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The Fearful State of England: the Amalgamation of Fin-De-Siècle Anxieties and Anarchist Outrages in the Public Deconstruction of the Liberal State, 1892-1911

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The Fearful State of England: the Amalgamation of Fin-De-Siècle Anxieties and Anarchist Outrages in the Public Deconstruction of the Liberal State, 1892-1911 University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2013 The Fearful State Of England: The Amalgamation Of Fin-De-Siècle Anxieties And Anarchist Outrages In The Public Deconstruction Of The Liberal State, 1892-1911 David R. Speicher University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Speicher, David R., "The Fearful State Of England: The Amalgamation Of Fin-De-Siècle Anxieties And Anarchist Outrages In The Public Deconstruction Of The Liberal State, 1892-1911" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 644. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/644 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FEARFUL STATE OF ENGLAND: THE AMALGAMATION OF FIN-DE-SIÈCLE ANXIETIES AND ANARCHIST OUTRAGES IN THE PUBLIC DECONSTRUCTION OF THE LIBERAL STATE, 1892-1911 A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History The University of Mississippi By DAVID R. SPEICHER May 2013 Copyright David R. Speicher 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes a series of Anarchist crimes, occurring in England from 1892- 1911, and concentrates on the public dialogue that emerged in the popular press as a result of these crimes. British newspapers and periodicals published extensively on the crimes, and the crimes became a way for the British public to discuss wide-ranging topics, such as liberalism, labor, immigration, poverty and national degeneration. Many Britons believed that these crimes had revealed an Anarchist danger hidden within England, and, as a result, many Englanders perceived Britain’s social and political customs to be outdated and unsafe. These crimes occurred at a time when popular mass media both informed and reflected British public opinion; thus, the primary sources used in this work were British newspapers, serials, journal articles and novels, as well as Government documents and parliamentary debates. This dissertation argues that the public debates stemming from these Anarchist crimes altered the self-conception of Britain’s political culture. Anarchists became equated with violence, and any affiliation between Anarchism and politics was lost. Instead, Anarchists were seen as diseased and abnormal individuals who bombed and assassinated because of their depraved natures rather than political gain. Widespread fear of Anarchists dominated British political, social and economic debates, and Britain’s numerous pre-existing fears at the turn of the century became embodied by Anarchism. Immigration became the importation of Anarchists into England; the plight the urban poor became the creation of Anarchists, and the State’s inability to control Anarchists became proof that the British nation was crumbling. The political debates generated by the fear of Anarchism led to a reconceptualization of the British State and ii its relationship to the individual and the social body. For many Britons, the role of Government fundamentally changed due to the public’s dialogue on Anarchism in Edwardian England. While Edwardian England is generally considered a divisive period of decay and destruction, this dissertation will contend that Edwardian England was also a time of unity and solidarity as the English public united against the common enemy of Anarchism and laid the foundation for England’s postwar, interventionist State. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Michelle Speicher, who suffered through the many years of graduate school with me, who supported me at every step and in every imaginable way, and who dragged me out of the abyss that had become my research and writing to finally make this dissertation a reality. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ideas for this dissertation began with a random search through early twentieth- century newspapers to find an interesting topic for a seminar paper. To her great credit, my advisor, Susan Grayzel gave me the freedom and support to pursue whatever seemed important to me. The origins of this project and much of its development come from the many cups of coffee she bought me, the time she always afforded me, and the research money she always seemed to find for me. Equally important in the formation of this dissertation is my chair and committee member, Joseph Ward, who encouraged and inspired my early graduate school days and who has tirelessly supported me both intellectually and personally. Both Sue and Joe have made me feel very lucky to have stumbled into graduate school at the University of Mississippi, and their talents and leadership are worthy of any institution. My principle debt throughout my doctoral work goes to my wife, Michelle Speicher, who through great sacrifice now knows almost as much as I do about Anarchists and England at the turn of the century. Her ideas and influence fill every page of this work, and it would never have been completed without her help. I owe intellectual credit to many for the ideas in this dissertation. My committee members, Marc Lerner and Anne Quinney, have given me an incredible amount of patience and support and have provided substantial feedback whenever I asked. My professors and fellow graduate students at The University of Mississippi, especially Joshua Howard, Theresa Levitt, Jeffrey Watt, Noel Howell Wilson, Nick Brown and Marjon Ames have all contributed to the ideas in this work. Eugenio Biagini, Scott McCracken and all of the members of the first “Civilisation and Barbarism” conference at the University of Manchester in 2008 gave me v tremendous insight into the period and its anxieties. I would like to particularly thank Tom Crook, Rebecca Gill and Bertrand Taithe for their support and for including some of my work on the Sydney Street Outrage into their edited volume for Palgrave Press UK. The many members of the Institute for Historical Research in London from 2007-2008 provided valuable feedback and criticism, and particularly conversations with Lyman Tower Sargeant made me rethink many of my assumptions about Anarchists and radicals. I would also like to thank the very helpful staff at the Bishopsgate Institute Library in London, who always took great interest in my work and always brought me essential materials that I never knew to ask for. I am also grateful to the staff of The National Archives (UK), the British Library, the British Library Newspaper Archives, the University of Manchester Library, the Kate Sharpley Library, the Freedom Press Bookshop and the University of Mississippi library and its interlibrary loan staff, who made my research possible. Lastly, my parents and in-laws, Dave and Bonnie Speicher and Gary and Martha Visner, graciously listened to my ideas, read my rough drafts, and always tried to convince me that I was doing well no matter how much I struggled. This dissertation is financially indebted to the University of Mississippi History Department and Graduate School and to my family who have paid for me to sit in a room and think for longer than I would like to admit. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………………iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………..…………………………………….v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS…………………..……………………………………………….viii I. INTRODUCTION………………...………………..…………...……………………………....1 II. THE APOLITICAL ANARCHIST: THE WALSALL OUTRAGE, 1892…………………...41 III. THE ANARCHIST DISEASE: THE GREENWICH OUTRAGE, 1894……………….......90 IV. ANARCHISM – THE LEXICON OF THE AGE: THE GAP YEARS, 1895-1908, & THE TOTTENHAM OUTRAGE, 1909……………………………………………………………...140 V. A NEW NATION UNDER ANARCHISM: THE HOUNDSDITCH AFFAIR & THE SIEGE OF SYDNEY STREET, 1910-1911……………………………………………………………208 VI. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………..259 LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….268 VITA…………………………………………………………………………………………....281 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Anarchist Protest Leaflet Supporting the Walsall Outrage Suspects……….………....70 Figure 2. Typical Images of Anarchists During the Walsall Outrage – Example 1……………..80 Figure 3. Typical Images of Anarchists During the Walsall Outrage – Example 2……………..81 Figure 4. Bourdin Discovered Outside the Greenwich Observatory………...…………………..97 Figure 5. Bourdin’s Funeral Attacked by an Angry Mob………………………………………104 Figure 6. Ignorant Working-Classes Become Anarchist ‘Dupes’……………………………...132 Figure 7. British Police Officer Destroyed by an Anarchist Bomb………………………….....136 viii I. INTRODUCTION “The ignorant mass looks upon the man who makes a violent protest against our social and economic iniquities as upon a wild beast, a cruel, heartless monster, whose joy it is to destroy life and bathe in blood; or at best, as upon an irresponsible lunatic.” Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, 1910. In early January 1911, a British citizen, a self-proclaimed “ordinary man,” tried to make sense of a heavily publicized spectacle of Anarchist violence that had recently occurred in the East End of London. In the Daily Mail, he wrote, “The war is over. We have…concentrated the resources of the nation on the emergency…We mobilized our Secretary of State, several commissioners and assistant-commissioners, regiments of police (horse and foot), hordes of detectives, the peace establishment of a Guards battalion, a powerful
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