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(Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae), with a Phylogenetic Review of the Monotrysia

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(Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae), with a Phylogenetic Review of the Monotrysia A New Family of Mono try sian Moths from Austral South America (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae), with a Phylogenetic Review of the Monotrysia DONALD R. DAVIS m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 434 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 434 A New Family of Monotrysian Moths from Austral South America (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae), with a Phylogenetic Review of the Monotrysia Donald R. Davis SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1986 ABSTRACT Davis, Donald R. A New Family of Monotrysian Moths from Austral South America (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae), with a Phylogenetic Review of the Monotrysia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 434, 202 pages, 599 figures, 15 maps, 3 tables, 1986.—The general morphology, biogeography, and classification of a new family and superfamily of monotrysian moths are reviewed. To assess the proper relationships of this new taxon, the phylogeny of the infraorder Heteroneura, division Monotrysia is also summarized. The sister group of the Palaephatidae (Palaephatoidea) has been determined as the Nepticuloidea + Tischerioidea largely on the basis of their similar monotrysian, non-piercing ovipositors, with the oviporous opening between the eighth and ninth abdominal sterna. The distribution of the family is restricted largely to the temperate forests of southern Argentina and Chile, with a single genus reported from Australia. A total of 5 genera and 28 species are recognized from the New World. Four new genera, Sesommata, Metaphatus, Plesiophatus, and Apophatus are described as well as one new subgenus, Prophatus, of Palaephatus Meyrick. Twenty-five new species are named, including Sesommata leuroptera, S. trachyptera, S. parapla- tysaris, S. albimaculata, Metaphatus spatulatus, M. ochraceous, M. ichnius, M. cirrhus, M. sinuatus, M. adustus, Plesiophatus inarmigerus, Palaephatus dimor- phus, P. leucacrotus, P. nielseni, P. spinosus, P. latus, P. fusciterminus, P. albiterminus, P. striatus, P. amplisaccus, P. pallidus, P. luteolus, P. albicerus, Apophatus parvus, and A. bifibratus. Distribution maps and keys are provided for all South American species. Diagnostic characters of all taxa are fully illustrated by line drawings and photographs. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Davis, Donald Ray. A new family of Monotrysian moths from Austral South America (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae). (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 434) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:434 I. Palaephatidae—Classification. 2. Insects—Classification. 3. Insects—South America Classification. I. Title. II. Title: Monotrysian moths. III. Series. QL1.S54 no. 434 591s [595.78'1] 85-600307 [QL561.P18] Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 3 Biogeography 4 Biotic Provinces 4 Distribution of Palaephatidae, 15 Life History 16 Comparative Morphology 18 Abbreviations 18 Head 19 Thorax 44 Abdomen 51 Male Genitalia 52 Female Genitalia 53 Phylogeny 55 Phylogeny of Heteroneura 55 Phylogeny of Palaephatidae 61 PALAEPHATIDAE, new family 64 Key to the Genera of Palaephatidae 66 Sesommata, new genus 67 Key to the Species of Sesommata 69 Sesommata leuroptera, new species 70 Sesommata trachyptera, new species 72 Sesommata holocapna (Meyrick), new combination 75 Sesommata paraplatysaris, new species 83 Sesommata platysaris (Meyrick), new combination 90 Sesommata albimaculata, new species 92 Metaphatus, new genus 93 Key to the Species of Metaphatus 94 Metaphatus spatulatus, new species 95 Metaphatus ochraceus, new species 97 Metaphatus ichnius, new species 107 Metaphatus cirrhus, new species 108 Metaphatus sinuatus, new species Ill Metaphatus adustus, new species 113 Plesiophatus, new genus 115 Plesiophatus inarmigerus, new species 116 Palaephatus Butler 119 Key to the Subgenera of Palaephatus 121 Prophatus, new subgenus 121 Key to the Species of the Subgenus Prophatus 122 iii SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Palaephatus (Prophatus) dimorphus, new species 123 Palaephatus (Prophatus) leucacrotus, new species 126 Palaephatus (Prophatus) nielseni, new species 128 Palaephatus (Prophatus) spinosus, new species 129 Palaephatus (Prophatus) latus, new species 130 Palaephatus (Prophatus) fusciterminus, new species 131 Palaephatus (Prophatus) albiterminus, new species 134 Palaephatus (Prophatus) striatus, new species 141 Palaephatus (Prophatus) amplisaccus, new species 143 Subgenus Palaephatus Butler 145 Key to the Species of the Subgenus Palaephatus 145 Palaephatus (Palaephatus) falsus Butler 146 Palaephatus (Palaephatus) pallidus, new species 153 Palaephatus (Palaephatus) luteolus, new species 155 Palaephatus (Palaephatus) albicerus, new species 158 Apophatus, new genus 160 Key to the Species of Apophatus 161 Apophatus parvus, new species 161 Apophatus bifibratus, new species 162 Appendix: Neotropical Microlepidoptera Series 165 References 166 Figures 397-599 170 A New Family of Monotrysian Moths from Austral South America (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae), with a Phylogenetic Review of the Monotrysia Donald R. Davis Introduction made to analyze this morphological diversity to- ward the eventual goal of stabilizing the classifi- Approximately 99% of the Lepidoptera living cation and phylogeny of these families. today are grouped together in a single division, In my review of the Neopseustidae (Davis, Ditrysia, of which the nearly 140,000 species 1975b), I emphasized the need for further ex- (Heppner, in press) are principally characterized ploratory field investigations in certain regions as possessing heteroneurous venation and two of the world expected to harbor primitive Lepi- genital openings in the female. The remaining doptera. It was believed that the results of this 1% constitute the so-called primitive Lepidop- fieldwork would not only provide investigators tera, an assemblage of small families that lack with more and better preserved material for one or both of the above features. The taxo- detailed anatomical studies, but that such efforts nomic confusion that primitive moths have pre- would also lead to the discovery of possible "miss- sented to workers over the years has more than ing links"—groups that could fill in some of the compensated for their relatively few numbers. conspicuous systematic gaps still prevalent Much of this confusion is the result of the rather among these taxa. amazing array of morphological diversity that Because of unanticipated administrative du- exists among the 23 families involved—a diver- ties, it was not until 1978 that I was able to sity either present only in the immatures, or in initiate a cursory search for primitive Lepidop- the adult but largely concealed by scales and, tera in the fragmentary remnants of Gondwana- consequently, mostly ignored by earlier workers land. Since then field work has been conducted more content in naming species based on very in South Africa (1978), Chile (1979, 1981- superficial features. It has only been within the 1982), Taiwan (1980), Papua New Guinea last decade or so that a concerted effort has been (1983), the Guayana Highlands of Venezuela (1984), and New Caledonia (1984). I am in- Donald R. Davis, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. debted to S.E. and P.M. Miller for assisting with 20560. the survey in Papua New Guinea and to M.G. 1 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Pogue and M. Epstein for the work in New of several new and closely related genera and Caledonia.
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