Identificação E Caracterização De Bactérias Do Ácido Láctico Isoladas De Um Produto Cárneo Fermentado Tradicional E Do Ambiente Fabril

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Identificação E Caracterização De Bactérias Do Ácido Láctico Isoladas De Um Produto Cárneo Fermentado Tradicional E Do Ambiente Fabril UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária IDENTIFICAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BACTÉRIAS DO ÁCIDO LÁCTICO ISOLADAS DE UM PRODUTO CÁRNEO FERMENTADO TRADICIONAL E DO AMBIENTE FABRIL SÍLVIA MARIA LOURENÇO GONÇALVES CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADOR Doutor António Salvador Ferreira Henriques Barreto Doutora Maria João dos Ramos Doutor Luís Avelino Silva Coutinho Patarata Fraqueza Doutora Maria João dos Ramos Fraqueza 2009 LISBOA UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária IDENTIFICAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BACTÉRIAS DO ÁCIDO LÁCTICO ISOLADAS DE UM PRODUTO CÁRNEO FERMENTADO TRADICIONAL E DO AMBIENTE FABRIL SÍLVIA MARIA LOURENÇO GONÇALVES DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO EM SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI ORIENTADOR Doutor António Salvador Ferreira Henriques Barreto Doutora Maria João dos Ramos Doutor Luís Avelino Silva Coutinho Patarata Fraqueza Doutora Maria João dos Ramos Fraqueza 2009 LISBOA DEDICATÓRIA A todos os que sempre confiaram no meu empenho e me apoiam incondicionalmente. ii AGRADECIMENTOS À Prof. Dra. Mª João Fraqueza, pela ajuda e orientação deste trabalho, À equipa técnica do Laboratório de Tecnologia da FMV- UTL, Lisboa, pela presença incansável nos momentos em que precisei de ajuda, À equipa técnica do LAM- IAP SAS, Košice, Eslováquia, pelo empenho na transferência de conhecimentos, Às equipas técnicas dos Núcleos de Nutrição e de Bioquímica da FMV- UTL, Lisboa, pela disponibilidade demonstrada, À minha família e ao Ricardo, pelo apoio incondicional e fortalecedor, A todos os que de forma directa ou indirecta contribuíram para que este trabalho se tornasse uma realidade. iii IDENTIFICAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BACTÉRIAS DO ÁCIDO LÁCTICO ISOLADAS DE UM PRODUTO CÁRNEO FERMENTADO TRADICIONAL E DO AMBIENTE FABRIL RESUMO: Trinta e seis estirpes das espécies L. plantarum, L. curvatus e L. sakei isoladas de um produto cárneo fermentado tradicional (chouriço) e do ambiente fabril de duas unidades portuguesas de produção, previamente identificadas por testes bioquímicos, foram identificadas genotipicamente através das metodologias PCR e PCR Fingerprinting. Todas as estirpes foram caracterizadas relativamente à sensibilidade a nove antibióticos, tendo-se verificado uma elevada percentagem de estirpes resistentes para a maioria dos antibióticos testados. As estirpes de Lactobacillus não demonstraram capacidades lipolítica e proteolítica. Sendo as Bactérias do Ácido Láctico (BAL) conhecidas pela produção de substâncias inibitórias, as estirpes identificadas foram estudadas nas suas capacidades de inibição de um agente indicador sensível (E. avium EA5), de microrganismos coabitantes (E. coli e S. xylosus) e patogénicos (L. monocytogenes e S. aureus). Diversas estirpes demonstraram capacidade inibitória destes agentes, e duas delas, L. plantarum PO5-15 e PO5-51, mantiveram esse comportamento após centrifugação, liofilização e ajuste do pH a 7,0, considerando-se a possibilidade de produção de substâncias bacteriocinogénicas ou de bacteriocinas. Estas estirpes demonstraram capacidade de sobrevivência em meio com pH 3 e com Oxgall (1%), características favoráveis quando usadas como agentes probióticos, resistindo à passagem no estômago e intestino. O crescimento apresentado por algumas estirpes a várias temperaturas (10ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC e 44,5ºC), permite a sua possível aplicação em processos tecnológicos com temperaturas variáveis. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Bactérias do Ácido Láctico, Lactobacillus, produtos cárneos fermentados, probióticos, substâncias com actividade bacteriocinogénica iv IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM A FERMENTED TRADITIONAL MEAT PRODUCT AND WORKSHOP ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACT: Thirty six strains of L. plantarum, L. curvatus and L. sakei isolated from a traditional fermented meat product (chouriço) and workshop environment of two Portuguese production units, previously identified by biochemical tests, were genotypically identified using PCR and PCR Fingerprinting techniques. All strains were submitted to Antibiotic Sensibility Tests by disk diffusion method, using nine different antimicrobial substances. It was verified that a high percentage of strains were resistant to the antibiotic effects. All strains have not demonstrated lipolitic or proteolitic abilities. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are known by the production of inhibitory substances. The identified strains were evaluated for their ability to inhibit a sensitive indicator agent (E. avium EA5), cohabitant microorganisms (E. coli and S. xylosus) and pathogens (L. monocytogenes and S. aureus). Several strains have shown inhibitory capabilities to some of these agents. Two of them, L. plantarum PO5-15 and PO5-51, kept that skill even after centrifugation, liofilization and pH adjustment to 7,0, fact that enhances the possibility of production of bacteriocin-like substances or bacteriocins. These strains survived under pH 3,0 and Oxgall (1%) conditions, that reveals favorable characteristics for use as probiotic agents , with increased capability to pass through the stomach and intestine. Growth demonstrated by some strains when submitted to different temperature conditions (10ºC, 25ºC, 30ºC and 44,5ºC), allows their application in technological processes with different temperatures. KEYWORDS: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus, fermented meat products, probiotics, bacteriocin-like substances v ÍNDICE 1. Introdução ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Revisão Bibliográfica ................................................................................................... 2 2.1. O papel das bactérias do ácido láctico (BAL) nos alimentos: sua caracterização ........ 2 2.1.1. Importância e caracterização de Lactobacilli ......................................................... 5 2.1.1.1. Características morfológicas .......................................................................... 6 2.1.1.2. Taxonomia ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1.3. Características genéticas ............................................................................... 7 2.2. Aplicações tecnológicas das bactérias do ácido láctico ............................................... 9 2.2.1. Actividade lipolítica e actividade proteolítica ................................................... 14 2.3. Actividade antimicrobiana das bactérias do ácido láctico........................................... 15 2.4. Utilização de bacteriocinas em alimentos .................................................................. 16 2.4.1. Ecologia das bacteriocinas ............................................................................. 18 2.4.2. Classificação das bacteriocinas ...................................................................... 19 2.4.3. Utilização das bacteriocinas ou bactérias do ácido láctico com actividade bacteriocinogénica como conservantes em alimentos .............................................. 19 2.5. Aplicações terapêuticas das bactérias do ácido láctico ............................................. 21 2.6. Resistência das bactérias do ácido láctico aos antibióticos ....................................... 23 2.7. Resistência das bactérias do ácido láctico às condições adversas do meio .............. 25 2.7.1. Resistência a pH baixo ................................................................................... 25 2.7.2. Resistência aos sais biliares ........................................................................... 26 2.7.3. Resistência a enzimas .................................................................................... 26 2.7.4. Resistência a diferentes temperaturas ............................................................ 26 3. Materiais e Métodos ....................................................................................................... 27 3.1. Identificação genotípica de bactérias do ácido láctico isoladas de produtos cárneos fermentados ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.1. Origem das estirpes em estudo ...................................................................... 27 3.1.1.1.Colheita das amostras e identificação das espécies .......................... 27 3.1.1.2.Cultura, isolamento e identificação fenotípica .................................... 28 3.1.2. Isolados de Lactobacilli ................................................................................... 30 3.1.2.1. Estirpes em estudo: conservação e cultivo para revivificação .......... 30 3.1.3. Identificação genética das espécies de Lactobacillus spp. por PCR ............... 30 3.1.3.1. Extracção de DNA ............................................................................ 30 3.1.3.2. Estirpes de referência: conservação e cultivo .............................................. 30 3.1.3.3. Metodologia PCR para identificação das espécies ...................................... 31 3.1.3.3.1. Lactobacillus plantarum ................................................................. 31 3.1.3.3.2. Lactobacillus curvatus ................................................................... 31 3.1.3.3.3. Lactobacillus sakei ........................................................................ 32 3.1.3.4. Metodologia PCR Fingerprinting............................................................... 32 3.2. Caracterização fenotípica das estirpes
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