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Jane Austen Travels 1 Jane Austen Speaks Norwegian <UN> Costerus New Series Editors C.C. Barfoot (Leiden University, The Netherlands) Michael Boyden (Uppsala University, Sweden) Theo D’haen (Leuven University, Belgium) Raphaël Ingelbien (Leuven University, Belgium) volume 219 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cos <UN> Jane Austen Speaks Norwegian The Challenges of Literary Translation By Marie Nedregotten Sørbø leiden | boston <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This book is written with the support of The Norwegian Non-Fiction Writers’ and Translators’ Association (nff). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sørbø, Marie N. author. Title: Jane Austen speaks Norwegian : the challenges of literary translation / by Marie Nedregotten Sørbø. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill Rodopi, 2018. | Series: Costerus new series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017054589 (print) | LCCN 2017059839 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004337176 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004337169 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Austen, Jane, 1775-1817--Translations into Norwegian--History and criticism. | Austen, Jane, 1775-1817--Appreciation--Norway. Classification: LCC PR4038.T73 (ebook) | LCC PR4038.T73 S67 2018 (print) | DDC 418/.043--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054589 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0165-9618 isbn 978-90-04-33716-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33717-6 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by the Author. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill nv. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. <UN> Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations viii Introduction: Jane Austen Travels 1 1 Austen Goes to Norway 19 2 Cuts and Simplifications 37 3 Additions and Elaborations 53 4 Blunder 66 5 Shades and Nuances 81 6 A Sense of Style 95 7 Wanted and Unwanted Repetitions 108 8 Choice and Repertoire of Words 121 9 Foreign or Domestic? 140 10 Irony 156 11 Censorship 174 12 Amending the Love Story 186 Conclusion 198 Appendix 1: Jane Austen’s Anonymity in Nineteenth-century Translations 203 Appendix 2: Timeline: Jane Austen’s Presences and Absences in Norwegian Contexts 205 Bibliography 208 Index 216 <UN> <UN> Acknowledgements This book has been written with the generous support of The Norwegian Non-Fiction Writers’ and Translators’ Association (nff), who granted me a six months’ writer’s stipend in 2011. Due to other responsibilities in academic management in the ensuing four years, the book has been longer in gestation than initially planned. Furthermore, its completion and publication have been supported by the hera Cultural Encounters Joint Research Project Travelling Texts 1790–1914, the Transnational Reception of Women’s Writing at the Fringes of Europe, 2013–16. Investigating translations and other forms of reception of female writers in three time windows of the nineteenth century, the first of them Jane Austen’s time, this project provided me with a context for the present case study. As Principal Investigator for Norway, I unearthed and documented a vast body of female writing, reading, translation and criticism, which helped support the conclusions drawn here. This larger material on the import of European women’s writing in Norway will be the subject of a forthcoming monograph. In the earliest phase of writing the present book, I had the great benefit of working for five weeks at Chawton House Library in Hampshire, England, as a Visiting Fellow in February–March 2009. Its Jane Austen connections, as well as friendly staff and unique ambience made it a very memorable experience. The last chapters were written when I enjoyed the hospitality of the Uni- versity of Cambridge, as a Visiting Scholar in the Lent Term of 2016. I am very grateful for the kind reception I had there. I would also like to thank my own institution, Volda University College in Norway, for providing me with a mean- ingful academic life for over twenty-five years. The very first seeds of this book were sown when I was asked to write the Norwegian chapter of The Reception of Jane Austen in Europe, eds Brian South- am and Anthony Mandal, first published in 2007. In the course of this process, translation was confirmed to be the most important, and most challenging, form of reception. An array of pertinent issues presented themselves, and a host of samples that illuminated them, most of which could not find room within a single chapter. It resulted in a conviction that the Norwegian-language Jane Austen should be made available for a worldwide Austen scholarship. The final manuscript has benefited much from the expert advice of my copy editor at Brill, Cedric Barfoot. My family deserve thanks for their unvarying interest and support. <UN> List of Illustrations 1 The front page of Morgenbladet for 31 December 1871/1 with an installment of an Austen novel at the bottom 17 2 From Chapter 15 of Persuasion in its 1871 translation 18 3 The title page and frontispiece of a 1930 translation of Pride and Prejudice 36 4 The dustjacket of a 1947 translation of Pride and Prejudice 64 5 The title page and frontispiece of a circa 1972 translation of Pride and Prejudice 65 6 Illustration for a 1974 serial of Pride and Prejudice in the magazine Familien 93 7 The cover of a 1991 pocket-book edition of Pride and Prejudice 94 8 The front page of a 1996 insert of Pride and Prejudice for Familien 185 9 Four Norwegian covers from the publisher Aschehoug’s series of Austen translations 197 <UN> Introduction: Jane Austen Travels Jane Austen should stay at home, was the somewhat defeatist conclusion of a 1975 comparison of six translations from around the world.1 Some of them were competent, others weak, but they all seemed to struggle with the finer points of Austen’s style. Such a purist sentiment is all well and good, and quite understandable. Perhaps there is something untranslatable about all great authors; nuances that can only be found in their own language.2 But Jane Austen will not stay at home. She has been travelling to other countries, speaking foreign languages, since her books started to come out. She has spoken French since 1813, German since 1822, Swedish since 1836, Por- tuguese since 1847, Danish since 1855 and Norwegian since 1871.3 She crossed the Atlantic to Brazil (the 1847 translation) and in American English editions in 1816 and 1832–33 (the latter comprised all six novels).4 Right after the First World War, she learnt to speak Spanish (1919), Dutch and Finnish (1922). She crossed the world in the opposite direction and learnt foreign sign systems in Japan (1926)5 and China (1935).6 She travelled to Eastern Europe, and spoke Serbo-Croat (1929) and Czech (1932), Hungarian and Polish (1934). At the same time, she spoke Italian (1932). The years of the Second World War saw an explosion of interest in Austen’s authorship, with thirty-two European translations between 1941 and 1945, the majority of them into the Romance languages – Portuguese, Spanish and Italian. Sometimes two translators worked on the same novel in the same country simultaneously, presumably without knowing of each other’s work.7 1 Andrew Wright, “Jane Austen Abroad”, in Jane Austen: Bicentenary Essays, ed. John Halperin, Cambridge, 1975, 317. 2 See recent debates on “untranslatability”, for instance by Emily Apter or Susan Bassnett, who explains its linguistic and cultural subtypes (Susan Bassnett, Translation Studies, Abingdon and New York, 2014, 40–45). 3 A Timeline of European translations until 2013 is given in the opening of Anthony Mandal and Brian Southam, The Reception of Jane Austen in Europe, London, 2014. 4 For covers and descriptions of these early American editions, see Margaret C. Sullivan, Jane Austen Cover to Cover: 200 Years of Classic Covers, Philadelphia, pa, 2014, 16–17 and 23. The book also includes a number of twentieth- and twenty-first century foreign covers, in addi- tion to its main emphasis on English editions. 5 Hiroshi Ebine, et al., “Jane Austen in Japanese Literature: An Overview”, Persuasions On-Line, 30/2. 6 Helong Zhang, “Jane Austen’s One Hundred Years in China”, Persuasions, 33/105. 7 This happened with Emma in Italy, Northanger Abbey and Pride and Prejudice in Spain, see Timeline in Mandal and Southam, The Reception of Jane Austen in Europe, xxviii. © MARIE NEDREGOTTEN SØRBØ, ���8 | doi �0.��63/9789004337�76_00� This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License. <UN> 2 Introduction In Japan, as in many other countries, there was a burst of interest after the war: all of Austen’s work was translated into Japanese between 1947 and 1978. Turkey presents a similar case, with five of the novels translated between 1946 and 1972.8 Since the war, not a year has gone by without seeing several new Austen translations. While there are (so far) no recorded translations between 1898 and 1910, and only three in the first two decades of the twentieth century, she is now among the most translated of British authors.
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