رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ Rostaniha 15(2): 110-121 (2014) (1393 ) 110 - 121 :( 2)15 More records of xylariaceous fungi from North of Iran Received: 19.05.2014 / Accepted: 12.10.2014 Saeed Raei: MSc Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Seyed Akbar Khodaparast : Associate Prof., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran ([email protected]) Mehrdad Abbasi: Research Associate Prof., Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Tehran 1985813111, Iran Abstract This study was carried out to contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity of xylariaceous fungi from North of Iran. Plant materials with fruiting bodies of xylariaceous fungi were collected and examined. Eight species viz . Annulohypoxylon nitens , Biscogniauxia anceps , B. capnodes var. rumpens , B. mediterranea , B. plana , Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum , Jumillera cinerea , and Nemania illita were identified. All these except B. mediterranea are new to the Iranian mycobiota. A dichotomous identification key for all the xylariaceous fungi examined by the authors from North of Iran is presented. Keywords: Ascomycetes, biodiversity, wood inhabiting fungi, Xylariales ﮔﺰارش ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي Xylariaceae در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 00/00/ 1393 / ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 00/00/ 1393 ﺳﻌﻴﺪ راﻋﻲ: داﻧﺸﺠﻮ ي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻴ ﻼن ، رﺷﺖ ﺳﻴﺪ اﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﺪاﭘﺮﺳﺖ: داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻴ ﻼن ، رﺷﺖ ([email protected]) ﻣﻬﺮداد ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ: داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﭘ ﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت رﺳﺘﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺻﻨﺪوق ﭘﺴﺘﻲ 19395 - 1454 ، ﺗﻬﺮان 1985813111 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داﻧﺶ از ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ي Xylariaceae در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﻲ داراي ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎرده ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎ ي Xylariaceae ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳ ﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮرﺳ ﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ B. capnodes var. rumpens ،Biscogniauxia anceps ،Annulohypoxylon nitens، Jumillera cinerea ،Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum ،B. plana ،B. mediterranea و Nemania illita ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ از B. mediterranea ﺑﺮا ي ﻓﻠﻮر ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮه Xylariaceae در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ، اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: آﺳﻜﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ، ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﺰي، Xylariales S. Raei et al. / More records of xylariaceous fungi …/ Rostaniha 15(2), 2014 111 / 111 Introduction Materials and Methods Xylariaceae is the type and largest family of the Specimens were collected from the western parts Xylariales with more than 75 genera and a total of 800 or of Guilan and Mazandaran provinces (N Iran) in July to more species (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007). Members of September, 2011–12. Parts of the branches, barks and the Xylariales generally produce well-developed trunks of infested trees with Hypoxylon and its allied stromata, with thick-walled perithecial ascomata either genera were collected. Specimens were initially immersed in the stroma or superficial and papillate examined by stereo-microscope for stromata appearance ostioles. Asci are cylindrical with an amyloid apical ring; and development on the plant material. Several cross ascospores are mainly with germ-slits or pores. The sections from stromata were made using a razor blade anamorph is characterized by producing conidia under a stereo-microscope to observe granules holoblastically from a sympodially, or occasionally immediately beneath surface and between perithecia. The percurrently, proliferating conidiogenous region isolates were purified by single spore method on 2% (Whalley 1996, Rogers 2000). Xylariaceous species are water agar. Isolates were cultured on Oatmeal Agar (OA, typically saprobes, but are also commonly isolated as Difco) and Malt extract Agar (MA) and incubated at 20° endophytes and some species are pathogens (Rogers C under 12 h fluorescent light. The morphological 1979, Whalley 1996). Some members of the Xylariales characteristics of fungi grown on OA were studied using are very important pathogens, causing large economic light microscope. losses. For example, Biscogniauxia mediterranea canker For microscopic studies, fungal structures were of the cork oak ( Quercus suber L.) and Turkish oak examined using a BH2 Olympus microscope equipped (Quercus cerris L.) is a serious problem in the with a Sony digital camera (DSC-HX1). All Mediterranean area (Jurc & Ogris 2006). Another measurements were taken in water and are based on at species, Rosellinia necatrix is the causative agent of root least 25–30 measurements. To study KOH extractable rot on a broad range of commercial crops such as apple, pigments, ascospores germ-slit and dehiscence and asci grape vine, pear, plum, poplar and walnut (Whalley apical ring, Ju & Rogers (1996) procedures was 1996). followed. Identification of the taxa is mainly based on Ju A few studies on the xylariaceous taxa have been & Rogers (1996), Rogers et al. (1997), Ju et al . (1998), conducted in Iran. Daneshpazhuh (1980) has reported Ju & Rogers (2002), Ju et al . (2004), Vasilyeva et al . seven species of Hypoxylon from Iran. Ershad (2009) has (2007) and Pereira et al. (2010). All collected specimens listed 16 species of Hypoxylon from Iran. Mirabolfathy are preserved at the Fungal Collection of the Department et al. (2011) reported Biscogniauxia mediterranea from of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, northern Iran. The present study follows our previous University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. paper (Raei et al . 2012), in which eight xylariaceous fungi including H. fragiforme (Pers.) J. Kickx f., Results and Discussion H. howeanum Peck, H. perforatum (Schwein.) Fr., Eight species viz . Annulohypoxylon nitens , H. rubiginosum (Pers.) Fr., A. annulatum (Schwein.) Biscogniauxia anceps , B. capnodes var. rumpens , Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh, A. minutellum (Syd. B. mediterranea , B. plana , Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum , & P. Syd.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh, Jumillera cinerea , and Nemania illita were identified. All A. moriforme (Henn.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. these except B. mediterranea are new to the Iranian Hsieh and A. moriforme var. microdiscus (Y.M. Ju & mycobiota. Description and illustration of all species and J.D. Rogers) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh were a dichotomous identification key for all the xylariaceous reported from North of Iran. fungi examined in this study and species already reported by the authors from North of Iran is presented. 112 / 112 S. Raei et al. / More records of xylariaceous fungi …/ Rostaniha 15(2), 2014 Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum J.H. Mill., in Chardón & ellipsoidal, 12.3–16 × 5.5–7 µm, with narrowly rounded Toro, Monograph Univ. Puerto Rico, Series B 2: 200 ends and straight to slightly sigmoid germ-slit extending (1934) to the tips of the ascospores; perispore dehiscent in 10% Stromata glomerate to pulvinate, with KOH; epispore smooth (Fig. 1). inconspicuous perithecial mounds, 1–4 mm long, 1–3 Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum shares some mm wide and 0.6–1 mm thick; surface fawn or hazel; characters with H. notatum Berk. & M.A. Curtis and yellowish brown granules immediately beneath surface H. shearii Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers; however, in the latter and between perithecia, with yellow or amber KOH- species the ascus apical ring is highly reduced and not extractable pigments. Perithecia nearly spherical, bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent (Ju & Rogers 1996). 0.25–0.33 mm diam. and 0.33–0.44 mm high. Ostioles Specimen examined: Iran: Guilan province, Masuleh lower than the stromatal surface (umbilicate). Asci forest, on dead branches of Mespilus germanica L., cylindrical, 8-spored, 117–156 × 7–7.5 µm, with discoid 14 Jul. 2011; Rasht, Sarawan forest, on dead branches of apical ring bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent (amyloid). Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey., 9 Apr. 2012. Both Ascospores dark brown, one-celled, inequilaterally collected by S. Raei. ` Fig. 1. Hypoxylon flavoargillaceum : A. Stromata on wood (Bar = 5 mm), B. Umbilicate ostioles (Bar = 500 µm), C. Ascospores with slightly sigmoid germ-slit spore-length and a dehiscent perispore in 10% KOH (Bar = 10 µm), D. Pigments in 10% KOH. S. Raei et al. / More records of xylariaceous fungi …/ Rostaniha 15(2), 2014 113 / 113 Annulohypoxylon nitens (Ces.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & brown, one-celled, inequilaterally ellipsoidal, 7–9 × H.M. Hsieh, Mycologia 97(4): 861 (2005) 3–3.5 µm, with narrowly to broadly rounded ends and Stromata effused-pulvinate, with conspicuous straight germ-slit spore-length; perispore dehiscent in perithecial mounds, 1–9 cm long, 1–2 cm wide and 1–8 10% KOH; epispore smooth (Fig. 2). mm thick; surface dark brown vinaceous when young, Specimen examined: Iran: Guilan province, Rasht, then becoming blackish, with brown tone; blackish Sarawan forest, on dead branches of Quercus granules immediately beneath surface, with KOH- castaneifolia C.A. Mey., 9 Apr. 2012, coll. S. Raei. extractable pigments greenish olivaceous. Perithecia The specimen examined here had the same spherical to obovoid, 0.33–0.55 mm diam. and 0.5–0.7 characters of A. nitens except the perithecial mounds that mm high. Ostioles conical-papillate, encircled with a disc were absent or inconspicuous (vs. the conspicuous and 0.25–0.33 mm diam. Asci not seen. Ascospores pale 1/4–1/2 exposed perithecial mounds of A. nitens ). Fig. 2. Annulohypoxylon nitens : A. Stromata on wood (Bar = 1 cm), B. Perithecia with ostiolar discs (Bar = 500 µm), C. Ascospores (Bar = 10 µm), D. Pigments in 10% KOH. Biscogniauxia anceps (Sacc.) J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & discoid apical ring. Ascospores unequally two-celled, the Cand., Mycol. Res. 100(6): 669 (1996) larger cell sometimes dark brown to almost black and the Stromata applanate, discoid to effuse, 0.5–10 cm smaller cell hyaline to sub-hyaline but most commonly long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide and 0.5–0.6 mm thick; without both cells remaining hyaline, smooth, equi- or KOH-extractable pigments.