Dissertação De Mestrado

BIOEN

Organizational Design

Coordinator : José Maria F.J da Silveira Area coordinators: Prof. Maria Beatriz Bonacelli/IG-Unicamp Prof. Abraham Yu – FEA/USP The project is subdivided in three groups: a) PROMON b) PAPI c) AVALIMP FAPESP, November 2012 Flagship: PROMON

Forecast and Monitoring from BIOEN issues BIOEN Organizational Design

Group Leader: Prof. Ester Dal-Poz FCA – Unicamp Researchers Fabio Masago (Institute of Computer Sciences-Unicamp) Vinicius Eduardo Ferrari Phd Student (IE- Unicamp) Luiz Gustavo de Souza Phd Student (Esalq-USP) Fernando da Silva Pereira Phd Candidate - IE-Unicamp)

Reserarch Assistants Pedro Chagas – PIBIC-CNPQ/uUnicap Carolina da Silveira Bueno - PUCCAMP Main idea- BIOEN is a public project in R&D.

Reasons to monitoring scientific production and innovative and tech potential of the programme:

a)Freedom to Operate – FTO(I. P. form of the game) b) Potential Markets for the technologies developed by BIOEN researches(R&D and Industrial sectors)- Clearance Integrated Objectives of PROMON:

1. Mapping the Scientific Production throughout its technological potential;

2.Market foresight: innovation potential assessment and calculating the patent value

Mapping the Scientific Production 2000- 2012. First author references (by Luis G. de Souza- ESALQ)

*Researcher Luiz Gustavo de Souza, Esalq-USP Obj.1- Mapping Scientific Production 2000-2012 Key words in web of science * (Luis Gustavo

Souza)

USP

- * Pesquisador Luiz Gustavo de Souza, Esalq Souza, de Gustavo Luiz Pesquisador *

Mapas de artigos, por citações nas bases de publicações ISI Web of Science através de busca realizada por palavras-chaves selecionadas entre os anos de 2000 e 2012 . Clusters de parcerias por país ( script Aduna Cluster® do programa VantagePoint ).

Obj.1- Mapear produção cientifica *

 Number of scientific publications from Brasil is

USP - very high. However, partnerships are predominantly constituted by partners from the country, impairing diffusion.

 USA is the main player, whose researchers are connected with others countries. At first sight, it favors diffusion.

 Next step: analyzing “small word” networks to

evaluate the value of the connections. Esalq Souza, de Gustavo Luiz Pesquisador *

 Definition of technological trajectories (by BIOEN subjects); a) biomass, transgenic plants, fermentation, 2nd G... forecasting patents: highly cited patents and strongly connected= higher market value Prospecção de patentes: tecnologias de valor Giving an illustration (the networks are real and related to BIOEN Research): Cas 1 – biomass and ethanol or bioethanol (title+abstr+claims)

USPTO – 1976-2010; C12N or C07h21; k-core 20

Big pharma pharma Big biotechnologies Methodology: network characterization ethanol/bioethanol e identification of trajectories

Patents X Number of Citations Number of Knots: 316

60 Number of Vertex: 1013 50 Density: 1,01% 40

30 In-Betweenness Citations 20 Centralization: 0,00072 10 Normalized Closeness 0 Patents Centralization: 0,20890 (range [0,1])

Patent number and (number of citations) 4,642,286 (18): no 4,652,526 (13) assignees (assignee: Univ. Missouri

4,810,633 (20) (assignee: Mills Inc) 1/1 ∞

5,231,017 (20) (assignee: Solvay) ∞ 1/1 Methodologies

Building  Methodology developed by Dal Poz, technology trajectories Silveira and Masago: calculating  SLPC in First procedure: build the network patents based on key words and apply networks (see network indicators; Verspagen, B. (2007).  Second procedure: identifying

Working in patents well positioned in the progress network: key-core procedure;

 Final procedure: applying geodesic distance. Empresas e tecnologias: o cenário de negociação do BIOEN

R&D relationships: Country Enterprise A - Biomass Research B - Ethanol Industrial Technologies and Processing Research C – Alcohol-chemistry and Biorefineries USA  ZeaChem, Inc. B, C

 Xyleco, Inc.

USA  Celanese International A, C Corporation

 Bioengineering Resources, Inc.

 Genencor International, Inc. Finland  Cultor, Ltd. A, B, C

 Valtion Teknillinen TutkimuskeskusOy

Denmark  Hoechst A, B, C Aktiengesellschaft Case 2 - transgenic plants tech trajectory (plant transformation technologies, 35S-ubiquitin)

USPTO – 1976-2011; k-core 20 Transgenic plants technological trajectory

Case Transgenic Plants: fits perfectly the methodology

Monsanto Co. (+ Calgene and Dekalb)

Trajectory of plant transformation” and engineered physiology”;

Vectors of DNA, promoters (35 S, opine, ubiquitin) = enabling biotechnologies to the genetic engineering innovation for agriculture;

Looking for the dynamics of innovative activities in the aim to generate a environment that favors technology transfer and commercialization.

Cas0 3 – quatro processos em fermentação de 2G

 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) (EXAMPLE)

 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)

 Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC)

 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) Network SSF - k-core 32 -1

USPTO- 1976-2012; no-k-core Density 0,81701%. Centrality (indegree): 0,0119191 SSF – DG 1,0; k-core 32- 20

4220721 5571703 4326036 02/09/80 05/11/9 4840903 20/04/82 (12) 6 5874263 5464760 20/06/89 (11) (10) 26/02/99 07/11/95 (15) 5198074 30/03/93 (10) (15) (16)

4952504 28/08/90 (11)

6509180 5407817 21/01/03 08/04/95 (29) (14)

5932456 5231017 03/08/99 27/07/93 (15) (32)

6927048 5677154 09/08/05 14/11/97 5487989 (18) (11) 30/01/96 (27)

5258293 4321328 02/11/93 03/03/82 5628830 (15) (23) 13/05/97 (20) 5779164 14/07/98 (10) 5837506 17/11/98 4490469 4503079 6090595 (11) 25/12/84 5597714 05/03/85 5135861 18/07/00 (15) 28/01/97 6333181 5620877 (11) 04/03/92 (19) (19) 25/12/01 15/04/97 (11) (13) 5554520 (17) 10/09/96 (21)

No defined tech trajectory to

Legenda ethanol 2G till now. Patentes fundadoras do tema SSF Image: star wars innovative processes.... Única vinculação entre patentes altamente citadas e com conexão DG1

Patentes desconectadas da rede.

In spite of the tech opportunities, some firms are serioulsly involved...

a) Solvay Enzymes, Inc. (Elkhart, IN), July 27, 1993

b) ZeaChem Inc. (Golden, CO), January 21, 2003 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Network – SSF SSF clusters by technological themes Patent documents topology

General landscape: enzymes and their encoding genes for second generation ethanol Adapted transgenic plants for cellulose fermentation Fermentation enzymes genetic engineering Plant raw material linked to microorganisms fermentation enzymes Biomass industrial pre-treatment

Biomass saccharification processes

Thermophilic and mesophilic microorganisms fermentation enzymes Trichoderma sp. hydrolytic enzymes

Humicola grisea novel enzymes for sugar cane bagasse fermentation Lignocellulose solvents SSF – Patent Top Assignees by year

Source: Authors, from Thomson Innovation database Networks intersection

Source: Authors, from Thomson Innovation database 10 techs para 2G

US Patent Assignee/Country Core technology Number 1. 7,226,776 University of Florida Research Recombinant hosts suitable for simultaneous Foundation, Inc. (USA) saccharification and fermentation 2. 5,045,463 Cetus Corporation (USA) DNA expression vector 3. 8,075,694 Danisco US Inc. (USA) Acid fungal protease in fermentation of insoluble starch substrates 4. 7,732,173 Membrane Technology and Ethanol recovery process using membranes - a combination Research, Inc. (USA) of steps including fermentation 5. 7,985,847 BioJoule Ltd. (New Zealand) Extraction of ethanol-soluble lignin from the plant material and retention of sugars 6. 7,649,086 BioJoule Ltd. (New Zealand) Integrated processing of plant biomass

7. 8,058,041 Inventor: Alex Berlin. Head Process for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation Protein Chemistry Dept., of biomass Novozymes Inc. 8. 5,100,791 The United States of America as Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using represented by the United States cellobiose fermenting yeast Brettanomyces custersii (USA) 9. 7,785,848 ACTIVA BioGreen, Inc. (USA) Improvement od biomass conversion and fermentation process by promoting the growth of microbes. 10. 7,582,458 Novozymes North America, Inc. Improved fermentation processes applying oxidizing (USA) enzymes and growth stimulators for the fermenting microorganisms Vetores: cauliflower virus

PAPI GROUP: ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN OF BIOEN PROGRAM: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INCENTIVE MECHANISM AND IMPACT EVALUATION.

Leader: José Maria F.J. da Silveira- IE/Unicamp Researchers: Prof. Paulo Berti. A Barros (Unifesp); Prof. Ivette Haumani –IE/Unicamp. Research assistant: Jamile Colleti (IE/FCA- Unicamp) BIOEN Influence in Research Leaders Research Strategies.

 The BIOEN Program has changed 30% of lines of research in some way and a lot. Just a few changes was considered by 36% and nothing by 24%.

 48% Researchers verified that collaborations had expanded a lot; 28% think that some increase in collaborations occurred.

 The potential production of the lab. increased 28% very much with 52% in average.

 For 25% of the lab. the funding pattern increased greatly.

The BIOEN program perception on the national scenario

 50% of researchers disagree with the statement that without the BIOEN Program research in bioenergy in Brazil would be doomed to failure. However 28% agree that it could be.

 The legal restrictions and bureaucracy in customs house, according to the researchers, impose degrees of difficulty as great as financial constraints. The perception about Industry partnership

 85.7% strongly agree with the importance of industry participation in research and development in partnership with the university.

 However, 50% of researchers believe that partnerships are not occurring or not occurring as it should be.

 Researchers believe, 60%, that is the role of BIOEN to produce science and technology for the ethanol industry. The Bioen Program and the perception of the researchers on the IP.  25% think that the program is quite aware about the issue and another 25% think that it is simply aware, 14% did not positioned themselves for various reasons and 28% think that the program is not aware about IP concerns and 7.1% stated that the program is nothing concerned about IP issues. Do IP work as an incentive to scientific advancement?

 The responses tended to be favorable: 25% strongly agree and 28.6% just agree, 14.3% were unable to evaluate, 17.9% disagreed and 14.3% completely disagree. Have the researcher an interest in patenting their research results?

 When asked about interest in patenting the development of research developed in Bioen program, 65.2% confirm interest in patenting with the remaining 34.8% not interested in asserting any patent. IP and research materials and research protocols.

 For academic purposes, 52% of researchers believe that a severe IP enforcement (not flexible) does not apply in research materials. However, 32% disagree.  The IP in research protocols, 60% believe that a severe IP enforcement does not apply, and 30% disagree.  50% of researchers believe that IP can in fact block their research, 30% did not understand how IP can do this. AVALIMP: MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What would be the impacts – economic, social, environmental and in the capabilities fields) that could be foreseen by the analysis of the BIOEN R&D activity in the next 5 and 10 years, in São Paulo State and Brazil? It regards the evolution of technologies and new Products (not only energy, but resins and so). Equipe AVALIMP: Abraham Yu, Alceu Salles e Paulo Tromboni (Departamento de Administração, FEA, USP) . AVALIMP: Research themes

P&D para Cadeia Cana P&D Tecnologias Concorrentes •Technological strategy from the assembly firms: Tecnologias de Transformação Etanol 1ª Geração powertrain, including electric Açucar Combustíveis cars. Cana Eletricidade (Bagaço) Derivados Adoçantes Produção de Cana Etanol 2ª Geração Eletricidade • Flex-Fuel Technological Bio-Plásticos Plásticos Processo X Mercado W Development Processo Y Mercados • What are the reasons to import ethanol from the US? Impactos • Bioplastics adoption strategy [01 Phd thesis; 04 ms dissertations]

•Impact Prospection • Brazilian transition to ethanol as fuel • Developing Integrated •Logistics in ethanol models to assess impacts. • Alliances and partnerships in sugar-cane chain (1 Phd Thesis in progress) • Second generation viability assessment [03 Phd thesis; 01 ms dissertation] Some Results

 Competition from electric cars  Sharp growing of the electric cars manufacturing since 1995.  Electric car rapid diffusion process could be a treat or na opportunity to ethanol producers.  New derivate products and its impacts on sugarcane demand: green plastic, lubricant.  The success can generate significant demand for sugarcane.

Technological Discontinuity in the Automobile Industry: Era of Ferment for Electric Vehicles (EV)

Number of Firms in the AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY 80

70 EV World 60 Auto US (authors, 2011) Firms (Utterback, 1987; 50 Abernathy, 1978) of EV World 40 (Frery, 2000)

30 Number 20 10 0 18901 3 19005 7 9191011 13 192015 17 19 193021 23 25194027 29 195031 33 35196037 39 197041 43 45198047 49 199051 53 55 200057 59 201061

Sources: Frery (2000 apud Midler and Beaume, 2008); Utterback (1987); Abernathy (1978); Feeney (2009); Hacker, et al. (2009); Alternatives Fuels (2011); All Electric Vehicles (2011).

“Autores, 2011”: Yu, Lopes, Chu, Nascimento, e Camargo Jr., Electric vehicles: struggles in creating a market, PICMET, 2011 Green Ethylene Polyethylene Polymer Plastics; etc.

• Ethylene is one of the largest-volume petrochemicals worldwide;

• Global demand of Ethylene is forecasted to grow at about average GDP growth rates;

• World consumption of Ethylene in 2009: 112 millions of ton;

• Green Ethylene: use sugarcane as feedstock;

• 7,2m³ of Ethanol produces 3 ton of green Ethylene;

• Status: in production by Braskem.

Impacts on the Sugarcane Demand

• In 2008/2009 harvest the Brazilian sugarcane production was 549 million tons. Considering 10% of ethylene market and 5% of diesel market using sugarcane as feedstock, estimate sugarcane demand increases about 67%

• If only Lubricants and Ethylene from sugarcane are considered, the demand increases 62%

Nascimento, P. T. S.; Ana Paula Paes Leme Barbosa; Aline Ishikawa; Abraham Sin Oih Yu; Alceu Salles Camargo Jr., New co-products and Ethanol availability in Brazil, PICMET 2012