, 616 Wernicke encephalopathy, 519, 635 cause, 303 Zidovudine (ZDV), 194 Walking pneumonia, 144 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 461, lead poisoning as cause, 391 nonmegaloblastic macrocytic Wallenberg syndrome, 464 89 radial nerve injury as cause, 418 anemia caused by, 392 Wallerian cell degeneration, 451 Western blot, 78 Writer’s cramp, 459 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 120 Warfarin, 405 for HIV diagnosis, 168 Written advance directives, 57 Zileuton, 621 for anticoagulation, 634 for muscular dystrophy, 85 WT2 gene, 546 Zinc, 94 antidotes to, 257, 405 Western equine encephalitis, 161 WTI gene, 236 Ziprasidone, 521 for atrial fibrillation, 284 West Nile virus, 161 Wuchereria bancrofti, 153, 154 Z line, in muscle contraction, 423 coagulation, effect on, 386 meningitis caused by, 173 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336, 639 common treatments for Wet beriberi, 89 X gastrin in, 353 toxicity, 635 cardiomyopathy and, 296 Xanthelasma, 291 proton pump inhibitors for, 378 for deep venous thrombosis, 608 clinical presentation of, 625 Xanthine oxidase, 446 Zolpidem, 497 vs. heparin, 406 Wheals, 437 Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 430 Zonular fibers, 479 Protein C or S deficiency and, 398 Whipple disease, 361 Xanthochromia, 632 Zoonotic bacteria, 142 as teratogen, 560 clinical presentation of, 628 Xanthochromic spinal tap, 466 examples of, 119 therapeutic index value, 246 PAS stain for, 120 Xanthomas, 291 Zoster. See Herpes zoster (HZV); toxicity, blood transfusions for, 399 Whipple procedure, 377 Xenografts, 217 See Varicella zoster virus Warm agglutinin, 395 Whipple triad, 336 Xeroderma pigmentosum (VZV) Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, 164 White blood cells. See Leukocytes DNA defect in, 67 Z-score, 54 Warthin tumors, 357 Whooping cough, 124 neoplasms associated with, 235 Zymogens, 355