DOCSLIB.ORG

Book-55590.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Book-55590.Pdf China Fragile Superpower This page intentionally left blank China Fragile Superpower Susan L. Shirk 2007 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2007 by Susan L. Shirk Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shirk, Susan L. China: fragile superpower / by Susan L. Shirk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5 1. Nationalism—China. 2. China—Politics and government—2002– I. Title. JC311.S525 2007 320.951—dc22 2006027998 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Sam, Lucy, and David Popkin This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Strong Abroad but Fragile at Home 1 2 China’s Economic Miracle 13 3 Domestic Threats 35 4 The Echo Chamber of Nationalism: Media and the Internet 79 5 The Responsible Power 105 6 Japan: “When the Chinese People Get Angry, the Result Is Always Big Trouble” 140 7 Taiwan: “A Question of Regime Survival” 181 8 The United States: “External Troubles Can Become Internal Troubles” 212 9 China’s Weakness, America’s Danger 255 Appendix: Chinese and Japanese Periodicals 271 Notes 273 Index 311 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments began writing this book as a fellow at the Center for Advanced Stud- ies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, during the 2004– I05 academic year. I am grateful to the Center staff (especially Kathleen Much), the other fellows, and Don Lamm for encouraging my interest in writing for a broader audience beyond academia. This aspiration became reality thanks to my research assistant, Yu Zheng, my agent, Jill Marsal, of the Djikstra Agency, and my editors at Oxford University Press—Peter Ginna, who edited the manuscript, Tim Bartlett, Dedi Felman, Tim Bent, and the copyeditor, Paula Cooper. The intellectual stimulation and per- sonal support provided by colleagues and staff at the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (especially Peter Cowhey, Stephan Haggard, and Barry Naughton), the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Coopera- tion, and the U.S. government greatly contributed to the book. I also wish to thank Jeffrey Bader, Tai Ming Cheung, Thomas Christensen, and An- drew Walder for their helpful comments on the manuscript, and to Alastair Iain Johnston for sharing his unpublished research with me. My husband, Sam Popkin, and my children, Lucy Popkin and David Popkin (the new- est China hand in the family), provided loving encouragement and good advice every step of the way. Finally, I am deeply grateful to the many Chinese government offi- cials, military officers, scholars, think-tank experts, journalists, and stu- dents I interviewed for informing me and my readers about China’s domestic situation and foreign policy. This page intentionally left blank China Fragile Superpower This page intentionally left blank 1 Strong Abroad but Fragile at Home S THE DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE responsible for Ameri- can relations with China in the Clinton administration, I con- A stantly worried about the risk of war between the two nuclear powers. A war between China and the United States is terrifying to con- template. China’s Asian neighbors would be on the front line and people all over the world would feel the shockwaves. When I left the government and resumed my job as a university profes- sor, these worries continued to haunt me. I can still imagine receiving the dreaded phone call from the State Department Operations Center: “The Pentagon just informed us that a Chinese SU-27 jet fighter and a Taiwanese F-16 jet fighter have collided in the Taiwan Strait.” My heart sinks. I have heard that the military aircraft patrolling the nar- row body of water between the island of Taiwan and the Chinese Mainland fly dangerously close to one another, despite U.S. warnings to the two sides. “What about the pilots?” I ask. “Have they bailed out? Been rescued?” “We don’t know yet,” says the Op Center voice. “Has either side made a public statement? Or communicated with us? Have we seen any military moves from either side?” “No information yet, ma’am. But CNN is just reporting it now.” I dash to my car and speed back to the State Department, using the moments of calm before entering the storm of the crisis to make a plan. What should our government do to prevent the accident from triggering a war between China and Taiwan—and very likely drawing in the United States? I play through the various scenarios, and they all have one common thread. If CNN is broadcasting the news of the crash, it is sure to be picked up and spread by the Internet in China before the Communist Party censors 2 china: fragile superpower can block it out. And once the news is public, China’s leaders will feel compelled by the pressure of public opinion to react forcefully. A forceful reaction is not beyond the pale. Flashpoints for military clashes between China and the United States have multiplied in recent years. And although most Americans have forgotten, China and the United States came to the brink of war in 1996. The Chinese launched massive military exercises and shot missiles into the waters outside Taiwan’s ports to demonstrate their fury at our allowing Taiwan’s president to visit the United States for the first time since we derecognized Taiwan and estab- lished diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in 1979. Envisioning the scenario as it unfolds, when I reach my office in the State Department, I learn that President Hu Jintao has already appeared on China Central Television: “My fellow countrymen, earlier today a Taiwan air force plane flew across the midline of the Taiwan Strait, veering into a People’s Liberation Army air force jet and causing it to crash into the sea, killing its brave pilot. This fla- grant and barbarous act was a deliberate provocation by the Taiwan authori- ties to provoke antagonism across the Taiwan Strait and undermine the status quo. The Mainland and Taiwan belong to one and the same China.” Following the pattern of previous crises, the Chinese leaders have imme- diately framed the situation as an intentional attack on China and boxed themselves into a corner. Now how will they prove their determination to defend the national honor against this “deliberate provocation”? Taiwan is an issue that arouses intense nationalist emotions in China. The Japanese colonized the island from 1895 to 1945 when China was too weak to resist, during a period that the People’s Republic of China (PRC) school textbooks describe as China’s “century of humiliation.” Ever since 1949, when the Chinese civil war ended with a Communist victory and the defeated Guomindang retreated to Taiwan, Chinese schoolchildren have been taught that the century of humiliation would finally end only when Taiwan was reunified with the Mainland. It is widely believed in China and abroad that if the Communist re- gime allows Taiwan to declare formal independence without putting up a fight, the outraged public will bring down the regime. China’s military and political leaders know full well that the United States, while not le- gally bound to intervene, has committed morally and politically to help Taiwan defend itself. They also realize that China’s booming economy would be the first casualty in any military conflict with Taiwan and the United States. Nevertheless, they would use force to avoid domestic hu- miliation if they believed their political survival depended on it. Strong Abroad but Fragile at Home 3 After consulting with the secretary of state, I call the National Security Council staff. We agree that the president should immediately telephone China’s president to urge him not to mobilize the military or to make any public threats against Taiwan. Forget about using the Foreign Ministry channel. We have to get straight to China’s top leader, who will be feeling the heat domestically as well as internationally. And only our president can reach their president. For our part, we will intercede with the Taiwan gov- ernment and ask it not to mobilize its military forces and to return the Mainland crew promptly. It is too late. American intelligence reports that China has mobilized not only its regular military forces but also its internal security forces. Angry Chinese students are swarming into Beijing’s Tiananmen Square and the central squares of other Chinese cities, shouting, “Down with the Taiwan separatists!” Some in the crowds carry hastily made signs saying, “Down with the America-loving Chinese Communist Party toadies!” and “When will China finally stand up?” This scene is hypothetical, but it is not a fantasy. Crises like this have happened in the past and could happen in the future. Taiwan is just a hair short of being a formal ally of the United States.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Andy Clark, ‘Whatever Next?’
    BBS Commentary on: Andy Clark, ‘Whatever Next?’ Word Counts Abstract: 61 Main text: 994 References: 69 Entire text: 1,180 Commentary Title Perception vs Action: The Computations May Be The Same But The Direction Of Fit Differs Author Information Nicholas Shea Faculty of Philosophy University of Oxford 10 Merton Street Oxford OX1 4JJ UK tel. 01865 286896 [email protected] www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/members/nicholas_shea Abstract Although predictive coding may offer a computational principle that unifies perception and action, states with different directions of fit are involved (with indicative and imperative contents, respectively). Predictive states are adjusted to fit the world in the course of perception, but in the case of action the corresponding states act as a fixed target towards which the agent adjusts the world. Main Text One of the central insights motivating Clark’s interest in the potential for predictive coding to provide a unifying computational principle is the fact that it can be the basis of effective algorithms in both the perceptual and motor domains (Eliasmith 2007, 380). That is surprising because perceptual inference in natural settings is based on a rich series of sensory inputs at all times, whereas a natural motor control task only specifies a final outcome. Many variations in the trajectory are irrelevant to achieving the final goal (Todorov and Jordan 2002), a redundancy that is absent from the perceptual inference problem. Despite this disanalogy, the two tasks are instances of the same general mathematical problem (Todorov 2006). Clark emphasises the “deep unity” between the two problems, which is justified but might serve to obscure an important difference.
    [Show full text]
  • Download E-Copy
    China Yearbook 2012 Editor Rukmani Gupta Copyright © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 2013 Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in ISBN: 978-93-82512-03-5 First Published: October 2013 The covers shows delegates at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 2012. Photograph courtesy: Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_ the_Communist_Party_of_China Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute or the Government of India. Published by: Magnum Books Pvt Ltd Registered Office: C-27-B, Gangotri Enclave Alaknanda, New Delhi-110 019 Tel.: +91-11-42143062, +91-9811097054 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.magnumbooks.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). Contents Introduction 5 Section I: Internal Issues 9 1. Politics in China in 2012: Systemic Incrementalism and Beyond 11 Avinash Godbole 2. State and Society in 2012 – Protesting for Responsive Governance Structures 17 Rukmani Gupta 3. China’s Economy in 2012 – A Review 23 G. Balachandran 4. The Chinese Military in 2012 29 Mandip Singh Section II: External Relations 41 5. Sino-Indian Jostling in South Asia 43 Rup Narayan Das 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a Predictive Processing Framework
    Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a Predictive Processing Framework Zachariah A. Neemeh ([email protected]) Department of Philosophy, University of Memphis Memphis, TN 38152 USA Abstract This enables us to extract patterns from ambiguous signals Predictive processing is transforming our understanding of the and establish hypotheses about how the world works. brain in the 21st century. Whereas in the 20th century we The training signals that we get from the world are, understood the brain as a passive organ taking in information however, biased in all the same unsightly ways that our from the world, today we are beginning to reconceptualize it societies are biased: by race, gender, socioeconomic status, as an organ that actively creates and tests hypotheses about its nationality, and sexual orientation. The problem is more world. The promised revolution of predictive processing than a mere sampling bias. Our societies are replete with extends beyond cognitive neuroscience, however, and is prejudice biases that shape the ways we think, act, and beginning to make waves in the philosophy of perception. Andy Clark has written that predictive processing creates a perceive. Indeed, a similar problem arises in machine “bootstrap heaven,” enabling the brain to develop complex learning applications when they are inadvertently trained on models of the world from limited data. I argue that the same socially biased data (Avery, 2019; N. T. Lee, 2018). The principles also create a “bootstrap hell,” wherein prejudice basic principle in operation here is “garbage in, garbage biases inherent in our inegalitarian societies result in out”: a predictive system that is trained on socially biased permanent perceptual modifications.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extended Mind Andy Clark & David Chalmers1
    The extended mind Andy Clark & David Chalmers1 1. Introduction Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the boundaries of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words ‘just ain’t in the head’, and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third posi- tion. We advocate a very different sort of externalism: an active externalism, based on the active role of the environment in driving cogni- tive processes. 2. Extended cognition Consider three cases of human problem-solving: (1) A person sits in front of a computer screen which displays images of various two-dimensional geometric shapes and is asked to answer questions concerning the potential fit of such shapes into depicted ‘sockets’. To assess fit, the person must mentally rotate the shapes to align them with the sockets. (2) A person sits in front of a similar computer screen, but this time can choose either to physically rotate the image on the screen, by pressing a rotate button, or to mentally rotate the image as before. We can also suppose, not unrealistically, that some speed advantage accrues to the physical rotation operation. (3) Sometime in the cyberpunk future, a person sits in front of a similar computer screen. This agent, however, has the benefit of a neural implant which can perform the rotation operation as fast as the computer in the previous example.
    [Show full text]
  • N Ational C Ommittee Onu Nited S Tates
    2002 A NNUAL R EPORT N ATIONAL C OMMITTEE ON U NITED S TATES- C HINA R ELATIONS B OARD OF D IRECTORS * Chair Carla A. Hills Vice Chairmen William M. Daley Lee H. Hamilton William R. Rhodes J. Stapleton Roy James R. Sasser Ezra F. Vogel Treasurer Herbert J. Hansell Secretary Kathryn D. Christopherson Michael H. Armacost William E. Frenzel Elizabeth S. MacMillan Nancy Kassebaum Baker Peter F. Geithner Richard H. Matzke Julia Chang Bloch Sam Gibbons Kathryn Mohrman Mary Brown Bullock Bates Gill Douglas P.Murray Gareth C. C. Chang Thomas M. Gorrie Elizabeth J. Perry Thomas J. Christensen Harry Harding Thomas R. Pickering Edward T. Cloonan Jamie P.Horsley Joseph W. Prueher Jerome A. Cohen David A. Jones, Jr. Henry P.Sailer Ken W. Cole John T. Kamm Matt Salmon Barber B. Conable, Jr. Virginia Kamsky Nicholas V. Scheele Charles J. Conroy Thomas H. Kean James R. Schlesinger Ralph A. Cossa Geraldine S. Kunstadter David K. Y. Tang Douglas N. Daft David M. Lampton Nancy Bernkopf Tucker Gary Dirks Nicholas R. Lardy I. Peter Wolff Martin S. Feldstein Kenneth Lieberthal Madeleine Zelin Barbara H. Franklin Henry Luce III Chairmen Emeriti Directors Emeriti A. Doak Barnett (d.) Caroline L. Ahmanson W. Michael Blumenthal Robert O. Anderson Barber B. Conable, Jr. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C. Alexander Eckstein (d.) Carl F. Stover Lucian W. Pye Robert A. Scalapino Raymond P.Shafer Charles W. Yost (d.) *Effective December 6, 2001 – December 5, 2002 N ATIONAL C OMMITTEE ON U NITED S TATES- he National Committee on C HINA United States-China Relations T is a nonprofit educational R ELATIONS organization that encourages understanding of China and the United States among citizens of both countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Language, Embodiment, and the Cognitive Niche
    Opinion TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.10 No.8 Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Language, embodiment, and the cognitive niche Andy Clark School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, David Hume Tower, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JX, UK Embodied agents use bodily actions and environmental in ways that (when successful) aid thinking and reasoning interventions to make the world a better place to think about some target domain or domains [11–13]. These in. Where does language fit into this emerging picture of physical structures combine with appropriate culturally the embodied, ecologically efficient agent? One useful transmitted practices to enhance problem-solving, and way to approach this question is to consider language (in the most dramatic cases) to make possible whole new itself as a cognition-enhancing animal-built structure. To forms of thought and reason. take this perspective is to view language as a kind of I present three ways in which to begin to flesh out this self-constructed cognitive niche: a persisting but never idea, and sketch a computational (connectionist and dyna- stationary material scaffolding whose crucial role in mical) framework in which to embed it. I end the argument promoting thought and reason remains surprisingly by suggesting an additional (non-essential but potentially poorly understood. It is the very materiality of this important) refinement: that linguistic activity might turn linguistic scaffolding, I suggest, that gives it some key out to be a mode of cognition-enhancing self-stimulation in benefits. By materializing thought in words, we create a system with no ‘Central Meaner’ orchestrating the whole structures that are themselves proper objects of percep- [14,15].
    [Show full text]
  • News China Jan. 14.Cdr
    VOL. XXVI No. 1 January 2014 Rs. 20.00 2014 is the Year of Horse in Chinese Zodiac Signs. Chinese Foreign Minister Mr.Wang Yi meets with Dr. S. Mr. Zhang Kunsheng, the Chinese Assistant Foreign Jaishankar, the outgoing Indian Ambassador to China Minister and Director-General of the Protocol Department and appreciates his contribution to promote China-India accepts the copy of credentials of Mr. Ashok K Kantha, relations on Dec.9, 2013 in Beijing. the new Indian Ambassador to China, on Jan.6, 2014 in Beijing. Mr. Wei Wei, the Chinese Ambassador to India, addresses Chinese Ambassador Mr. Wei Wei talks with in the inauguration of “Haat of India” held in Bhopal, the representatives of Chinese enterprises during the “Haat capital of Madhya Pradesh on Dec. 21,2013. Over 150 of India”. The Trade Fair provided many conveniences for representatives of various Chinese enterprises attended Chinese exhibitors, including complimentary booths, the three-day’s Trade Fair. free room and translation. The First Joint Study Group Meeting of Bangladesh- Customers and shop owners of China and India talk China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor was held in happily at Renqinggang market in Yadong County of Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province of China from southwest China’s Tibet Autonomous Region. With the Dec.18 to 19, 2013. Officials, experts, scholars and booming of China-India border trade the market posted a representatives of the four countries and international 23.3 percent rise in the year of 2013. organizations attended the meeting. Welcome to Yiwu An International Commodity Circulation Center! Crowned as ‘a sea of commodities and a has been a converging place of more than 4,000 paradise for shoppers’, Yiwu of China, which is distributing centers and general agents of located in Zhejiang province, boasts an famous enterprises from home and abroad, aggregate market floor area of 2.6 million including enterprises and merchants from square meters with 53,000 booths and 160,000 more than 40 countries such as USA, Japan, persons engaging in business.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, IV - 1 | 2012, « Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: a Century of Influences and Interactions, Vol
    European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy IV - 1 | 2012 Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol. 2 Roberto Frega and Filipe Careira Da Silva (dir.) Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/758 DOI: 10.4000/ejpap.758 ISSN: 2036-4091 Publisher Associazione Pragma Electronic reference Roberto Frega and Filipe Careira Da Silva (dir.), European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, IV - 1 | 2012, « Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol. 2 » [Online], Online since 23 July 2012, connection on 23 September 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/758 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ejpap.758 This text was automatically generated on 23 September 2020. Author retains copyright and grants the European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Symposia. Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol.2 Pragmatism and the Social Sciences A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol. 2 Roberto Frega and Filipe Carreira da Silva Section I. Classical Pragmatists and Contemporary Sociology Peirce and Iconology Habitus, Embodiment, and the Analogy between Philosophy and Architecture Tullio Viola Experiencing Practical Knowledge Emerging Convergences of Pragmatism and Sociological Practice Theory Tanja Bogusz The Social Scientist, the Public, and the Pragmatist Gaze Exploring the Critical Conditions of Sociological Inquiry Philippe Gonzalez and Laurence Kaufmann Section II. Law, Power, and the Prospects of a Pragmatist Social Theory Naturalistic Values and Progressive Politics A Missing Link Between Pragmatism and Social Theory Christoph Henning American Pragmatism and European Social Theory Holmes, Durkheim, Scheler, and the Sociology of Legal Knowledge Frederic R.
    [Show full text]
  • Extended Cognition and Extended Consciousness∗
    Extended Cognition and Extended Consciousness∗ David J. Chalmers It’s a pleasure to contribute this paper to Andy Clark and his Critics. Andy has been an influential figure for me ever since I read his first book Microcognition while I was in graduate school. A few years later I took up my first job as a post-doctoral fellow working with him in the newly initiated Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology program at Washington University in St Louis. We had a lot of adventures, but the one that seems to have left the most traces is our joint paper on “The Extended Mind”, which argued that cognitive processes can extend outside the brain and the body to include objects that we interact with in our environment. I recently came across hard copies of two early drafts of “The Extended Mind” in my files. The first draft was by Andy on his own, and is covered in handwritten comments by me. The second draft is a co-authored version with revisions by me, and is covered in handwritten comments by Andy. (I have put these two online at consc.net/papers/e-drafts.html.) There were many further iterations after that. The whole thing is a wonderful record of distributed and extended cognition, involving a complex cognitive process spread between Andy, me, various notes on paper, and computer files. I’m proud to have played a role in constituting this process. That said, I have to acknowledge that as with many cases of distributed cognition, there was an individual at the core who set the whole process into motion and who bears primary responsbility, and that individual was Andy.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. Connectionism and Consciousness
    The Mind: Embodied, Embedded, but not Extended Gerard O’Brien Department of Philosophy University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 [email protected] http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/Philosophy/gobrien.htm Draft @ August 1997 Appeared in Review Symposium on Andy Clark’s Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again, Metascience 7:78-83 (1998) Perhaps it’s a mark of the sheer vitality of the relatively young field of cognitive science that it’s grappling with its third major paradigm in the space of just thirty years. While the roots of the discipline can be traced back to 1960s, its real beginnings occurred in the early 1970s with the application of ideas derived from conventional digital computers to human cognition, spawning the now appropriately named classical computational theory of mind: the doctrine that cognition is a species of symbol manipulation. Then, in the mid-1980s, the field witnessed its first major shake-up with the advent of neurally-inspired, parallel distributed processing (PDP) computational models, which substituted operations over activation patterns for symbol manipulations, and many theorists in the field started talking passionately about connectionism. Now, scarcely ten years later, the field is once again in tumult, this time with the arrival of dynamical systems theory, which, because it eschews the concept of representation, threatens to create an even greater rift in the field than that which occurred between connectionism and classicism. It is in this revolutionary milieu that Andy Clark’s latest book Being There is situated. Clark rose to prominence through his advocacy of connectionism, with his two previous books (Microcognition Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989, and Associative Engines Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993) containing some of the most penetrating philosophical work to be found on this alternative approach to the mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Supersizing the Mind (Henceforth, SSM) Was a Book with a Double Mission
    Philosophical Studies Book Symposium on Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension (Oxford University Press, NY, 2008) Précis, and Author’s Response. Précis of Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension (Oxford University Press, NY, 2008) Andy Clark Supersizing the Mind (henceforth, SSM) was a book with a double mission. The first mission was to display and discuss the rich and varied landscape of recent work in the area of (broadly speaking) embodied, environmentally embedded, cognitive science. To this end, I canvassed and organized a wide range of examples in which fine details of embodiment, of worldly action, and of worldly resources, could be seen to make diverse and unexpectedly deep contributions to human cognitive achievements. The second mission, building in many ways upon the first, was to pursue the more radical suggestion that is now known as the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition1. This was the suggestion2 that in some such cases, there is a sufficiently dense degree of inter-animation between the neural and the gross-bodily, or even between the organismic and the extra-organismic, for it to become ill- warranted and unproductive to reserve the label of ‘cognitive processing’ for the inner, neural or organismic contributions alone. Of course, the mere fact of dense inter-animation will not be enough: there may well be dense inter-animation between, say, the sailor and the sailboat, or between the 1 digestive tract and the brain, without either the sailor-sailboat or the brain-digestive
    [Show full text]
  • Book XVIII Prizes and Organizations Editor: Ramon F
    8 88 8 88 Organizations 8888on.com 8888 Basic Photography in 180 Days Book XVIII Prizes and Organizations Editor: Ramon F. aeroramon.com Contents 1 Day 1 1 1.1 Group f/64 ............................................... 1 1.1.1 Background .......................................... 2 1.1.2 Formation and participants .................................. 2 1.1.3 Name and purpose ...................................... 4 1.1.4 Manifesto ........................................... 4 1.1.5 Aesthetics ........................................... 5 1.1.6 History ............................................ 5 1.1.7 Notes ............................................. 5 1.1.8 Sources ............................................ 6 1.2 Magnum Photos ............................................ 6 1.2.1 Founding of agency ...................................... 6 1.2.2 Elections of new members .................................. 6 1.2.3 Photographic collection .................................... 8 1.2.4 Graduate Photographers Award ................................ 8 1.2.5 Member list .......................................... 8 1.2.6 Books ............................................. 8 1.2.7 See also ............................................ 9 1.2.8 References .......................................... 9 1.2.9 External links ......................................... 12 1.3 International Center of Photography ................................. 12 1.3.1 History ............................................ 12 1.3.2 School at ICP ........................................
    [Show full text]