Open Issam E Khoury Dissertation
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Education UNBRIDLED GLOBALIZATION: THE TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN QATAR A Dissertation in Higher Education and Comparative and International Education by Issam Elias Khoury © 2013 Issam Elias Khoury Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 The dissertation of Issam Elias Khoury was reviewed and approved* by the following: Roger L. Geiger Distinguished Professor of Education Professor-in-Charge, Higher Education Program Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee David P. Baker Professor of Education and Sociology Program Coordinator, Comparative and International Education Program Co-Chair of Committee Robert M. Hendrickson Professor of Higher Education Dennis C. Jett Professor of International Affairs *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii ABSTRACT Qatar is a state that has attempted to develop very quickly since the rise to power in 1995 of Sheikh Hamad Al Thani. One of the cornerstones of this development has been a heavy investment in education, and one that has garnered much attention in the media and in the literature on higher education. This dissertation seeks to understand the transformation of higher education in Qatar through the lens of globalization theories and to juxtapose that against nationalization policies in place in Qatar. In order to achieve this, I conducted interviews with senior-level administrators at Qatar University and Education City. Furthermore, I triangulated my data through personal observations in Qatar and an analysis of extant texts. The results from this study showed that the transformation of higher education in Qatar is being done in a way that replicates Western models and standards, with only slight attempts at infusing Qatari subject matter into curricula or Qatari values into student services. Overarching issues at Qatar University included attracting high quality Qatari students, engaging these students (and especially male students) in activities, social resistance to institutional change, and the presence of Education City as a competitor within Qatar. At Education City, establishing an institutional brand, engaging in reciprocal relationships (with the home campus, with Qatar University, and with Qatar as a whole), and enrolling and engaging quality Qatari students emerged as the issues. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for Qatari policy makers on how to effectively direct future changes in their tertiary education sector. iii Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. viii Dedication ................................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 The Education Sector in Qatar ..................................................................................................... 8 The Supreme Education Council ............................................................................................................... 8 Qatar University ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development .......................... 13 Other Institutions of Higher Education .............................................................................................. 14 The global and the national in Qatar’s higher education reforms ................................. 15 The tertiary education sector in Qatar and its relationship to the wider Middle East ............................................................................................................................................................... 19 Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 22 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................................. 22 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature ................................................................................ 27 Globalization .................................................................................................................................... 27 Muslim and Arab reflections on the West and Globalization .......................................... 30 International trends in higher education .............................................................................. 38 Globalization and higher education ......................................................................................... 42 Higher education and the development of a knowledge society .................................... 49 International branch campuses ................................................................................................. 59 Nationalization in the Arabian Gulf .......................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3: Conceptual Framework and Methodology .............................................. 69 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................................ 69 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 73 Case Study Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 74 Researcher Positionality ........................................................................................................................... 77 Data sources ................................................................................................................................................... 78 Data analysis and triangulation ............................................................................................................. 83 Validity and threats to validity ............................................................................................................... 84 iv Chapter 4: Qatar ..................................................................................................................... 86 History of Qatar ............................................................................................................................... 89 The Wahhabi connection .......................................................................................................................... 93 Qatar: A Modern State ................................................................................................................... 98 Responsive but undemocratic state ..................................................................................................... 99 Globalization with protectionism ....................................................................................................... 101 Active economic and development policy ....................................................................................... 102 Energy-centric vs. energy-driven ........................................................................................................ 102 “Entrepreneurial state capitalist” structure ................................................................................... 103 Long-term thinking ................................................................................................................................... 104 Active and innovative foreign policy ................................................................................................. 104 Chapter 5: Findings and Discussion ............................................................................. 115 Qatar University ........................................................................................................................... 116 International accreditation .................................................................................................................... 121 Student quality/engagement and the gender imbalance ......................................................... 128 Social resistance to institutional change .......................................................................................... 135 American branch campuses in Qatar ................................................................................................. 143 The Qatar Foundation ................................................................................................................ 147 Education ....................................................................................................................................................... 149 Science and research ...............................................................................................................................