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-- - - - - . ,--- , ,,.­ ~~ ~ ~~ At ~-X -- *~ ..:E3::. lJ J~C 7\~ f ~ ~ .. ~~ c::- F~~ c.:!­ t~- """"'"-­ ~~' • ~ '--­ ~ 17t .tl!!~ ? ) r=? ~~ -,It>l( ±,::t. -- ;rn - *-tXCiXt ,3= -<:z lR c::=?-. ~- - - ~~ ~ 7''". M~ ~~' ~~( )2 Y'A *-iK J\lJ\t *='.=1f; gy~(4 E~- 1-11 ffiFt:J:..± ~~-­ A~ 7C1C 7Jt 111 ~ Etc. E..b. ~.. ~ ~~ _ 'Ii;; l-W ,~ ~7t\ ,~!® .7C3t ~ j ili-_ ~ Jfl)f{ ~~ ~~ $~ 1=T~ ~ .. -'l:J"~'** )~( ,~\~ ~ c:===- A - - '""'-~!-­ ~ 11il( iE~ f=y2._ l1i;lJ ..,..~- ?R~ - ~ lett ~ ~iE ~~ }~ ~ ,,"-- ~}\ J6t Jt Ut tIlt, i@~­ u 11~ jJ( .h= ~~ ~~-- 2§ Volume Four December 1993 Number Two Editor Stephen R. Bokenkamp East Asian Studies Center Memorial Hall West 207 Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 Advisory Board Book Review Editor Suzanne Cahill, University of California, Robert F. Campany San Diego Department of Religious Studies Ute Engelhardt, Munich University Sycamore Hall 205 Norman Girardot, Lehigh University Indiana University Donald Harper, University of Arizona Bloomington IN 47405 Isabelle Robinet, Universite de Provence Harold Roth, Brown University Editorial Assistant Lara Idsinga Ingeman Subscriptions Manager Guo Aihua The editor encourages submission of original research, book reviews or essays, announcements of work in progress, dissertation abstracts, and news of the field. Submit three copies of manuscripts typed double-spaced (including footnotes, quotations, and texts) and printed on one side only on 8lh by 11" paper or the European equivalent. Leave 11,4" margins on all sides. If the article is accepted for publication, the author will be requested to submit a copy on computer disk. Manuscripts should conform, insofar as possible, to the guidelines of the 13th edition of the Chicago Manual ofStyle (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1982). Documentation should follow the style recommended in sections 15.36 through 15.53, 16 (Style A), and 17. Asian names should be cited in the proper Asian order; any standard system of romanization for Asian languages is acceptable. When appropriate, provide Chinese characters for the first reference of a term in the text; characters for titles of works and names of authors listed in the footnotes or bibliography should not be included in the text (further information on style guidelines is included in volume 3, number 1). Taoist Resources is a refereed journal published two times a year. The journal is supported by publication grants from the East Asian Studies Center of Indiana University and the China and Inner Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies. Annual subscription rates are $20 for individuals and $30 for institutions. Requests for permission to reprint and all correspondence regarding subscriptions or advertising should be addressed to Taoist Resources, East Asian Studies Center, Indiana University, Memorial West 207, Bloomington IN 47405; (812)855-3765; Internet "[email protected]". COPYRIGHT © Taoist Resources, 1993 ISSN 1061-8805 (December 1993) Volume 4, Number 2 CONTENTS From the Editor . .. Stephen BOKENKAMP Dis-covering a Religion. Phyllis BROOKS SCHAFER 1 What is Taoism? (With Apologies to H.G. Creel) ......... Laurence G. THOMPSON 9 Ghosts and Demons, Law and Order: Grave Quelling Texts and Early Taoist Liturgy. Angelika CEDZICH 23 Traces of Early Celestial Master Physiological Practice in the Xiang 'er Commentary. .. .... Stephen BOKENKAMP 37 BOOK REVIEW ESSAY Reason, Spontaneity, and Awareness: A.C. Graham's Account of the Roots of Logic and Moral Action. .. ... Lisa RAPHALS 53 COMMUNICATION Translations in The Taoist Experience . ........................Livia KOHN 61 From the Editor With this issue we begin a special series. This and the next two issues of the journal will feature articles dedicated to the memory of two pioneers in the field of Taoist Studies, Professor Edward H. Schafer and Dr. Anna K. Seidel. We begin with a moving first-hand account of the lives, scholarship, and deaths of these two great scholars by Phyllis Brooks Schafer, the wife of Professor Schafer and close friend of Dr. Seidel's. More than personal reminiscence, Ms. Brooks Schafer's article provides us with a fascinating new perspective on the many contributions to Taoist studies of these two scholars, whose lives and works intersected at critical junctures. We are honored to include here as well an incisive discussion by the well-known scholar of Chinese Religions, Professor Laurence G. Thompson, on the vexed issue ofthe very definition of Taoism itself. Professor Thompson, after surveying the opinions of others on this question, provides some solutions which take full account not only of the Chinese situation, but of analogous phenomena in other major religions of the world. The remaining two articles in this issue focus on the Celestial Masters, the first enduring communal Taoist organization. Dr. Angelika Cedzich draws on her ground-breaking work on the earliest examples of Taoist liturgy to address a problem that occupied Dr. Seidel as well- What was new in the Taoist view of death and the afterlife? Drawing on Dr. Seidel's initial insights, Dr. Cedzich presents substantial new evidence on mortuary innovations of the Celestial Masters which were to have enduring consequences for the history of Taoism. My own article likewise discusses one of Dr. Seidel's early insights; this time on the subject of the physiological and meditative practices alluded to in the Xiang'er zhuan, the early Celestial Master exegesis of the Laozi. These works began as papers presented on the panels "Early Chinese Religion and Religious Taoism: Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Edward H. Schafer and Dr. Anna Seidel" at the Western Conference of the Association of Asian Studies held at the University of Arizona in Tucson on October 23 and 24 of 1992. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the organizers of the conference, and particularly Donald Harper, for their help in making possible what should prove to be a lively and informative series of articles. In addition, thanks are due to the readers for their thoroughness and promptness, as well as to the staff of the East Asian Studies Center, and particularly to the new Editorial Assistant, Lara Idsinga Ingeman. Without help from many hands, the production of this journal would not be possible. Stephen R. BOKENKAMP Dis-covering a Religion 1 Phyllis BROOKS SCHAFER Keynote Address: "Early Chinese Religion and Religious Taoism: Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Edward H. Schafer and Dr. Anna Seidel" at the Western Conference of the Association of Asian Studies, the University of Arizona, Tucson, 23 October 1992. I recognize that not everyone here is aware of the curious ways that the personal life Odysseys of Ed and Anna intertwined last year. (I cannot bring myself to call them Professor Schafer and Dr. Seidel.) Before I make my small contribution to the scholarly start of these proceedings, let me recall for you the circumstances shadowing that year without end. By late 1990 Ed and I knew that he had liver cancer and only a few months to live. We decided not to fight the futile fight and instead to enjoy his last weeks. His last public lecture was at the University of Illinois in November, at the opening of the "Sacred Mountains" art exhibition.2 After a subdued Christmas, we took off for a final holiday in the jungles of Belize. Friends there had no idea that they were entertaining a dying Ed, as he took off over mountain trails, climbed pyramids, crawled into despoiled Mayan graves, and chased after birds. Only I knew the true state of affairs. The rest is quick to tell: the return to Berkeley, two weeks of his beloved teaching (Ed had warned his department that he might not finish the semester\ his collapse, and the peaceful last week. Anna telephoned Ed from Kyoto the evening before he died. He had told me that he felt too weak to take any more phone calls, but Anna was different. They talked for over an hour. I never asked Anna what they talked about, but if it was a conversation like others I had heard, they ranged from silly flirtation to jokes to gossip and, even then, to sudden sideturns into recent scholarly work. And as two realists, I'm sure they talked of death. Ed died the next morning, just before Angelika Cedzich arrived with the red roses Anna had asked her to bring to him. When he was buried, we tossed Anna's roses on top of the coffin. I sent Anna a picture of the open grave. The image does not bear brooding over. Five months later, on a sudden whim, Anna came to the Bay Area on what was to be a two­ week visit, one of her far too rare frivolities. She knew that she had a serious liver disease, and 1 My title was going to be "Dish-covering a Religion," with thanks to Lewis Carroll's riddle about the oyster, but I held back. The simple "Discovering" smacked too much of Eurocentric arrogance in this year of Columbian controversy. So, the compromise - never the best way to go! 2"Taoist Holy Mountains," Krannert Art Museum, 16 November 1990. A couple of weeks earlier we had traveled to Seattle, Ed's birthplace, where he presented a paper, "The T'ai-shang lao-chun k'ai­ t'ien ching: a medieval Chinese cosmology," at the meeting of the Western Branch of the American Oriental Society. This work is defined in Ed's abstract as fla standard medieval account of the creation of the world by a sequence of decrees of Lord Lao." Thus both of Ed's final public speeches were on Taoist topics. 3His course was taken over by Jeffrey Riegel, who completed it using Ed's prepared syllabus. Taoist Resources, 4.2 (1993) 2 ·BROOKSSCHAFER she intended to discuss the local possibilities of a transplant (which she had also investigated in Europe).
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