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رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ Rostaniha 15(2): 110-121 (2014) (1393 ) 110 - 121 :( 2)15 More records of xylariaceous fungi from North of Iran Received: 19.05.2014 / Accepted: 12.10.2014 Saeed Raei: MSc Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Seyed Akbar Khodaparast : Associate Prof., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran ([email protected]) Mehrdad Abbasi: Research Associate Prof., Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Tehran 1985813111, Iran Abstract This study was carried out to contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity of xylariaceous fungi from North of Iran. Plant materials with fruiting bodies of xylariaceous fungi were collected and examined. Eight species viz . Annulohypoxylon nitens , Biscogniauxia anceps , B. capnodes var. rumpens , B. mediterranea , B. plana , Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum , Jumillera cinerea , and Nemania illita were identified. All these except B. mediterranea are new to the Iranian mycobiota. A dichotomous identification key for all the xylariaceous fungi examined by the authors from North of Iran is presented. Keywords: Ascomycetes, biodiversity, wood inhabiting fungi, Xylariales ﮔﺰارش ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي Xylariaceae در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 00/00/ 1393 / ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 00/00/ 1393 ﺳﻌﻴﺪ راﻋﻲ: داﻧﺸﺠﻮ ي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻴ ﻼن ، رﺷﺖ ﺳﻴﺪ اﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﺪاﭘﺮﺳﺖ: داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻴ ﻼن ، رﺷﺖ ([email protected]) ﻣﻬﺮداد ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ: داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﭘ ﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت رﺳﺘﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺻﻨﺪوق ﭘﺴﺘﻲ 19395 - 1454 ، ﺗﻬﺮان 1985813111 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داﻧﺶ از ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ي Xylariaceae در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . -
Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. -
Phylogenetic Assignment of the Fungicolous Hypoxylon Invadens (Ascomycota, Xylariales) and Investigation of Its Secondary Metabolites
microorganisms Article Phylogenetic Assignment of the Fungicolous Hypoxylon invadens (Ascomycota, Xylariales) and Investigation of its Secondary Metabolites Kevin Becker 1,2 , Christopher Lambert 1,2,3 , Jörg Wieschhaus 1 and Marc Stadler 1,2,* 1 Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] (K.B.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (J.W.) 2 German Centre for Infection Research Association (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 3 Department for Molecular Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI) Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-531-6181-4240; Fax: +49-531-6181-9499 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: The ascomycete Hypoxylon invadens was described in 2014 as a fungicolous species growing on a member of its own genus, H. fragiforme, which is considered a rare lifestyle in the Hypoxylaceae. This renders H. invadens an interesting target in our efforts to find new bioactive secondary metabolites from members of the Xylariales. So far, only volatile organic compounds have been reported from H. invadens, but no investigation of non-volatile compounds had been conducted. Furthermore, a phylogenetic assignment following recent trends in fungal taxonomy via a multiple sequence alignment seemed practical. A culture of H. invadens was thus subjected to submerged cultivation to investigate the produced secondary metabolites, followed by isolation via preparative chromatography and subsequent structure elucidation by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). -
A Survey of Trunk Disease Pathogens Within Citrus Trees in Iran
plants Article A Survey of Trunk Disease Pathogens within Citrus Trees in Iran Nahid Espargham 1, Hamid Mohammadi 1,* and David Gramaje 2,* 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616914111, Iran; [email protected] 2 Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.M.); [email protected] (D.G.); Tel.: +98-34-3132-2682 (H.M.); +34-94-1899-4980 (D.G.) Received: 4 May 2020; Accepted: 12 June 2020; Published: 16 June 2020 Abstract: Citrus trees with cankers and dieback symptoms were observed in Bushehr (Bushehr province, Iran). Isolations were made from diseased cankers and branches. Recovered fungal isolates were identified using cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as comparisons of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1α, β-tubulin, and actin gene regions. Dothiorella viticola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neoscytalidium hyalinum, Phaeoacremonium (P.) parasiticum, P. italicum, P. iranianum, P. rubrigenum, P. minimum, P. croatiense, P. fraxinopensylvanicum, Phaeoacremonium sp., Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Biscogniauxia (B.) mediterranea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. boninense, Peyronellaea (Pa.) pinodella, Stilbocrea (S.) walteri, and several isolates of Phoma, Pestalotiopsis, and Fusarium species were obtained from diseased trees. The pathogenicity tests were conducted by artificial inoculation of excised shoots of healthy acid lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia) under controlled conditions. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most virulent and caused the longest lesions within 40 days of inoculation. According to literature reviews, this is the first report of L. -
Studies in the Genus Phylacia (Xylariaceae)
Studies in the Genus Phylacia (Xylariaceae) Katia F. Rodrigues and Gary J. Samuels Rodrigues, Katia F. and Gary J. Samuels (The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, U.S.A.). Studies in the genus Phylacia (Xylariaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49: 290-297. 1989. Phylacia bomba var. macrospora is described as new. Phylacia globosa, P. poculiformis, and P. bomba var. bomba are redescribed. Geniculosporium anamorphs developed in cultures derived from single ascospore isolations of Phylacia globosa and P. bomba var. macrospora. Geniculosporium conidiophores developed on young sexual stro- mata of P. poculiformis in nature. These anamorphs indicate that the genus Phylacia is a member of the Xylariaceae. Asci of P. bomba var. macrospora and P. poculiformis are described, as are asci, croziers, and ascogenous hyphae of P. poculiformis. Uma nova variedade e descrita, Phylacia bomba var. macrospora. Phylacia globosa, P. poculiformis e P. bomba var. bomba sao redescritas. Anamorfos pertencentes ao genero Geniculosporium desenvolveram-se em culturas derivadas de isolamentos de ascosporos singulares de P. globosa e P. bomba var. macrospora. Conidioforos de Geniculosporium foram encontrados na natureza, crescendo em estroma sexual juvem de P. poculiformis. Estes anamorfos indicant que o genero Phylacia pertence a Xylariaceae. Key Words: Xylariaceae, Phylacia, Geniculosporium, taxonomy Introduction and carbonaceous ascomata are common to un related ascomycetes. The asci of Phylacia, which Phylacia Lev. is a genus of unusual and highly apparently have been rarely seen [e.g., Ellis & distinctive tropical ascomycetes. Ascomata in the Everhart, 1892, for Phylacia sagraeana (Mont.) genus are black and carbonaceous. Asci are glo Mont. (pi. 38, fig. -
Resurrection and Emendation of the Hypoxylaceae, Recognised from a Multigene Phylogeny of the Xylariales
Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-017-1311-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Resurrection and emendation of the Hypoxylaceae, recognised from a multigene phylogeny of the Xylariales Lucile Wendt1,2 & Esteban Benjamin Sir3 & Eric Kuhnert1,2 & Simone Heitkämper1,2 & Christopher Lambert1,2 & Adriana I. Hladki3 & Andrea I. Romero4,5 & J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard6 & Prasert Srikitikulchai6 & Derek Peršoh7 & Marc Stadler1,2 Received: 21 February 2017 /Revised: 12 April 2017 /Accepted: 19 April 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract A multigene phylogeny was constructed, including polymerase II (RPB2), and beta-tubulin (TUB2). Specimens a significant number of representative species of the main were selected based on more than a decade of intensive mor- lineages in the Xylariaceae and four DNA loci the internal phological and chemotaxonomic work, and cautious taxon transcribed spacer region (ITS), the large subunit (LSU) of sampling was performed to cover the major lineages of the the nuclear rDNA, the second largest subunit of the RNA Xylariaceae; however, with emphasis on hypoxyloid species. The comprehensive phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear-cut This article is part of the “Special Issue on ascomycete systematics in segregation of the Xylariaceae into several major clades, honor of Richard P. Korf who died in August 2016”. which was well in accordance with previously established morphological and chemotaxonomic concepts. One of these The present paper is dedicated to Prof. Jack D. Rogers, on the occasion of his fortcoming 80th birthday. clades contained Annulohypoxylon, Hypoxylon, Daldinia,and other related genera that have stromatal pigments and a Section Editor: Teresa Iturriaga and Marc Stadler nodulisporium-like anamorph. -
The Phylogenetic Position of Rhopalostroma As Inferred from a Polythetic Approach
Persoonia 25, 2010: 11–21 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158510X524231 The phylogenetic position of Rhopalostroma as inferred from a polythetic approach M. Stadler1, J. Fournier2, S. Gardt3, D. Peršoh3 Key words Abstract The xylariaceous genus Rhopalostroma comprises a small conglomerate of stromatic, angiosperm- associated pyrenomycetes, which have so far exclusively been reported from the palaeotropics, above all from Ascomycota tropical Africa and South Asia. Morphological and chemotaxonomic studies had suggested their close relationship chemosystematics to the genera Daldinia and Hypoxylon. However, those results were mainly based on herbarium specimens, and extrolites no molecular phylogenetic data were available on Rhopalostroma. During a foray in Côte d’Ivoire, fresh material of fungi R. angolense was collected, cultured and studied by microscopic methods and by secondary metabolite profiling Rhopalostroma using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. In ad- Xylariales dition, ITS nrDNA sequences of the cultures were generated and compared to those of representative Xylariaceae taxa, to evaluate the phylogenetic affinities of this fungus. The results showed that R. angolense is closely related to the daldinoid Xylariaceae, and in particular to the predominantly neotropical genera Phylacia and Thamnomyces. Article info Received: 22 March 2010; Accepted: 29 June 2010; Published: 27 July 2010. INTRODUCTION molecular phylogenetic data (Bitzer et al. 2008, Stadler et al. 2010b). Ruwenzoria, a recently described tropical xylariaceous The genus Rhopalostroma was erected by Hawksworth (1977) genus (Stadler et al. 2010a), also features early deliquescent to accommodate a series of palaeotropical pyrenomycetes that asci that are devoid of an amyloid apical apparatus. -
Marine Terpenoids from Polar Latitudes and Their Potential Applications in Biotechnology
marine drugs Review Marine Terpenoids from Polar Latitudes and Their Potential Applications in Biotechnology Laura Núñez-Pons 1, Andrew Shilling 2, Cinzia Verde 3,4, Bill J. Baker 2,* and Daniela Giordano 3,4,* 1 Department of Integrated Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; [email protected] 3 Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.J.B.); [email protected] (D.G.) Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 25 July 2020; Published: 29 July 2020 Abstract: Polar marine biota have adapted to thrive under one of the ocean’s most inhospitable scenarios, where extremes of temperature, light photoperiod and ice disturbance, along with ecological interactions, have selected species with a unique suite of secondary metabolites. Organisms of Arctic and Antarctic oceans are prolific sources of natural products, exhibiting wide structural diversity and remarkable bioactivities for human applications. Chemical skeletons belonging to terpene families are the most commonly found compounds, whereas cytotoxic antimicrobial properties, the capacity to prevent infections, are the most widely reported activities from these environments. This review firstly summarizes the regulations on access and benefit sharing requirements for research in polar environments. Then it provides an overview of the natural product arsenal from Antarctic and Arctic marine organisms that displays promising uses for fighting human disease. -
The Phylogenetic Position of <I>Rhopalostroma</I>
Persoonia 25, 2010: 11–21 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158510X524231 The phylogenetic position of Rhopalostroma as inferred from a polythetic approach M. Stadler1, J. Fournier2, S. Gardt3, D. Peršoh3 Key words Abstract The xylariaceous genus Rhopalostroma comprises a small conglomerate of stromatic, angiosperm- associated pyrenomycetes, which have so far exclusively been reported from the palaeotropics, above all from Ascomycota tropical Africa and South Asia. Morphological and chemotaxonomic studies had suggested their close relationship chemosystematics to the genera Daldinia and Hypoxylon. However, those results were mainly based on herbarium specimens, and extrolites no molecular phylogenetic data were available on Rhopalostroma. During a foray in Côte d’Ivoire, fresh material of fungi R. angolense was collected, cultured and studied by microscopic methods and by secondary metabolite profiling Rhopalostroma using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. In ad- Xylariales dition, ITS nrDNA sequences of the cultures were generated and compared to those of representative Xylariaceae taxa, to evaluate the phylogenetic affinities of this fungus. The results showed that R. angolense is closely related to the daldinoid Xylariaceae, and in particular to the predominantly neotropical genera Phylacia and Thamnomyces. Article info Received: 22 March 2010; Accepted: 29 June 2010; Published: 27 July 2010. INTRODUCTION molecular phylogenetic data (Bitzer et al. 2008, Stadler et al. 2010b). Ruwenzoria, a recently described tropical xylariaceous The genus Rhopalostroma was erected by Hawksworth (1977) genus (Stadler et al. 2010a), also features early deliquescent to accommodate a series of palaeotropical pyrenomycetes that asci that are devoid of an amyloid apical apparatus. -
ASCOMYCOTA, XYLARIACEAE) EN LA REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA Darwiniana, Vol
Darwiniana ISSN: 0011-6793 [email protected] Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Argentina Hladki, Adriana I.; Romero, Andrea I. NOVEDADES PARA LOS GÉNEROS ANNULOHYPOXYLON E HYPOXYLON (ASCOMYCOTA, XYLARIACEAE) EN LA REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA Darwiniana, vol. 47, núm. 2, 2009, pp. 278-288 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Buenos Aires, Argentina Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=66914272005 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto DARWINIANA 47(2): 278-288. 2009 ISSN 0011-6793 NOVEDADES PARA LOS GÉNEROS ANNULOHYPOXYLON E HYPOXYLON (ASCOMYCOTA, XYLARIACEAE) EN LA REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA Adriana I. Hladki1 & Andrea I. Romero2 1Laboratorio de Micología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina; [email protected], [email protected] (autor corresponsal). 2PHHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4o. Piso, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Abstract. Hladki, A. I. & A. I. Romero. 2009. Novelties for the genera Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon (Ascomy- cota, Xylariaceae) from Argentina. Darwiniana 47(2): 278-288. Two new varieties, Annulohypoxylon moriforme var. macrosporum and Hypoxylon investiens var. magnisporum are proposed; Annulohypoxylon nitens, Hypoxylon crocopeplum, H. subrutilum and H. rubiginosum var. microsporum are described as new records from Argentina. A dichotomous key to hypoxyloid taxa so far known from Argentina is presented. -
The Genus Biscogniauxia (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies)
The genus Biscogniauxia (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) Jacques FOURNIER Abstract: This survey deals with the Biscogniauxia taxa collected in the French West Indies in the course of Christian LECHAT an ongoing inventorial work on the mycobiota of these islands initiated in 2003. Based on the evaluation Régis COURTECUISSE and comparison of their morphological characters, fourteen taxa are described, illustrated and discussed, including four new taxa, viz.: B. breviappendiculata, B. martinicensis, B. nigropapillata and B. sinuosa var. ma- crospora and a collection of uncertain taxonomic position tentatively regarded as related to B. uniapiculata. Ascomycete.org, 9 (3) : 67-99. The nine known taxa that we recorded include B. capnodes, B. capnodes var. limoniispora, B. capnodes var. Avril 2017 theissenii, B. citriformis, B. citriformis var. macrospora, B. grenadensis, B. philippinensis, B. uniapiculata and B. vis- Mise en ligne le 30/04/2017 cosicentra. Only three of the taxa that we report here were already known from the Caribbean, viz.: B. grena- densis, B. uniapiculata and B. cf. uniapiculata, and all are new to the French West Indies, except the latter which was collected in Guadeloupe. A dichotomous identification key and a synoptical table of ascospores are presented as well. Keywords: Ascomycota, Hypoxyloideae, pyrenomycetes, saproxylic fungi, taxonomy, tropical mycology, Xy- lariales. Résumé : cette étude porte sur les taxons de Biscogniauxia récoltés lors de missions d’inventaire de la fonge des Antilles françaises commencées en 2003. En se fondant sur l’évaluation et la comparaison de leurs ca- ractères morphologiques, quatorze taxons sont décrits, illustrés et commentés, comprenant les quatre taxons nouveaux B. -
Manaus, BRAZIL Macrofungi of the Adolpho Ducke Botanical Garden
Manaus, BRAZIL Macrofungi of the Adolpho Ducke Botanical Garden 1 Douglas de Moraes Couceiro, Kely da Silva Cruz, Maria Aparecida da Silva & Maria Aparecida de Jesus Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Manaus - AM Photos by Douglas de Moraes Couceiro, Kely da Silva Cruz, Maria Aparecida da Silva, and Maria Aparecida de Jesus, except where indicated. Produced by: Douglas de Moraes Couceiro with support from the Laboratory of Wood Pathology. Abbreviations: Ascomycota (A), Basidiomycota (B), Pileus (P), Hymenophore (H) © Douglas Couceiro [[email protected]] [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [929] version 1 9/2017 1 Auricularia delicata 2 Camillea leprieurii 3 Camillea leprieurii 4 Caripia montagnei Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae (B) Xylariales, Xylariaceae (A) Xylariales, Xylariaceae (A) Agaricales, Omphalotaceae (B) 5 Clavaria zollingeri 6 Cookeina tricholoma 7 Crepidotus cf. variabilis 8 Dacryopinax spathularia Agaricales, Clavariaceae (B) Pezizales, Sarcoscyphaceae (A) Agaricales, Inocybaceae (B) Dacrymycetales, Dacrymycetaceae (B) 9 Daldinia concentrica 10 Favolus tenuiculus 11 Favolus tenuiculus 12 Flabellophora obovata Xylariales, Xylariaceae (A) Polyporales, Polyporaceae (B, P) Polyporales, Polyporaceae (B, H) Polyporales, Polyporaceae (B) 13 Flavodon flavus 14 Fomes fasciatus 15 Fomes fasciatus 16 Ganoderma applanatum Polyporales, Meruliaceae (B, H) Polyporales, Polyporaceae (B, P) Polyporales, Polyporaceae (B, H) Polyporales, Ganodermataceae (B, P) 17 Ganoderma applanatum 18 Geastrum