A Luz No Cinema

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A Luz No Cinema André Reis Martins A LUZ NO CINEMA Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado da Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Artes Visuais. Área de concentração: Cinema Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Nazario Universidade Federal de.Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Escola de Belas Artes da UFMG 2004 MARTINS, André Reis, 1971. A Luz no Cinema / André Reis Martins – Belo Horizonte: Escola de Belas Artes / UFMG (Dissertação de Mestrado), 2004. 209 F.: il. Orientador: Luiz Nazario Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Belas Artes. Bibliografia: F. 204-208 1. Cinema 2. Cinema – Iluminação 3. História-Técnica I. Nazario, Luiz . II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Belas Artes. III. Título. À Dona Odete e Sr. Bené, meus pais. Meus agradecimentos Aos meus pais e irmãos pela paciência, apoio emocional e financeiro. Ao professor Luiz Nazario pela dedicação, sugestões bibliográficas, filmes e livros emprestados no decorrer da pesquisa. Ao professor e amigo Alessandro Costa, pelas sugestões e apoio bibliográfico e à Soraia Nunes pela amizade, conselhos e doação de material de pesquisa. À professora Ana Lúcia Andrade e professor Marco Anacleto pela confiança e empréstimos de filmes pertinentes à pesquisa. À Claudia Jussan pelas sugestões bibliográficas, filmes e pelos maravilhosos desenhos de cenários feitos em tempo ágil para integrar a parte prática desta pesquisa. À todos os colegas e amigos que de uma forma ou de outra, contribuíram para que este trabalho se realizasse: Carlos Vasconcelos, Zina Pawlowski, Elza Maria Santos, Osger Machado, Marcílio Lana, Chantal Herskovic, Alexandre Martins, Luciana Fagundes Braga, Juliana Duarte Weinberg, Marcelo La Carretta, Claúdia Stanciolli, Antônio Fialho, Christine Veras, Nelson Barraza, Luiz Carlos Carneiro, dentre muitos outros. À todos os funcionários da Biblioteca da Escola de Belas Artes, pela disponibilidade e atenção que reservaram a mim. E acima de tudo e de todos à Deus. SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS................................................................................................................... 6 RESUMO....................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO I - BREVE HISTÓRIA DA LUZ......................................................................... 14 CAPÍTULO II - UM CINEMA DE LUZ.................................................................................. 30 CAPÍTULO III - A EXPERIÊNCIA DO FOTÓGRAFO....................................................... 54 CAPITULO IV – A LUZ EXPRESSIONISTA........................................................................ 85 CAPÍTULO V - A SOMBRA NOIR........................................................................................ 116 CAPÍTULO VI - A LUZ ANIMADA...................................................................................... 139 CAPÍTULO VII - ILUMINAÇÃO EM ANIMAÇÕES EXPRESSIONISTAS................... 167 CONCLUSÃO............................................................................................................................ 182 ANEXO A - O desafio da luz tropical...................................................................................... 186 ANEXO B - Fotógrafos do cinema........................................................................................... 192 ANEXO C - As melhores fotografias de obras cinematográficas......................................... 199 FONTES DE FIGURAS........................................................................................................... 202 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.................................................................................... 205 LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 01 - Controle da luz sobre o Estúdio Black Maria................................................... 15 FIGURA 02 – Plataforma giratória abaixo do Estúdio Black Maria....................................... 16 FIGURA 03 – Lillian Gish em O lírio partido.........................................................................32 FIGURA 04 – Cena do filme O lírio partido...........................................................................32 FIGURA 05 - Cena de As vinhas da ira...................................................................................38 FIGURA 06 – Cena de A longa viagem de volta.....................................................................39 FIGURA 07 - Cena do filme Cantando na chuva....................................................................46 FIGURA 08 – Marlene Dietrich em A imperatriz escarlate....................................................51 FIGURA 09 – Cena do filme A imperatriz escarlate..............................................................52 FIGURA 10 - Travelling matte de sódio..................................................................................60 FIGURA 11 - Luzes de néon compondo o cenário de Blade Runner......................................64 FIGURA 12 - Sean Young em Blade Runner..........................................................................66 FIGURA 13 - Efeito de shafts of light com a utilização de contraluz...................................67 FIGURA 14 - Sala de projeção em Cidadão Kane..................................................................73 FIGURA 15 - Profundidade de campo em Cidadão Kane......................................................74 FIGURA 16 - Cena do filme Cidadão Kane..........................................................................75 FIGURA 17 - Utilização de tetos de musselina.......................................................................77 FIGURA 18 - Profundidade de Campo em A longa viagem de volta.....................................79 FIGURA 19 - Aposento dos marinheiros em A longa viagem de volta..................................80 FIGURA 20 - Sombras pintadas e cenários retorcidos em Caligari......................................88 FIGURA 21 - sombras pintadas combinada à iluminação artificial........................................89 FIGURA 22 - O assassinato de Siegfried em Os Nibelungos..................................................91 FIGURA 23 -O Golem, versão de 1920...................................................................................93 FIGURA 24 - Nos filmes alemães, a sombra se torna a imagem do Destino..........................98 FIGURA 25 – Cena final de Nosferatu....................................................................................99 FIGURA 26 - Cena de A última gargalhada..........................................................................100 FIGURA 27- O Porteiro com as sombras da porta giratória sobre a luz do fundo................ 102 FIGURA 28 -Cena de amor entre Fausto e Gretchen sob os olhos de Mefistófeles..............105 FIGURA 29 - Silhuetas dos operários acidentados e Freder ao fundo...................................107 FIGURA 30 - Operários trabalhando em Metrópolis............................................................108 FIGURA 31 - Sirenes em Metrópolis.....................................................................................108 FIGURA 32 - Vítimas levadas à boca flamejante de Moloch................................................112 FIGURA 33 - Transformação da mulher robô em Maria.......................................................113 FIGURA 34 – Cena de Anjo do Mal (Pickup On South Street, 1953)..................................116 FIGURA 35 - Cena de O Império do Crime (The Big Combo, 1955)...................................118 FIGURA 36 - Cena de O Homem dos olhos esbugalhados....................................................119 FIGURA 37- Cena do filme Pacto de sangue........................................................................122 FIGURA 38 - Gloria Swanson e Willian Holden em Crepúsculo dos Deuses.......................123 FIGURA 39 - Cena final de Crepúsculo dos Deuses..............................................................124 FIGURA 40 - Cena do aquário em A dama de Shangai.........................................................127 FIGURA 41 - Cena do labirinto de espelhos..........................................................................127 FIGURA 42 - Cena final de O terceiro homem......................................................................132 FIGURA 43 - Cena do filme O terceiro homem.....................................................................133 FIGURA 44 - Orson Welles em O terceiro homem................................................................134 FIGURA 45 - Cena de A marca da maldade..........................................................................137 FIGURA 46 - Câmera multiplana com refletores de luz para cada nível...............................142 FIGURA 47 - Lotte Reiniger em seu processo de produção.................................................144 FIGURA 48 - O casal Alexeieff e Parker e sua tela de alfinetes............................................145 FIGURA 49 - Drouin e Pojar animando uma das cenas de L’Heure des Anges....................148 FIGURA 50 - Cena de luta entre King Kong e um dinossauro..............................................153 FIGURA 51 - Cena em que King Kong tenta agarrar Ann e Jack Driscoll............................154 FIGURA 52 - Efeito de tridimensionalidade
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