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Oat Protein: Health Benefits and Product Applications OAT PROTEIN: HEALTH BENEFITS AND PRODUCT APPLICATIONS Innovating to Meet Nutrition, Health, and Wellness Needs Every Day To learn more about Tate & Lyle ingredients and innovations, please visit www.foodnutritionknowledge.info and www.tateandlyle.com. MAKING FOOD EXTRAORDINARY PROTEIN INTAKE RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEEDS Protein as a macronutrient has increased in developing Protein is required to meet countries, the consumption of protein in these countries remains nutritional needs and to support 5 health and well-being.1 This inadequate. Additionally, the macronutrient is needed to meet protein consumed is generally low human nitrogen requirements and quality, lacking some of the amino acids required for proper growth provide indispensable amino acids 5 (also known as essential amino and development. acids). Amino acids are classified Not every protein source provides as those that cannot be synthesised all of the amino acids needed for by the body (indispensable or growth and development, and not essential) and those that the body all protein is equally bioavailable can synthesise (dispensable or from food sources; however, nonessential).2 However, some are bioavailability can change with • Dietary protein plays essential also conditionally indispensable, food processing.6-8 roles in the body, both structurally becoming essential under specific (muscle and bone) and functionally pathological or physiological Protein quality 2 (biochemical processes, conditions. Protein is an important Protein digestibility, a component structural and functional neurotransmission, circulation). of protein quality, determines the component of organs, muscles, amount of ingested amino acids 2, 3 • The branched-chain amino acids biological fluids, and hormones. that are available to the body (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and Tate & Lyle’s PrOatein® Oat Protein, after digestion and absorption.7 valine stimulate and support like the oat grain it comes from, Ileal digestibility is the current muscle protein synthesis (MPS), contains significant amounts of recommended method for a process that is important for dietary indispensable BCAAs. determination of dietary amino PrOatein® Oat Protein is a natural* acid digestion (further described maintaining muscle structure protein concentrate ingredient on the next page), and high levels and function, and are critical from oats, which can help meet the of digestibility are characteristic for muscle growth and repair fast-growing consumer demand for animal proteins and certain at all ages. for products containing oats and purified and concentrated protein-enriched foods. vegetable proteins.4, 7 • Meta-analyses and clinical studies indicate some favourable The Food and Agriculture Global protein intakes Organization (FAO) of the United effects of higher protein versus The 2007 World Health Organization Nations Expert Consultation on lower protein diets on health (WHO) Technical Report estimates Protein Quality Evaluation, in outcomes including adiposity that the average protein conjunction with the WHO, reviewed and cardiovascular risk factors. requirement for adult maintenance protein quality assessment and is 105 mg nitrogen per kg body the amino acid scoring.9 The 1991 • It is recognised that dietary weight per day, or 0.66 g protein Consultation Report concluded that proteins may induce satiety in per kg body weight per day.4 In the Protein Digestibility-Corrected humans and thus may help to countries with lower average Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) maintain body weight. income, 3% of total dietary energy method, which adjusts amino acid ® is from animal protein sources; content of the protein source by • PrOatein Oat Protein contains 11% is from roots and tubers; 6% faecal digestibility correction, was significant amounts of is from pulses, nuts, and oilseeds; the most suitable evaluation of indispensable BCAAs and can and the remainder is primarily protein quality for humans.2, 9-11 serve as a vegan-friendly protein from cereal-based staple foods.5 This method compares the source for a wide-variety of food Although the production of livestock indispensable amino acid content applications and nutritional supplements. * Labeling and/or claims may vary by country. Prospective purchasers are advised to conduct their own tests, studies, and regulatory review to determine the fitness of Tate & Lyle products for their particular purposes, product claims, or specifications. 2 | OAT PROTEIN © 2017 Tate & Lyle • www.tateandlyle.com • www.foodnutritionknowledge.info PrOatein® Oat Protein is a natural protein concentrate ingredient from oats, which can help meet the fast-growing consumer demand for products containing oats and protein-enriched foods. of the protein source to a reference PrOatein® Oat Protein meets nearly development window can have value for each amino acid based all of the FAO 2013 amino acids effects on long-term health, on nutritional needs and corrects pattern requirements for adults including influencing body for the digestibility of the protein; except for lysine, the limiting amino composition.12 The recommended this method is also recommended acid in oat protein. PrOatein® Oat protein intake for children at two by the Codex Committee on Protein contains at least 10% years of age is 0.97 g/kg body Vegetable Proteins.11 more sulfur amino acids (SAA) and weight to ensure adequate intake, An update was published in 2013 tryptophan than pea protein; more which is greater than the minimal SAAs and valine than soy protein; amount of protein required and recommended that true ileal 12 digestibility of amino acids from and has more of each indispensable for growth. Additionally, the protein sources be accounted amino acid compared to wheat recommended amino acid scoring for rather than the overall faecal (Figure 1). Combining plant proteins patterns for young children (aged digestibility of a protein.1 The can create a more complete three years and younger) were amino acid content in finished revised in the 2013 FAO/WHO report updated report also includes the 1 adjusted amino acid adequacy food products. (Table 1). Protein requirements reference value recommendations are greater during periods of rapid by age group,Table 1. Protein consumption needs growth related to the increased for younger populations demands of growth and increases FAO/WHO now considers the Both the quantity and quality of in body mass and height (see digestible indispensable amino acid the protein consumed is important Table 2); furthermore, development score (DIAAS), adjusted for ileal to early growth and development of muscles requires additional digestibility, to be a replacement for amino acids.4 1, 2, 7, 10 as it is well-recognised that the PDCAAS. However, PDCAAS protein consumption during this is still widely used. Table 1 Recommended amino acid scoring patternsa Scoring pattern (mg/g protein) requirementsa Age groups His IIe Leu Lys SAAb AAAc Thr Trp Val Child 20 32 66 57 27 52 31 8.5 43 (aged 6 months to 3 years) Older child, adolescent, 16 30 61 48 23 41 25 6.6 40 and adult (>3 years of age) a Adapted from Chapter 4, Table 5 of the 2013 FAO report b Sulfur Amino Acids: Methionine and Cysteine c Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine 3 | OAT PROTEIN © 2017 Tate & Lyle • www.tateandlyle.com • www.foodnutritionknowledge.info Figure 1 Indispensable amino acid contents of selected vegetable protein ingredientsa,b ® 80 PrOatein Oat Protein Pea Wheat Soy 60 40 Amino acids 20 (mg/g protein ± SD) (mg/g protein 0 His IIe Leu Lys SAA AAA Thr Trp Val Indispensable amino acids aThree market comparison samples were obtained for soy, pea, and wheat (n=3 for each, n=6 for oat protein). b The amino acid and total protein analyses were run at Medallion Laboratories (Minneapolis, MN) via AOAC methods 994.12 and 992.15. PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH BENEFITS Increased protein consumption medicine, endocrinology, body weight per day for people benefits for older populations nutrition, exercise physiology, greater than 65 years of age to gastroenterology, and nephrology, maintain and regain lean body Current and emerging evidence 13 suggests that older adults (aged was appointed by the European mass and function. Additionally, 65 years and older) may need more Union Geriatric Medicine Society, they recommended higher intakes dietary protein than younger adults in cooperation with other scientific (greater than 1.2 g/kg body organisations, to review dietary weight per day) for those who are to support good health, promote 13 recovery from illness, prevent protein needs with ageing. The physically active. These increased age-related muscle loss, and PROT-AGE Study Group published intake targets are recommended maintain muscle functionality.13, 14 evidence-based recommendations due to the reduced ability to use Ageing muscle is less sensitive in 2013 for optimal protein intake available protein associated with by older adults recommending an advanced age in order to prevent to the presence of amino acids 13 and may require higher quantities average intake of at least 1.0-1.2 g/kg loss of function in older adults. of protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and accrue muscle proteins.15 Older adults also may need more protein to offset Table 2 conditions associated with chronic Minimum protein requirements (g/kg/day)4 and acute diseases.13, 16, 17 A recent systematic review examined the Age Maintenance Growth Total Need health effects of protein intake in healthy elderly adults and found Birth to 6 months 0.66 0.46 1.12 that optimal protein intake is likely higher than the current estimated 1 to 2 years 0.66 0.20 0.86 average requirement (EAR) based 3 to 10 years 0.66 0.07 0.73 on nitrogen balance studies.16 The PROT-AGE Study Group, an 11 to 14 years 0.66 0.07 0.73 international group of experts representing a wide-range of 15 to 18 years 0.66 0.04 0.70 clinical and research areas, 18 years and older 0.66 0.00 0.66 including geriatrics, internal 4 | OAT PROTEIN © 2017 Tate & Lyle • www.tateandlyle.com • www.foodnutritionknowledge.info Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids, like those abundant in PrOatein® Oat Protein, has been shown to improve strength and physical function and to increase muscle mass.
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