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Andy Clark, ‘Whatever Next?’
BBS Commentary on: Andy Clark, ‘Whatever Next?’ Word Counts Abstract: 61 Main text: 994 References: 69 Entire text: 1,180 Commentary Title Perception vs Action: The Computations May Be The Same But The Direction Of Fit Differs Author Information Nicholas Shea Faculty of Philosophy University of Oxford 10 Merton Street Oxford OX1 4JJ UK tel. 01865 286896 [email protected] www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/members/nicholas_shea Abstract Although predictive coding may offer a computational principle that unifies perception and action, states with different directions of fit are involved (with indicative and imperative contents, respectively). Predictive states are adjusted to fit the world in the course of perception, but in the case of action the corresponding states act as a fixed target towards which the agent adjusts the world. Main Text One of the central insights motivating Clark’s interest in the potential for predictive coding to provide a unifying computational principle is the fact that it can be the basis of effective algorithms in both the perceptual and motor domains (Eliasmith 2007, 380). That is surprising because perceptual inference in natural settings is based on a rich series of sensory inputs at all times, whereas a natural motor control task only specifies a final outcome. Many variations in the trajectory are irrelevant to achieving the final goal (Todorov and Jordan 2002), a redundancy that is absent from the perceptual inference problem. Despite this disanalogy, the two tasks are instances of the same general mathematical problem (Todorov 2006). Clark emphasises the “deep unity” between the two problems, which is justified but might serve to obscure an important difference. -
IN the UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT for the DISTRICT of DELAWARE THOMAS J. CAPANO : CIVIL ACTION : V
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE THOMAS J. CAPANO : CIVIL ACTION : v. : : THOMAS L. CARROLL, et al. : NO. 06-58 MEMORANDUM Bartle, C.J. April 15, 2008 Before the court is the petition of Thomas J. Capano for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He alleges that he is in state custody in violation of the Constitution of the United States. Capano, a prominent Delaware lawyer, was convicted in the Superior Court in and for New Castle County of murder in the first degree of Anne Marie Fahey, the scheduling secretary of the State's then-Governor, Thomas R. Carper. Judge William Swain Lee sentenced Capano to death upon recommendation of the jury. State v. Capano, Cr.A. No. 97-11-0720, 1999 Del. Super. LEXIS 541 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 16, 1999). The Supreme Court of Delaware affirmed on direct appeal, and the United States Supreme Court denied Capano's petition for a writ of certiorari. Capano v. State, 781 A.2d 556 (Del. 2001), cert. denied, Capano v. Delaware, 536 U.S. 958 (2002). In a subsequent post-conviction proceeding, the state Supreme Court overturned his death sentence and remanded for a new penalty trial. Capano v. State, 889 A.2d 968 (Del. 2006). When the State elected not to proceed with that second trial, Capano was resentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. I. Anne Marie Fahey, age 30, was last seen in public on Thursday evening, June 27, 1996, while dining at a Philadelphia restaurant with Capano, age 46, who was then separated from his wife Kay. -
Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a Predictive Processing Framework
Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a Predictive Processing Framework Zachariah A. Neemeh ([email protected]) Department of Philosophy, University of Memphis Memphis, TN 38152 USA Abstract This enables us to extract patterns from ambiguous signals Predictive processing is transforming our understanding of the and establish hypotheses about how the world works. brain in the 21st century. Whereas in the 20th century we The training signals that we get from the world are, understood the brain as a passive organ taking in information however, biased in all the same unsightly ways that our from the world, today we are beginning to reconceptualize it societies are biased: by race, gender, socioeconomic status, as an organ that actively creates and tests hypotheses about its nationality, and sexual orientation. The problem is more world. The promised revolution of predictive processing than a mere sampling bias. Our societies are replete with extends beyond cognitive neuroscience, however, and is prejudice biases that shape the ways we think, act, and beginning to make waves in the philosophy of perception. Andy Clark has written that predictive processing creates a perceive. Indeed, a similar problem arises in machine “bootstrap heaven,” enabling the brain to develop complex learning applications when they are inadvertently trained on models of the world from limited data. I argue that the same socially biased data (Avery, 2019; N. T. Lee, 2018). The principles also create a “bootstrap hell,” wherein prejudice basic principle in operation here is “garbage in, garbage biases inherent in our inegalitarian societies result in out”: a predictive system that is trained on socially biased permanent perceptual modifications. -
The Extended Mind Andy Clark & David Chalmers1
The extended mind Andy Clark & David Chalmers1 1. Introduction Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the boundaries of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words ‘just ain’t in the head’, and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third posi- tion. We advocate a very different sort of externalism: an active externalism, based on the active role of the environment in driving cogni- tive processes. 2. Extended cognition Consider three cases of human problem-solving: (1) A person sits in front of a computer screen which displays images of various two-dimensional geometric shapes and is asked to answer questions concerning the potential fit of such shapes into depicted ‘sockets’. To assess fit, the person must mentally rotate the shapes to align them with the sockets. (2) A person sits in front of a similar computer screen, but this time can choose either to physically rotate the image on the screen, by pressing a rotate button, or to mentally rotate the image as before. We can also suppose, not unrealistically, that some speed advantage accrues to the physical rotation operation. (3) Sometime in the cyberpunk future, a person sits in front of a similar computer screen. This agent, however, has the benefit of a neural implant which can perform the rotation operation as fast as the computer in the previous example. -
March2020dsbabarjournal.Pdf
MARCH 2020 VOLUME 43 • NUMBER 8 SPOTLIGHT on SMALL FIRMS and SOLO PRACTITIONERS The Delaware State Bar Association Presents the 2nd Annual BAKING CONTEST Sunday, March 22, 2020 | 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. Enter in one or more category: Pies and Tarts / Cakes and Cupcakes / Cookies and Bars / Breads and Savory / Gluten Free PRIZES WILL BE AWARDED IN EACH CATEGORY: JUNIOR DIVISION (17 AND UNDER) AND ADULT DIVISION CALLING ALL BAKERS! BE A BAKER OR BE A TASTER! For all contest rules and to register to compete or attend, visit www.dsba.org. The Delaware State Bar Association Presents the 2nd Annual DSBA BAR JOURNAL MARCH 2020 | VOLUME 43 • NUMBER 8 PRESIDENT William Patrick Brady EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR BAKING CONTEST Mark S. Vavala EDITORIAL BOARD Sunday, March 22, 2020 | 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. Laina M. Herbert Jason C. Powell Benjamin A. Schwartz Seth L. Thompson Enter in one or more category: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE LIAISON Pies and Tarts / Cakes and Cupcakes / Cookies and Bars / Breads and Savory / Gluten Free Kathleen M. Miller EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Valerie A. Caras FEATURES PRIZES WILL BE AWARDED IN EACH CATEGORY: JUNIOR DIVISION (17 AND UNDER) AND ADULT DIVISION Denise Del Giorno Nordheimer Katherine M. Devanney Adria B. Martinelli 2 Announcing the 2nd Annual DSBA Baking Contest Jennifer L. Smuts Victoria R. Sweeney Holly O. Vaughn Wagner SPOTLIGHT ON SMALL FIRMS AND SOLO PRACTITIONERS PUBLICATIONS EDITOR CALLING ALL BAKERS! Rebecca Baird 22 How to Get Fortune 100 Benefits for Your Firm While Still PUBLICATION ASSISTANT Working in Your Pajamas Susan Simmons BY DENISE DEL GIORNO NORDHEIMER, ESQUIRE The Bar Journal is published and distributed by the Delaware State Bar Association 24 Legal Podcasts: Sharpening Your Knowledge and Skills 405 North King Street, Suite 100 Wilmington, DE 19801 Outside the Office P: 302-658-5279 BY ROBERT M. -
Language, Embodiment, and the Cognitive Niche
Opinion TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.10 No.8 Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Language, embodiment, and the cognitive niche Andy Clark School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, David Hume Tower, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JX, UK Embodied agents use bodily actions and environmental in ways that (when successful) aid thinking and reasoning interventions to make the world a better place to think about some target domain or domains [11–13]. These in. Where does language fit into this emerging picture of physical structures combine with appropriate culturally the embodied, ecologically efficient agent? One useful transmitted practices to enhance problem-solving, and way to approach this question is to consider language (in the most dramatic cases) to make possible whole new itself as a cognition-enhancing animal-built structure. To forms of thought and reason. take this perspective is to view language as a kind of I present three ways in which to begin to flesh out this self-constructed cognitive niche: a persisting but never idea, and sketch a computational (connectionist and dyna- stationary material scaffolding whose crucial role in mical) framework in which to embed it. I end the argument promoting thought and reason remains surprisingly by suggesting an additional (non-essential but potentially poorly understood. It is the very materiality of this important) refinement: that linguistic activity might turn linguistic scaffolding, I suggest, that gives it some key out to be a mode of cognition-enhancing self-stimulation in benefits. By materializing thought in words, we create a system with no ‘Central Meaner’ orchestrating the whole structures that are themselves proper objects of percep- [14,15]. -
County Council Minutes
SUSSEX COUNTY COUNCIL-GEORGETOWN, DELAWARE-APRIL 15, 1975 Call to The regular meeting of the Sussex County Council was held on Order Tuesday, April 15, 1975 at 10:00 A. M. with the following members present: Ralph E. Benson President John T. Cannon, Sr. Vice President Charles W. Cole Member Oliver E. Hill Member W. Howard Workman Member The meeting was opened with the repeating of the Lord's Prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag. M 192 75 A Motion was made by Mr. Cannon, seconded by Mr. Hill, to Minutes approve the minutes of the previous meeting as presented. Approved Motion Adopted by Voice Vote. Corre The following correspondence was read by Mr. Betts, County spondence Solicitor: Sherman W. Tribbitt, Governor of the State of Delaware. Re: Statement by Governor Sherman W. Tribbitt in observance of Soil Conservation Service Appreciation Week. Town Council of Ocean View. Re: Recommending that future construction in the coastal areas be a maximum height of thirty-five feet with a density of fifteen dwellings per acre. Delaware Council on Crime and Justice, Inc. Re: Their annual meeting to be held on May 5, 1975 at 12:00 Noon in the Gold Ballroom of the Hotel du Pont. Bureau of Aging. Re: Monthly report for the month of March in the Sussex County Office. National Association of Realtors. Re: Offering their assistance regarding the appraisal of real property in the County. Community Legal Aid Society, Inc. Re: Expressing their appreciation to the Council for the move of the Community Legal Aid Society, Inc. -
European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, IV - 1 | 2012, « Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: a Century of Influences and Interactions, Vol
European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy IV - 1 | 2012 Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol. 2 Roberto Frega and Filipe Careira Da Silva (dir.) Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/758 DOI: 10.4000/ejpap.758 ISSN: 2036-4091 Publisher Associazione Pragma Electronic reference Roberto Frega and Filipe Careira Da Silva (dir.), European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, IV - 1 | 2012, « Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol. 2 » [Online], Online since 23 July 2012, connection on 23 September 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/758 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ejpap.758 This text was automatically generated on 23 September 2020. Author retains copyright and grants the European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Symposia. Pragmatism and the Social Sciences: A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol.2 Pragmatism and the Social Sciences A Century of Influences and Interactions, vol. 2 Roberto Frega and Filipe Carreira da Silva Section I. Classical Pragmatists and Contemporary Sociology Peirce and Iconology Habitus, Embodiment, and the Analogy between Philosophy and Architecture Tullio Viola Experiencing Practical Knowledge Emerging Convergences of Pragmatism and Sociological Practice Theory Tanja Bogusz The Social Scientist, the Public, and the Pragmatist Gaze Exploring the Critical Conditions of Sociological Inquiry Philippe Gonzalez and Laurence Kaufmann Section II. Law, Power, and the Prospects of a Pragmatist Social Theory Naturalistic Values and Progressive Politics A Missing Link Between Pragmatism and Social Theory Christoph Henning American Pragmatism and European Social Theory Holmes, Durkheim, Scheler, and the Sociology of Legal Knowledge Frederic R. -
Extended Cognition and Extended Consciousness∗
Extended Cognition and Extended Consciousness∗ David J. Chalmers It’s a pleasure to contribute this paper to Andy Clark and his Critics. Andy has been an influential figure for me ever since I read his first book Microcognition while I was in graduate school. A few years later I took up my first job as a post-doctoral fellow working with him in the newly initiated Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology program at Washington University in St Louis. We had a lot of adventures, but the one that seems to have left the most traces is our joint paper on “The Extended Mind”, which argued that cognitive processes can extend outside the brain and the body to include objects that we interact with in our environment. I recently came across hard copies of two early drafts of “The Extended Mind” in my files. The first draft was by Andy on his own, and is covered in handwritten comments by me. The second draft is a co-authored version with revisions by me, and is covered in handwritten comments by Andy. (I have put these two online at consc.net/papers/e-drafts.html.) There were many further iterations after that. The whole thing is a wonderful record of distributed and extended cognition, involving a complex cognitive process spread between Andy, me, various notes on paper, and computer files. I’m proud to have played a role in constituting this process. That said, I have to acknowledge that as with many cases of distributed cognition, there was an individual at the core who set the whole process into motion and who bears primary responsbility, and that individual was Andy. -
5. Connectionism and Consciousness
The Mind: Embodied, Embedded, but not Extended Gerard O’Brien Department of Philosophy University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 [email protected] http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/Philosophy/gobrien.htm Draft @ August 1997 Appeared in Review Symposium on Andy Clark’s Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again, Metascience 7:78-83 (1998) Perhaps it’s a mark of the sheer vitality of the relatively young field of cognitive science that it’s grappling with its third major paradigm in the space of just thirty years. While the roots of the discipline can be traced back to 1960s, its real beginnings occurred in the early 1970s with the application of ideas derived from conventional digital computers to human cognition, spawning the now appropriately named classical computational theory of mind: the doctrine that cognition is a species of symbol manipulation. Then, in the mid-1980s, the field witnessed its first major shake-up with the advent of neurally-inspired, parallel distributed processing (PDP) computational models, which substituted operations over activation patterns for symbol manipulations, and many theorists in the field started talking passionately about connectionism. Now, scarcely ten years later, the field is once again in tumult, this time with the arrival of dynamical systems theory, which, because it eschews the concept of representation, threatens to create an even greater rift in the field than that which occurred between connectionism and classicism. It is in this revolutionary milieu that Andy Clark’s latest book Being There is situated. Clark rose to prominence through his advocacy of connectionism, with his two previous books (Microcognition Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989, and Associative Engines Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993) containing some of the most penetrating philosophical work to be found on this alternative approach to the mind. -
Supersizing the Mind (Henceforth, SSM) Was a Book with a Double Mission
Philosophical Studies Book Symposium on Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension (Oxford University Press, NY, 2008) Précis, and Author’s Response. Précis of Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension (Oxford University Press, NY, 2008) Andy Clark Supersizing the Mind (henceforth, SSM) was a book with a double mission. The first mission was to display and discuss the rich and varied landscape of recent work in the area of (broadly speaking) embodied, environmentally embedded, cognitive science. To this end, I canvassed and organized a wide range of examples in which fine details of embodiment, of worldly action, and of worldly resources, could be seen to make diverse and unexpectedly deep contributions to human cognitive achievements. The second mission, building in many ways upon the first, was to pursue the more radical suggestion that is now known as the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition1. This was the suggestion2 that in some such cases, there is a sufficiently dense degree of inter-animation between the neural and the gross-bodily, or even between the organismic and the extra-organismic, for it to become ill- warranted and unproductive to reserve the label of ‘cognitive processing’ for the inner, neural or organismic contributions alone. Of course, the mere fact of dense inter-animation will not be enough: there may well be dense inter-animation between, say, the sailor and the sailboat, or between the 1 digestive tract and the brain, without either the sailor-sailboat or the brain-digestive -
Superior Court Appellant, of the State of Delaware in and for New Castle County V
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE THOMAS J. CAPANO, No. 110/149, 1999 Defendant Below, Court Below: Superior Court Appellant, of the State of Delaware in and for New Castle County v. Cr. A. No. IN97-11-0720 STATE OF DELAWARE, Cr. ID No. 9711006198 Plaintiff Below, Appellee. Submitted: March 3, 2000 Decided: March 17, 2000 Before VEASEY, Chief Justice, WALSH, HOLLAND and HARTNETT, Justices, and CHANDLER, Chancellor,1 constituting the Court en Banc. Upon Motion for Limited Remand of Proceedings to Enlarge the Record on Appeal. DECISION ON MOTION DEFERRED PENDING BRIEFING. 1 Designated pursuant to Art. IV, § 12, of the Delaware Constitution and Supreme Court Rules 2 and 4. Joseph M. Bernstein, Esquire, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for Appellant. Ferris W. Wharton, Esquire, State Prosecutor, and Loren C. Meyers, Esquire, Chief of Appeals Division, Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Appellee. VEASEY, Chief Justice, for the majority: Before this Court is a procedural motion in an appeal pending in a death penalty case. The motion by the defendant-appellant, Thomas J. Capano, is for a limited remand of proceedings to enlarge the record on appeal. The basis of the motion is the contention that an immediate evidentiary hearing is needed for this Court to determine whether the conduct of the trial and subsequent death sentence “may have been consciously or unconsciously influenced by a motive or desire by [Judge William Swain Lee, the trial and sentencing judge] to enhance his image for political purposes through trial publicity.” Although the Court declines an immediate remand, the Court’s final decision on the merits of the issues raised by the motion is deferred pending full briefing in accordance with this Opinion.