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Step Usmle® 1 2015 USMLE Review THE 25th EDITION OF THE WORLD’S MOST FOR ® POPULAR MEDICAL REVIEW BOOK! THE FIRST AID FIRST FIRST AID Trust 25 years of experience for the most effective USMLE Step 1 preparation possible ® • 1,250+ must-know topics provide a complete • Extensive faculty review process with Due to Printer: framework for your USMLE preparation nationally known USMLE instructors THIRD PASS 10/31/14 • Test-taking advice with focus on • 1,000+ color photos and diagrams help high-efficiency studying you visualize high-yield concepts THE FOR Sponsoring • Major revisions in all subject areas based • Expanded guide to high-yield study Catherine Johnson USMLE Editor on feedback from thousands of students resources, including mobile apps ® USMLE STEP • Free real-time updates and corrections at www.firstaidteam.com INSIDER ADVICE Marketing Jennifer Orlando FOR STUDENTS FROM STUDENTS STEP FOR THE ULTIMATE STEP 1 FOR A COMPLETE 1 Copy REVIEW PACKAGE, REVIEW OF THE Editor John Gerard BE SURE TO BASIC SCIENCES, ALSO GET: TURN TO: 1 2015 th Editorial 25 Peter Boyle EDITION 25th ANNIVERSARY EDITION Supervisor LE j c More than 1,250 frequently tested topics and mnemonics b BHUSHAN Art Director Anthony Landi Index c Hundreds of significant high-yield updates b c 250+ new photographs and diagrams b 978-0-07-174397-6 978-0-07-174402-7 978-0-07-174395-2 978-0-07-174388-4 j SO c c Updated student ratings of review resources and apps b HAT ISBN 978-0-07-184006-4 MHID 0-07-184006-0 9 0 0 0 0 Visit: FirstAidfortheBoards.com and FirstAidTeam.com 9 7 8 0 0 7 1 8 4 0 0 6 4 “USMLE” is a registered trademark of the National Board of Medical Examiners. The NBME is not affiliated with McGraw-Hill Education. is a registered trademark of the National Board of Medical Examiners. “USMLE” TAO LE j VIKAS BHUSHAN j MATTHEw SOcHAT A Acebutolol, 305 Acidosis, 538. See also Lactic acidosis; Actinobacillus AA amyloidosis, 231 ACE inhibitors, 555 Metabolic acidosis; bacterial endocarditis and, 298 Abacavir, 194 for acute coronary syndromes, 295 Respiratory acidosis Actinomyces A band in muscle contraction, 423 for cardiomyopathy, 296 cardiac contractility and, 273 as anaerobe, 121 Abciximab, 220, 387, 407 contraindicated with hereditary potassium levels and, 536 in bacterial taxonomy, 119 Abdominal aorta, 346 angioedema, 206 primary adrenal insufficiency as in Gram stain algorithm, 127 aneurysms of, 292 filtration fraction, effect on, 530 cause, 324 vs. Nocardia, 133 382 atherosclerosis in, 639 for heart failure, 297 Acid phosphatase, in neutrophils, Actinomyces israelii Acid reflux Abdominal colic, 391 for hypertension, 304 lab/diagnostic findings, 629 gastroesophageal reflux disease Abducens nerve (6th cranial for migraine headaches, 490 pigment production, 122 (GERD), 358–359 nerve), 475 reactions to, 260 Actinomycin D. See Dactinomycin sclerodermal esophageal cavernous sinus and, 477 as teratogens, 560 RNA polymerases and, 68 dysmotility as cause, 358 internuclear ophthalmoplegia Acetaminophen, 444 Actins, 74 Acid suppression therapy, 378 and, 486 antidote to, 257 Action potential Acinetobacter Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 420 N-acetylcysteine as antidote for, 620 pacemaker, 281 as nosocomial infection, 178 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 420 overdose, free radical injury caused ventricular, 308 Acinetobacter baumanii Abetalipoproteinemia, 388 by, 228 Activated carriers, 98 multidrug-resistant, treating, 190 α-blockers for tension headaches, 490 Activation of T cells and B cells, 203 ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) for cocaine dependency, 518 Acetazolamide, 553 Active immunity, 210 injury, 624 Abnormal passive abduction of for glaucoma, 494 Acute chest syndrome, in sickle cell Acne knee, 416 metabolic acidosis caused by, 538 anemia, 394 danazol as cause, 597 site of action, 552 Acute closure glaucoma, 480 Abortion in double Y males, 578 409 Acetone in breath, 335 Acute coronary syndrome methotrexate for, prednisone as cause, 412 Acetylcholine, 453 ADP receptor inhibitors for, 407 mifepristone for inducing, 597, 634 tetracyclines for, 185 in Alzheimer disease, 507 heparin for, 405 parental consent laws, 58 Acoustic neuromas, 451 gastric acid, effect on, 354 treatments for, 295 spontaneous. See Miscarriages Acoustic schwannomas, 83 in gastric parietal cell, 355 Acute cystitis, 539 Vitamin A overdose as cause, 560 Acquired hydroceles, 593 in Huntington disease, 502, 507 Acute disseminated (postinfectious) warfarin as cause, 560 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 94 opioid effects on, 494 encephalomyelitis, 489 Abruptio placentae, 548, 582 Acrolentiginous melanoma, 443 507 Acute gastric ulcers, 635 Absence seizures, 489 in Parkinson disease, Acromegaly, 333 359 common treatment, 632 synthesis and signaling of, 249 GH as cause, 317 Acute gastritis, drug therapy for, 496 Acetylcholinesterase, 249 octreotide for, 379 Acute gastroenteritis, 541 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), 50 in cholinesterase toxicity, 250 somatostatin and, 353 Acute glomerulonephritis Abuse. See Child abuse; Sexual abuse drugs resistant to, 250 somatostatin for, 315, 340 intrinsic renal failure caused Acalculia, 461 in neural tube defects, 449 Acromion, 417 by, 550 Acamprosate Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 502 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic Streptococcus pyogenes as for alcoholism, 519 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 96 hormone), 318 cause, 129 Acamprosate for alcohol abuse, 632 Achalasia, 357 circadian rhythm and, 455 lab/diagnostic findings, 631 Acanthocytes, 388 esophageal cancer and, 359 cortisol secretion and, 319 Acute hemolytic transfusion Acanthocytosis nitric oxide in, 353 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, reactions, 212 Vitamin E deficiency as cause, 93 Achilles reflex, 473 effect on, 315 Acute inflammation, 225 Acantholysis, 438 Achilles tendon xanthomas, 291, 624 secondary adrenal insufficiency Acute inflammatory demyelinating Acanthosis, 438, 439 Achlorhydria and, 324 polyradiculopathy, 488 Acanthosis nigricans chronic gastritis and, 359 secretion of, 313 Acute intermittent porphyria, 396 neoplasms associated with, 235 stomach cancer and, 360 signaling pathway for, 321 Acute laryngotracheobronchitis, 164 in stomach cancer, 360 VIPoma as cause, 353 Actin, 423–424 Acute lung disease, with respiratory Acarbose, 339 Achondroplasia, 425 Actin filaments in epithelial cells, 437 acidosis, 538 Accessory nerve (11th cranial Acid-base physiology, 538 Acting out (ego defense), 504 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 402, nerve), 475, 476 Acidemia, 554 Actinic keratosis, 443 638 Accuracy vs. precision, 51 Acid-fast organisms, 120 associations, common/ associations, common/ ACE (angiotensin-converting Acidic amino acids, 104 important, 635 important, 638 enzyme), 434 Acidophilic hormones, 313 neoplasms associated with, 235 Philadelphia chromosome and, 638 Copyright (c) First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2015 edition 688 INDEX Acute mania, 521 in osteitis fibrosa cystica, 427 Afferent lymphatics, 198 cardiomyopathy and, 296 Acute mastitis, 590 pituitary, 332, 637 Aflatoxins, 238 cataracts caused by, 480 Acute mesenteric ischemia, 365, 627 pleomorphic, 357 Aspergillus production of, 147 chronic pancreatitis caused by, 376 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 402 Adenoma sebaceum, 491 African sleeping sickness, 150 cirrhosis and, 368 associations, common/ Adenomyomas, 588 Afterload, 273 common treatments for, 632 important, 638 Adenomyosis, 588 Agammaglobulinemia, X-linked, 214 currant jelly sputum and, 627 chromosomal translocation in, 403 Adenopathy, in Whipple disease, 628 Agarose gel electrophoresis, 77 delirium tremens (DTs), 519 Philadelphia chromosome and, 638 Adenosine Agenesis, 559 disorientation caused by, 507 Acute pancreatitis, 376 as antiarrhythmic drug, 310 Age-related systemic amyloidosis, 231 esophageal cancer and, 359 acute respiratory distress syndrome as autoregulation factor, 287 Agnosia, in dementia, 508 esophageal varices caused by, 358 (ARDS) caused by, 613 theophylline, effect on, 621 Agoraphobia, 513 fetal alcohol syndrome caused associations, common/ Adenosine deaminase, 402 Agranulocystosis, 258 by, 561 important, 638 Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 64 sulfa drugs as cause, 260 folate deficiency caused by, 392 DIC caused by, 398 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Agranulocytosis gallstones and, 375 gallstones as cause, 375 in muscle contraction, 423 carbamazepine as cause, 496 gout and, 430 serum markers for, 368 in platelet plug formation, 387 clozapine as cause, 521 gynecomastia caused by, 590 Acute pericarditis, 299 Adenosine diphosphate receptor propylthiouracil/methimazole as hallucinations caused by, 509 Acute-phase proteins, 207 inhibitors, 407 cause, 339 hepatitis serologic markers in, 167 Acute-phase reactants, 205 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Agraphia, 461 hypertension and, 290 Acute poststreptococcal as carrier molecule, 98 AHIA. See autoimmune hemolytic intoxication and withdrawal glomerulonephritis, 540 production of, 98 anemia symptoms, 518 Acute promyelocytic leukemia, 632 in pyruvate kinase deficiency, 394 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency ketone body production in, 112 Acute pulmonary edema, 494 Adenovirus syndrome) Korsakoff amnesia caused by, 507 Acute pyelonephritis, 548 acute cystitis caused by, 547 bacillary angiomatosis in, 301 Korsakoff syndrome caused lab/diagnostic findings, 632 characteristics of, 157 brain lesions in, 631 by, 507 172 renal papillary necrosis and, 549 diarrhea caused by, cachexia in, 234 lobar pneumonia in, 138 157 urine casts in, 539 as naked virus, diagnosis of, 168 Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 358 structure and importance, 158 Acute renal failure, 550 facial nerve
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