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0 100 km Libya 0 50 miles Medenine Apollonia Ras al-Hillal Ras al-JedirBu Kammash M E D I T E R R A N E A N Ben TRIPOLI Susa Zuara Al-Garabuli S E A Tolmeita L'Atrun T U N I S I A Guerdane Al-Khoms (Ptolemais) Cyrene Sabratha Tajura Derna Surman Shahat Sahel Leptis Magna Tocra Umm Irrizam al-Jefara Aziziyah Al-Bayda Tarhuna Zliten Misrata Al-Marj Akhdar G u l f o f B o m b a Bir Ayyad Jebel Nalut Geush Jadu Gharyan G u l f o f S i r t Benghazi Tobruk Wazin Tauorga Al-Makilli Benina Al-Adam Qasr Yefren Al-Burdi Kabaw Amsaad al-Haj Ban Walid Suluq Mizda Abugrin Qaminis Jebel Nafusa Medinat Zawiyat Bir Hakim Masus Sallum Bir-Alagh Sultan (Dry Well) Fassanu Nisma Siltar Sinoun El-Fuchia adi Tiaret W Sirt Bordj Kbir Messaouda As-Sidrah Ajdabiya Great Man-Made River Abu (Under Construction) Ras Lanuf Wadi al- Borj el-Khadra Al-Qaryat Nijayn Hamim Derj Brega Ghadames amrah Sahabi iver Ash-Shwareef Hamadat al-H R Sahel as-Sirt Bu M Wadi Hasi Al-Jagbub Deb-Deb Wadi Great Man-Made River Huseim ade iras (An-Nahr Sinai) onstruction) Houn Awjila an-M Waddan Sokna Jalu nder C Jebel reat M (U G as-Sawda Libyan Desert Zellah E G Y P T Wadi In Al-Fogaha Amenas Idehan Ubari ash-shatti (Ubari Sand Sea) Brak Ownsrik Bargan Ashkada A Idri Qardah Samnu Ramlat Assayef Haruj al-Aswad Sebha Tekerkiba Ubari G Al-Ghoraifa (U reat M ALGERI Lakes Ubari nder Tmissah Fjeaj an Germa C onstruction-M Al-Aweinat Zueila ad (Serdeles) Wadi e Methkandoush Murzuq Tazerbo R Kaf Ajnoun iver Awiss (1281m) ) Msak Settafet Waw al-Kabir Ghat Al-Qatrun Idehan Murzuq Waw al-Namus Ramlat Rabyaneh Djanet Wan Caza k tt a (538m) Jebel Acacus (Murzuq Sand Sea) s lle e Tin M Tajarhi Alkoum M Al-Kufra S A H A R A S A H A R A Tumu Mountains Al-Aweinat N I G E R Aouzou Tibesti Bardai Djado C H A D Zouar.

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Libya: Extremism & Counter-Extremism Overview
Libya: Extremism & Counter-Extremism On July 14, 2020, Libya’s eastern-based parliament approved a motion that would allow Egypt to militarily intervene in the Libyan war to counter Turkish support of the Government of National Accord (GNA). Accordingly, Egypt’s military has claimed to have carried out exercises involving navy, air force, and Special Forces near the Libyan border in anticipation of drastic changes in the region. On June 30, 2020, France’s president, Emmanuel Macron, accused Turkey of importing large numbers of jihadists into Libya. In recent weeks, Turkey has significantly intervened in Libya, providing air support, weapons, and fighters to the internationally recognized GNA to repel the opposing Libyan National Army (LNA). Macron did not provide clear evidence regarding the nature of the deployed fighters but claimed that Turkey was “massively importing” fighters from Syria. Although the GNA seized back the capital from the LNA on June 3, 2020, Libya is still split between the two factions—the LNA maintains control of the east, and the LNA controls the western area of the country. (Sources: Al Jazeera [1], Arab News [2], Reuters [3], Al Jazeera [4], Guardian [5], Reuters [6]) Fighting between the rival factions has been ongoing since April 2019, and escalated in early 2020 after Haftar’s declaration of a “final” and decisive battle for Tripoli on December 12, 2019. A couple of weeks later, on January 2, 2020, Turkish lawmakers authorized the deployment of troops into Libya, however, Turkish and Russian forces called for a truce on January 12. As of June 2020, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Maria Zakharova, has claimed that the situation in Libya continues to deteriorate despite the attempted Russian-Turkish ceasefire.
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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation.
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International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27.
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MPLS VPN Service PCCW Global’s MPLS VPN Service provides reliable and secure access to your network from anywhere in the world. This technology-independent solution enables you to handle a multitude of tasks ranging from mission-critical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), quality videoconferencing and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) to convenient email and web-based applications while addressing traditional network problems relating to speed, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS) management and traffic engineering. MPLS VPN enables routers to tag and forward incoming packets based on their class of service specification and allows you to run voice communications, video, and IT applications separately via a single connection and create faster and smoother pathways by simplifying traffic flow. Independent of other VPNs, your network enjoys a level of security equivalent to that provided by frame relay and ATM. Network diagram Database Customer Portal 24/7 online customer portal CE Router Voice Voice Regional LAN Headquarters Headquarters Data LAN Data LAN Country A LAN Country B PE CE Customer Router Service Portal PE Router Router • Router report IPSec • Traffic report Backup • QoS report PCCW Global • Application report MPLS Core Network Internet IPSec MPLS Gateway Partner Network PE Router CE Remote Router Site Access PE Router Voice CE Voice LAN Router Branch Office CE Data Branch Router Office LAN Country D Data LAN Country C Key benefits to your business n A fully-scalable solution requiring minimal investment
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Re-Centering Libya's History: Mediterranean Bulwark, Defender of Africa, Or Bridge Between Continents?
J!"#$ K%!&' 13 Re-Centering Libya’s History: Mediterranean Bulwark, Defender of Africa, or Bridge between Continents? * Abstract: (is paper discusses Libya’s geo-historical identity from the Italian colonial period until the end of the Qadda) regime. It speci)cally looks at characterizations of the country as Mediterranean or African in the di*erent periods. By examining the historiographic discourse in Italian and Arabic as well as the political aesthetics and symbolisms connected with the colonial and the Qadda) regimes, the article shows how varying characterizations were linked to geo-political agendas. Finally, it presents a third characterization: that of Libya as a connecting link between regions and continents, which has become prominent in more recent times. Keywords: Italian colonialism, Qadda! regime, Mediterranean, Africa, historiography D+%&,- ! .&'&/ /# T%&0#1& &, 2345, Italian leader Benito Mussolini called Libya “the Mediterranean bulwark” of the Fascist 1 empire. More than )ve and a half decades later, at the opening ceremony of the 1982 African Cup of Nations (again in Tripoli), Libyan leader Muammar Qadda) referred to his country not only as “the northern gateway to Africa,” but, beyond that, as “the defender 2 of Africa.” A third depiction has ascribed to Libya the function of Ge- schichte als Widerstand: Geschichtsschreibung und nation-building in 6 Quoted from Pietro Silva, Il Mediterraneo. Dall’unità di Roma all’Impero italiano (Milan: Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale, 1937), 491. Translations from Italian, Arabic, and French are by the author. 7 Muammar al-Qadhdhāfī, "awrat al-fāti wa-Ifrīqiyā (Tripoli: al- Markaz al-ālamī li-dirāsāt wa-abāth al-Kitāb al-akhar, 1985), 95.
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CHAPTER SEVEN AJDABIYA & BREGA 1. Introduction Ajdabiya is a city of approximately 134,300 people, located in the eastern Libyan province of Cyrenaica near the Mediterranean Sea. The city lies approximately 6.4 kilometers (4 miles) from the eastern end of the Gulf of Sidra, where the gulf turns westward towards Tripolitania. Ajdabiya lies in an important geostrategic region of the country, with Tripoli 850 kilome- ters (528 miles) to the west, and Benghazi 150 kilometers (93 miles) to the northeast.1 Brega, with a population of approximately 13,700, is located 72 kilometers (45 miles) southwest of Ajdabiya, and 196 kilometers (122 miles) southwest of Benghazi, directly on the Mediterranean Sea, at the bottom part of the Gulf of Sidra. The Marsa Brega Airport lies to the south- east of the town.2 Ajdabiya is the capital of the Al-Wahat District of Cyrenaica. The city itself is composed of three boroughs,3 North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya and East Ajdabiya. The Libyan Coastal Highway bisects the city, with smaller roads leading west to the Gulf of Sidra and southeast into the Cyrenaican interior. Another road leads east to Tubruq on the Egyptian border. Brega lies to the west of Ajdabiya, towards Sirte and Tripoli. Prior to World War II, the town was a small fishing village but with the discovery of oil in the Sirte Basin, Brega grew into a major oil production and ship- ping center.4 The city of Brega is composed of a number of smaller towns and industrial facilities and is home to the fifth largest Libyan oil, natural gas and petrochemical refineries.5 1 Ajdabiya, WolframAlpha, available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i= adjabiya.
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LIBYA: Libya Administrative Map
LIBYA: Libya Administrative Map AL JIFARAH TRIPOLI AL JABAL AN NUQAT Az Zawiyah AL MARJ AL AKHDAR Abu Kammash AL KHAMS Ra's Ajdir !( !( !( AL MARQAB ⛡ Al Baydah Zaltan Mediterranean Sea !( Zuwarah Tripoli Ra's al Hamamah !( Tripoli !( !(!( !( ⛡ !(!( !( !( !( !(!(!( !( !( !( Al Bayda !( Al Athrun Riqdalin !( !( ⛡!(!( !( ⛜!( !(!( Azzawiya \ Susah !( Al Assah!( !( Janzur !( !( !( !( !( Mansur!(ah!( !( !( !( ⛡ !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Darnah Al Jumayl !( !( Zawiyat al Ùrqub !( !( Suq ad Dawawidah !( !( !( !( !( !(!(!( !( !(!( !( ⛡!( !( Al Fatih !( !( A⛜l Abraq !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( ⛡Derna !( !( !( !( !( !(!( !( Qasr Khiyar !(!(!( Al Khums !(!( QabilatS alimah !( Qaryat Sidi Shahir ad Din !( !( !(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Ahqaf a!(l Jabhiya!(h ⛜ !( !( !( !( !( !(!( !( !(!( !(!( !(!( Suq al Khamis !( !( !(!( !( !( !( !( !( Martubah!( Suq as Sab!( t !(!(!( !( !( Al Uwayliyah ash Sha!( rqiyah!( Qasr Libiya !(Zawiyat Umm Hufayn !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Al Aquriyah Khadra' !( !( !( Umm ar Rizam Al Watyah!( !( !( !( !( Al Bumbah North Air Base TUNISIA !( !(!( !( !( !(!( !( Okba Ibn Nafa Air Base !( !( Kiàm !(!( ⛜ Asbiàh !( !(!( !( !( !( !( Misratah Al!( Mabni Qabilat al Kawarighiliyah !( !( ⛜ !( !( !( Marawah !( !( AlH uwayjat !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( Tansulukh!( !( !( ⛡!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(M!(!( isurata !( !( QaryatB uR uwayyah !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( At Tamimi!( !( Mintaqat ad Daghdughi !( Bamba Bi'r al Ghanam Bu Ghaylan !(!( !( Qaryat ar Rus !( Al M!( arj !(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!( !(!( !(!( !( !( !( !( Zawiyat al Ìzziyat!(
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Villes Du Sahara Olivier Pliez
Villes du Sahara Olivier Pliez To cite this version: Olivier Pliez. Villes du Sahara : Urbanisation et urbanité dans le Fezzan libyen. CNRS Editions, 2003, 9782271061669. 10.4000/books.editionscnrs.3729. hal-01462897 HAL Id: hal-01462897 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01462897 Submitted on 11 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Villes du Sahara Urbanisation et urbanité dans le Fezzan libyen Pliez, O. (2003). Villes du Sahara: urbanisation et urbanité dans le Fezzan libyen. CNRS. http://books.openedition.org/editionscnrs/3729 REMERCIEMENTS Mes remerciements vont d’abord à Marc Cote, Professeur émérite à l’Université de Provence, pour sa patience, son soutien et ses conseils. Toute ma reconnaissance va aussi aux membres de la Section 39 du CNRS, qui en m’accordant un détachement, m’ont offert la possibilité de mener ce travail dans les meilleures conditions. C’est aux membres de l’IREMAM, mon unité d’accueil, que vont ensuite mes remerciements. A son directeur, Christian Robin, Directeur de recherche au CNRS. A Jean-Robert Henry, Directeur de recherche, et Jean-Luc Arnaud, Chargé de recherche, qui ont accepté de m’intégrer dans leurs programmes de recherches.
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Uprising and Post-Qadhafi Tribal Clashes, Displacement in a Fragmenting Libya
30 March 2015 LIBYA Uprising and post-Qadhafi tribal clashes, displacement in a fragmenting Libya The political instability and crimes against humanity that accompanied and followed the uprising which overthrew President Muammar Qadhafi in October 2011 drove tens of thou- sands into displacement. Those perceived to have supported Qadhafi or to have benefited from privileges he dispensed through tribal patronage networks were attacked in retalia- tion. They were often driven out of their cities, unable to return. Some 60,000 IDPs who had fled during the uprising were still living in pro- tracted displacement by February 2015. Civilians walk along Tripoli Street in Misrata. Photo: UNHCR/ H. Caux / June 2011 Following the failure of political processes, Libya’s situation became increasingly anarchic, culminating in the collapse of a fragile central authority and the emergence of two rival centres of power in mid-2014. Against this backdrop, and ensuing infight- ing among myriads of militias, violence increased. There was more than a six-fold rise in the number of IDPs, reaching at least 400,000 by December 2014, some eight per cent of the population. Precise figures are not available given lack of access and on-going pervasive chaos. IDPs’ basic needs for shelter, food and medical services remain grossly unmet. Their physical security has been seriously threatened by indiscriminate shelling, attacks on IDP camps and sieges that have pre- vented them from seeking security. The situation of tens of thousands of displaced migrants who remain trapped in Libya and are particularly vulnerable is a cause for serious concern. State collapse and fragmentation of Libya’s essentially tribal society have hampered an effective national response to displacement and coordination of policies to address IDPs’ needs.
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Libya: State Collapse Triggers Mass Displacement
30 March 2015 LIBYA State collapse triggers mass displacement The political instability and crimes against humanity that accompanied and followed the uprising which overthrew President Muammar Qadhafi in October 2011 drove tens of thou- sands into displacement. Those perceived to have supported Qadhafi or to have benefited from privileges he dispensed through tribal patronage networks were attacked in retalia- tion. They were often driven out of their cities, unable to return. Some 60,000 IDPs who had fled during the uprising were still living in pro- tracted displacement by February 2015. Civilians walk along Tripoli Street in Misrata. Photo: UNHCR/ H. Caux / June 2011 Following the failure of political processes, Libya’s situation became increasingly anarchic, culminating in the collapse of a fragile central authority and the emergence of two rival centres of power in mid-2014. Against this backdrop, and ensuing infight- ing among myriads of militias, violence increased. There was more than a six-fold rise in the number of IDPs, reaching at least 400,000 by December 2014, some eight per cent of the population. Precise figures are not available given lack of access and on-going pervasive chaos. IDPs’ basic needs for shelter, food and medical services remain grossly unmet. Their physical security has been seriously threatened by indiscriminate shelling, attacks on IDP camps and sieges that have pre- vented them from seeking security. The situation of tens of thousands of displaced migrants who remain trapped in Libya and are particularly vulnerable is a cause for serious concern. State collapse and fragmentation of Libya’s essentially tribal society have hampered an effective national response to displacement and coordination of policies to address IDPs’ needs.
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Inter-Agency Mission Report: Site Visit to Ajdabiya, Libya 7 June 2011
Inter-Agency Mission Report: Site Visit to Ajdabiya, Libya 7 June 2011 Mission Objective To obtain an overview of the humanitarian situation in Ajdabiya Mission Composition On 7 th June 2011, an Inter-Cluster assessment mission composed of UNHCR (Shelter/NFI and Protection), WHO (Health), UNMAS (Mine Action), UNICEF (WASH, Education), WFP (Food Security), UNDSS (Safety and Security) and OCHA (Coordination) visited Ajdabiya by road. The mission visited the main hospital, market area and met with representative of local Relief Committee, member of the Libyan Red Crescent Society (LRCS) and engineer from power department. Transitional National Council is currently administrating Ajdabiya. The trip started at 08:30hrs and arrived in Ajdabiya at 10:30hrs. The mission departed back to Benghazi at 14:30hrs. Overview Ajdabiya is located in northeastern Libya at a distance of 160 KM from Benghazi city. The mission was informed that the town is divided into three basic People's Congresses “Sha’byat” : North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya and East Ajdabiya. The town is part of the Al Wahat district (previously known as Ajdabiya district) with an estimated town population of 140,000 people while the population of the Al Wahat district is approximately 200,000 people. Ajdabiya town has been a frontline of fighting during March and there have been reports of displacement from the town towards east. The Libyan Red Crescent (LRC) confirmed that many of the civilians fled due to fighting, particularly in March when Ajdabiya was under attack. The town changed hands several times between opposition and Government forces during March, Map - Benghazi to Ajdabiya (Google Map) until opposition gained control of the town in late March 2011.
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