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The Presence of Active Larvae Delays the Emergence of Conspecifics in the Tupelo Leafminer, Antispila Nysaefoliella

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The Presence of Active Larvae Delays the Emergence of Conspecifics in the Tupelo Leafminer, Antispila Nysaefoliella Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2010, 12: 545–553 The presence of active larvae delays the emergence of conspecifics in the tupelo leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella Candace Low Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA ABSTRACT Hypothesis: In many systems, density-dependent effects on fitness often can be mitigated with adaptations such as individual mobility or increased competitive ability. However, in sessile or sedentary systems, immobility might preclude individuals from directly choosing their group or patch, thus making it difficult for them to respond to the costs and benefits of group living or variation in density in general. In this study, I test the effect of density on delayed emergence of an effectively sessile species. Study system: Tupelo leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), a specialist of black gum, Nyssa sylvatica Marsh (Cornaceae). The study population is located in the northern Shenandoah Valley in Clarke Co., Virginia. Methods: In 2004 and 2008, I conducted field experiments where I reduced the initial density of larvae on leaves and compared the frequency of occurrence of new larvae after the experimental treatment. In 2008, I also enclosed half of the leaves with fine-mesh bags to exclude compensatory oviposition as a possible cause of subsequent larval emergence. Prediction and result: The prediction that the removal of active larvae would lead to more occurrences of secondary larval emergence on experimental leaves compared with control leaves was supported in both years of the experiment. The mesh enclosure treatment (2008) had no effect, which suggests that the higher rate of secondary emergence was not due to eggs that were deposited after larvae were removed. Conclusion: The experimental results demonstrate that the presence of active larvae may suppress the development of conspecific larvae (or unhatched eggs). Therefore, the potential number of A. nysaefoliella larvae on leaves might not be realized immediately at the beginning of the season. Rather, as individuals in the initial cohort die, typically due to parasitism, others may emerge subsequently. Although the mechanism is currently unknown, delayed emergence appears to be associated with larval density. Keywords: aggregation, competition, delayed hatching, density dependence, hatching asynchrony, life-history timing, plant–insect interactions. Correspondence: C. Low, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Consult the copyright statement on the inside front cover for non-commercial copying policies. © 2010 Candace Low www.evolutionary-ecology.com Evolutionary Ecology Research is delighted that you wish to consult one of its articles. You may if your library or laboratory subscribes. Ask your librarian or library committee why your place does not already subscribe to the low-cost journal that is publishing splendid science in a socially responsible manner. EER's low prices have helped librarians to rein in the indefensible cost increases that have reduced our access to science all over the world! Just ask our partners at SPARC — the Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition of the Association of Research Libraries. Or maybe you should just remind the folks who order your journals to contact us and subscribe! You need — and they should support — the journal that: Invented the instant publication of reviewed, revised and accepted e-editions. Vests the copyrights of all articles in their authors while preserving the rights of educational and research groups to use its material in classes, seminars, etc. at no additional cost. Maintains a unified data-base of articles, thus doing away with your need to worry about issue numbers, author order, and other such impediments to easy access. Provides Webglimpse so that you can search any word, place, species, variable, phrase or author in any article EER has ever published. Pioneered e-only subscriptions while maintaining, at the same time, a traditional print edition, too. Some 10,000 readers per week have it right. EER is the place to go for great science, responsible publication policies and easy access! Click here for the Table of Contents of the most recent issue of Evolutionary Ecology Research Click here for full access to a sample issue of Evolutionary Ecology Research Click here for SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION.
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